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Winder MM, Schwartz S, Buckley JR, Fogg KL, Matiasek M, Lyman A, Tortorich A, Holmes K, Frank DU, Nasworthy M, Vichayavilas PE, Bertrandt RA, Kasmai C, Kuester JC, Raymond TT, Greiten LE, Reeder RW, Bailly DK. Optimal Fat-Modified Diet Duration for the Treatment of Postoperative Chylothorax in Children. Ann Thorac Surg 2024; 118:181-187. [PMID: 37308065 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2023.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary modification is the mainstay of treatment for postoperative chylothorax in children. However, optimal fat-modified diet (FMD) duration to prevent recurrence is unknown. Our aim was to determine the association between FMD duration and chylothorax recurrence. METHODS Retrospective cohort study conducted across 6 pediatric cardiac intensive care units within the United States. Patients aged <18 years who developed chylothorax within 30 days after cardiac surgery between January 2020 and April 2022 were included. Patients with a Fontan palliation, who died, or were lost to follow-up or within 30 days of resuming a regular diet were excluded. FMD duration was defined as the first day of a FMD when chest tube output was <10 mL/kg/d without increasing until the resumption of a regular diet. Patients were classified into 3 groups (<3 weeks, 3-5 weeks, >5 weeks) based on FMD duration. RESULTS A total of 105 patients were included: <3 weeks (n = 61) 3-5 weeks (n = 18), and >5 weeks (n = 26). Demographic, surgical, and hospitalization characteristics were not different across groups. In the >5 weeks group, chest tube duration was longer compared with the <3 weeks and 3-5 weeks groups (median, 17.5 days [interquartile range, 9-31] vs 10 and 10.5 days; P = .04). There was no recurrence of chylothorax within 30 days once chylothorax was resolving regardless of FMD duration. CONCLUSIONS FMD duration was not associated with recurrence of chylothorax, suggesting that FMD duration can safely be shortened to at least <3 weeks from time of resolving chylothorax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Winder
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Stephanie Schwartz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jason R Buckley
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kristi L Fogg
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Megan Matiasek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alissa Lyman
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alisa Tortorich
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kathy Holmes
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Deborah U Frank
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Mandy Nasworthy
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Rebecca A Bertrandt
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin/Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Cam Kasmai
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin/Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jill C Kuester
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin/Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Tia T Raymond
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiac Critical Care, Medical City Children's Hospital, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lawrence E Greiten
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Ron W Reeder
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - David K Bailly
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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2
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Nukaga S, Numano F, Saitoh A. Successful oral midodrine therapy for treatment of refractory postoperative chylothorax in an infant. Cardiol Young 2024:1-2. [PMID: 38660770 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951124025046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Refractory chylothorax, a postoperative complication of CHD, is difficult to manage and sometimes fatal. Herein, we report the case of a 10-month-old infant with 22-mosaic trisomy and a coarctation complex, who developed refractory chylothorax after cardiac repairs and was successfully treated with midodrine, an oral alpha-1-adrenoreceptor agonist. Midodrine may be used as adjunctive therapy for postoperative refractory chylothorax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Nukaga
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fujito Numano
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihiko Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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3
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Brandewie K, Lorts A, Luchtman-Jones L, Gao Z, Geer B, Villa C, Perry T. Impact of inflammation and steroids on anti-coagulation in children supported on a ventricular assist device. J Artif Organs 2024:10.1007/s10047-024-01442-2. [PMID: 38581568 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-024-01442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Critically ill pediatric patients supported on ventricular assist devices (VADs) are increasingly being anticoagulated on bivalirudin, but with difficulty monitoring anticoagulation. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) has recently been shown to poorly correlate with bivalirudin plasma concentrations, while dTT had excellent correlation. However, aPTT is the more common monitoring test and dTT testing is rarely used. In addition, effects of frequent clinical VAD scenarios (such as inflammation) on the accuracy of aPTT and dTT testing remains uncertain. We reviewed the effects of clinical scenarios (infection/inflammation, chylothorax, and steroids administration) on anticoagulation monitoring in 10 pediatric VAD patients less than 3 years at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center from 10/27/2020 to 5/6/2022 using bivalirudin for anticoagulation. There were 16 inflammation/infection, 3 chylothorax, and 6 steroids events. Correlation between dTT and aPTT was significantly lower after infection/inflammation, with dTT increasing prior to inflammation/infection while aPTT remained unchanged. In addition, steroids are administered to VAD patients to reduce inflammation and thus additionally stabilize anticoagulation. However, this anticoagulation stabilization effect was reflected more accurately by dTT compared to aPTT. In children requiring VAD support utilizing bivalirudin anticoagulation, inflammation/infection is a common occurrence resulting in anticoagulation changes that may be more accurately reflected by dTT as opposed to aPTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Brandewie
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Main Street, Cincinnati, OH, 77030, USA.
| | - Angela Lorts
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Main Street, Cincinnati, OH, 77030, USA
| | - Lori Luchtman-Jones
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Main Street, Cincinnati, OH, 77030, USA
| | - Zhiqian Gao
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Main Street, Cincinnati, OH, 77030, USA
| | - Becca Geer
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Main Street, Cincinnati, OH, 77030, USA
| | - Chet Villa
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Main Street, Cincinnati, OH, 77030, USA
| | - Tanya Perry
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Main Street, Cincinnati, OH, 77030, USA.
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4
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Reddy RK, Buckley JR. Trimming the Fat: Is Postoperative Chylothorax Preventable? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2024; 25:278-280. [PMID: 38451800 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000003434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Reshma K Reddy
- Both authors: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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5
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Brandewie K, Alten J, Winder M, Mah K, Holmes K, Reichle G, Smith A, Zang H, Bailly D. Neonatal Chylothorax and Early Fluid Overload After Cardiac Surgery: Retrospective Analysis of the Neonatal and Pediatric Heart and Renal Outcomes Network Registry (2015-2018). Pediatr Crit Care Med 2024; 25:231-240. [PMID: 38088768 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000003415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between postoperative cumulative fluid balance (FB) and development of chylothorax in neonates after cardiac surgery. DESIGN Multicenter, retrospective cohort identified within the Neonatal and Pediatric Heart and Renal Outcomes Network (NEPHRON) Registry. SETTING Twenty-two hospitals were involved with NEPHRON, from September 2015 to January 2018. PATIENTS Neonates (< 30 d old) undergoing index cardiac operation with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) entered into the NEPHRON Registry. Postoperative chylothorax was defined in the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium as lymphatic fluid in the pleural space secondary to a leak from the thoracic duct or its branches. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of the 2240 NEPHRON patients, 4% ( n = 89) were treated for chylothorax during postoperative day (POD) 2-21. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) time to diagnosis was 8 (IQR 6, 12) days. Of patients treated for chylothorax, 81 of 89 (91%) had CPB and 68 of 89 (76%) had Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery Congenital Heart Surgery 4-5 operations. On bivariate analysis, chylothorax patients had higher POD 1 FB (3.2 vs. 1.1%, p = 0.014), higher cumulative POD 2 FB (1.5 vs. -1.5%, p < 0.001), achieved negative daily FB by POD 1 less often (69% vs. 79%, p = 0.039), and had lower POD 1 urine output (1.9 vs. 3. 2 mL/kg/day, p ≤ 0.001) than those without chylothorax. We failed to identify an association between presence or absence of chylothorax and peak FB (5.2 vs. 4.9%, p = 0.9). Multivariable analysis shows that higher cumulative FB on POD 2 was associated with greater odds (odds ratio [OR], 95% CI) of chylothorax development (OR 1.5 [95% CI, 1.1-2.2]). Further multivariable analysis shows that chylothorax was independently associated with greater odds of longer durations of mechanical ventilation (OR 5.5 [95% CI, 3.7-8.0]), respiratory support (OR 4.3 [95% CI, 2.9-6.2]), use of inotropic support (OR 2.9 [95% CI, 2.0-4.3]), and longer hospital length of stay (OR 3.7 [95% CI, 2.5-5.4]). CONCLUSIONS Chylothorax after neonatal cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) is independently associated with greater odds of longer duration of cardiorespiratory support and hospitalization. Higher early (POD 2) cumulative FB is associated with greater odds of chylothorax. Contemporary, prospective studies are needed to assess whether early fluid mitigation strategies decrease postoperative chylothorax development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Brandewie
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jeffrey Alten
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Melissa Winder
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Kenneth Mah
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Kathryn Holmes
- Department of Pediatrics, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Garrett Reichle
- Department of Pediatrics, CS Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Andrew Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Heart Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Huaiyu Zang
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - David Bailly
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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6
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Tjoeng YL, Werho DK, Algaze C, Nawathe P, Benjamin S, Schumacher KR, Chan T. Development of an Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Committee for a collaborative quality improvement network: Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium (PC 4) Equity, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) Committee: white paper 2023. Cardiol Young 2024; 34:563-569. [PMID: 37577942 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951123002950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Racial and ethnic disparities are well described in paediatric cardiac critical care outcomes. However, understanding the mechanisms behind these outcomes and implementing interventions to reduce and eliminate disparities remain a gap in the field of paediatric cardiac critical care. The Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium (PC4) established the Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) Committee in 2020 to promote an equity lens to its aim of improving paediatric cardiac critical care quality and outcomes across North America. The PC4 EDI Committee is working to increase research, quality improvement, and programming efforts to work towards health equity. It also aims to promote health equity considerations in PC4 research. In addition to a focus on patient outcomes and research, the committee aims to increase the inclusion of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) members in the PC4 collaborative. The following manuscript outlines the development, structure, and aims of the PC4 EDI Committee and describes an analysis of social determinants of health in published PC4 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Lie Tjoeng
- Division of Critical Care Medicine and the Heart Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David K Werho
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Claudia Algaze
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Pooja Nawathe
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Guerin Children's, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Solange Benjamin
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Levine Children's Hospital, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Kurt R Schumacher
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Titus Chan
- Division of Critical Care Medicine and the Heart Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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7
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Bauer JK, Hocama N, Traub AC, Rutes G, Fachi MM, Moraes J, Lenzi A, Barreto HAG. Chylothorax After Heart Surgery in Children. Pediatr Cardiol 2023; 44:1847-1855. [PMID: 37561171 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-023-03250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Chylothorax is a consequence of a thoracic duct injury that can occur during surgical procedures in patients with congenital heart disease. It is associated with high rates of morbimortality and increased use of clinical and hospital resources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors, distribution, manifestations, complications, and treatments for chylothorax in patients undergoing cardiac surgery in a tertiary pediatric hospital in southern Brazil. This is a retrospective, quantitative study, in which all medical records (n = 166) of patients with chylothorax after pediatric cardiac surgery between January 2014 and December of 2020 and a matched control group (n = 166) were analyzed. Over the study period, there was an increase in incidence of chylothorax from 4.5% in 2014 to 7.6% in 2020, a trend that has been reported in the literature. After multivariate analysis, the following were identified as risk factors for the diagnosis of chylothorax: genetic syndrome (OR 2.298); prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time (greater than 120 min) (OR 2.410); fluid overload in the immediate postoperative period (OR 1.110); and SIRS (OR 2.527). Mortality was two times greater (p = 0.021) and there was a higher rate (34.4%) of infection (p < 0.001) in patients who developed chylothorax. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed comparing patients with low- and high-output chylothorax (> 20 mL/kg), which confirmed unfavorable outcomes for the latter group. Herein, we show that hemodynamic alterations were important factors for diagnosis. Understanding the risk factors, outcomes, and complications helps early identification and enables the reduction of morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Kuster Bauer
- Pequeno Príncipe Hospital, Desembargador Motta st., 80.250-060, Curitiba, PR, 1070, Brasil
| | - Nathalia Hocama
- Pequeno Príncipe Hospital, Desembargador Motta st., 80.250-060, Curitiba, PR, 1070, Brasil
| | - Anna Clara Traub
- Pequeno Príncipe Hospital, Desembargador Motta st., 80.250-060, Curitiba, PR, 1070, Brasil
| | - Gabriel Rutes
- Pequeno Príncipe Hospital, Desembargador Motta st., 80.250-060, Curitiba, PR, 1070, Brasil
| | - Mariana Millan Fachi
- Pequeno Príncipe Hospital, Desembargador Motta st., 80.250-060, Curitiba, PR, 1070, Brasil
| | - Janaina Moraes
- Pequeno Príncipe Hospital, Desembargador Motta st., 80.250-060, Curitiba, PR, 1070, Brasil
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Pequeno Príncipe Hospital, Desembargador Motta st., 80.250-060, Curitiba, PR, 1070, Brasil
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8
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Kerstein JS, Klepper CM, Finnan EG, Mills KI. Nutrition for critically ill children with congenital heart disease. Nutr Clin Pract 2023; 38 Suppl 2:S158-S173. [PMID: 37721463 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.11046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with congenital heart disease often require admission to the cardiac intensive care unit at some point in their lives, either after elective surgical or catheter-based procedures or during times of acute critical illness. Meeting both the macronutrient and micronutrient needs of children in the cardiac intensive care unit requires complex decision-making when considering gastrointestinal perfusion, vasoactive support, and fluid balance goals. Although nutrition guidelines exist for critically ill children, these cannot always be extrapolated to children with congenital heart disease. Children with congenital heart disease may also suffer unique circumstances, such as chylothoraces, heart failure, and the need for mechanical circulatory support, which greatly impact nutrition delivery. Guidelines for neonates and children with heart disease continue to be developed. We provide a synthesized narrative review of current literature and considerations for nutrition evaluation and management of critically ill children with congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Kerstein
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusettes, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusettes, USA
| | - Corie M Klepper
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusettes, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusettes, USA
| | - Emily G Finnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusettes, USA
| | - Kimberly I Mills
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusettes, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusettes, USA
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9
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Moza R, Winder M, Adamson GT, Ou Z, Presson AP, Vijayarajah S, Goldstein SA, Bailly DK. Prediction Model with External Validation for Early Detection of Postoperative Pediatric Chylothorax. Pediatr Cardiol 2023:10.1007/s00246-022-03034-4. [PMID: 36754886 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-022-03034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Earlier diagnosis of chylothorax following pediatric cardiac surgery is associated with decreased duration of chylothorax. Pleural fluid testing is used to diagnosis chylothorax which may delay detection in patients who are not enterally fed at time of chylothorax onset. Our aim was to develop and externally validate a prediction model to detect chylothorax earlier than pleural fluid testing in pediatric patients following cardiac surgery. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed to detect chylothorax using a stepwise approach. The model was developed using data from patients < 18 years following cardiac surgery from Primary Children's Hospital, a tertiary-care academic center, between 2017 and 2020. External validation used a contemporary cohort (n = 171) from Lucille Packard Children's Hospital. A total of 763 encounters (735 patients) were analyzed, of which 72 had chylothorax. The final variables selected were chest tube output (CTO) the day after sternal closure (dichotomized at 15.6 mL/kg/day, and as a continuous variable) and delayed sternal closure. The highest odds of chylothorax were associated with CTO on post-sternal closure day 1 > 15.6 mL/kg/day (odds ratio 11.3, 95% CI 6,3, 21.3). The c-statistic for the internal and external validation datasets using the dichotomized CTO variable were 0.78 (95% CI 0.73, 0.82) and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.78, 0.9) and performance improved when using CTO as a continuous variable (OR 0.84, CI: 95% CI 0.80, 0.87). Using the models described, chylothorax after pediatric cardiac surgery may be detected earlier and without reliance on enteral feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohin Moza
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Utah/Primary Children's Hospital, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.
| | - Melissa Winder
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Utah/Primary Children's Hospital, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Gregory T Adamson
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, 725 Welch Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Zhining Ou
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Angela P Presson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Senthuran Vijayarajah
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1200 Everett Dr, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Stephanie A Goldstein
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Utah/Primary Children's Hospital, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - David K Bailly
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Utah/Primary Children's Hospital, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
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10
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Development of consensus recommendations for the management of post-operative chylothorax in paediatric CHD. Cardiol Young 2022; 32:1202-1209. [PMID: 35792060 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951122001871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A standardised multi-site approach to manage paediatric post-operative chylothorax does not exist and leads to unnecessary practice variation. The Chylothorax Work Group utilised the Pediatric Critical Care Consortium infrastructure to address this gap. METHODS Over 60 multi-disciplinary providers representing 22 centres convened virtually as a quality initiative to develop an algorithm to manage paediatric post-operative chylothorax. Agreement was objectively quantified for each recommendation in the algorithm by utilising an anonymous survey. "Consensus" was defined as ≥ 80% of responses as "agree" or "strongly agree" to a recommendation. In order to determine if the algorithm recommendations would be correctly interpreted in the clinical environment, we developed ex vivo simulations and surveyed patients who developed the algorithm and patients who did not. RESULTS The algorithm is intended for all children (<18 years of age) within 30 days of cardiac surgery. It contains rationale for 11 central chylothorax management recommendations; diagnostic criteria and evaluation, trial of fat-modified diet, stratification by volume of daily output, timing of first-line medical therapy for "low" and "high" volume patients, and timing and duration of fat-modified diet. All recommendations achieved "consensus" (agreement >80%) by the workgroup (range 81-100%). Ex vivo simulations demonstrated good understanding by developers (range 94-100%) and non-developers (73%-100%). CONCLUSIONS The quality improvement effort represents the first multi-site algorithm for the management of paediatric post-operative chylothorax. The algorithm includes transparent and objective measures of agreement and understanding. Agreement to the algorithm recommendations was >80%, and overall understanding was 94%.
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11
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Samanidis G, Kourelis G, Bounta S, Kanakis M. Postoperative Chylothorax in Neonates and Infants after Congenital Heart Disease Surgery-Current Aspects in Diagnosis and Treatment. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091803. [PMID: 35565771 PMCID: PMC9104302 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative chylothorax is a rare complication following cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) in the pediatric population, including neonates and infants. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the development of postoperative chylous effusions, mainly the traumatic injury of lymphatic vessels, systemic venous obstruction and dysfunction of the right ventricle. In this review, we focus on the existing evidence regarding the definition and diagnosis of postoperative chylothorax in children with CHD, as well as current therapeutic approaches, both nutritional and interventional, for the management of these patients. As part of nutritional management, we specifically comment on the use of defatted human milk and its effect on both chylothorax resolution and patient growth. A consensus with regard to several key aspects of this potentially significant complication is warranted given its impact on the cost, morbidity and mortality of children with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Samanidis
- Department of Adult Cardiac Surgery, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece
- Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Surgery, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence:
| | - Georgios Kourelis
- Pediatric Cardiac and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece; (G.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Stavroula Bounta
- Pediatric Cardiac and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece; (G.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Meletios Kanakis
- Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Surgery, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece;
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12
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Vaiyani D, Saravanan M, Dori Y, Pinto E, Gillespie MJ, Rome JJ, Goldberg DJ, Smith CL, O'Byrne ML, DeWitt AG, Ravishankar C. Post-operative Chylothorax in Patients with Repaired Transposition of the Great Arteries. Pediatr Cardiol 2022; 43:685-690. [PMID: 34841467 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-021-02774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) require surgical repair as neonates. These patients are at risk for post-operative chylothorax. We sought to describe the presentation, imaging, and outcomes after intervention for patients with d-TGA with post-operative chylothorax. A retrospective chart review was performed in patients with repaired d-TGA who were referred from 1/1/2013 to 4/1/2020 for evaluation of chylothorax. Patient history, lymphatic imaging, and interventional data were collected. Impact of intervention on lymphatic drainage was evaluated with a student's t-test. Eight patients met inclusion criteria for this study. Five patients had a history of central venous thrombus leading to thoracic duct outlet occlusion. Five patients underwent intervention, two were managed conservatively, and one was not a candidate for intervention. Chylothorax resolved in six patients. There was a significant difference in output from 7 days prior to first intervention (114 mL/kg/day) compared to 28 days following final intervention (27 mL/kg/day, p = 0.034). There were no procedural complications. Chylothorax in patients with repaired transposition of the great arteries is often amenable to intervention. Early surveillance and management of central venous thrombosis may reduce the burden of lymphatic disease in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Vaiyani
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Madhumitha Saravanan
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yoav Dori
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Erin Pinto
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew J Gillespie
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan J Rome
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David J Goldberg
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christopher L Smith
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael L O'Byrne
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aaron G DeWitt
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chitra Ravishankar
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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13
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Winder MM, Vijayarajah S, Reeder RW, Glenn ET, Moza R, Eckhauser AW, Bailly DK. Successfully Reducing Fat-modified Diet Duration for Treating Postoperative Chylothorax in Children. Ann Thorac Surg 2021; 114:2363-2371. [PMID: 34801476 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical management, primarily a fat-modified diet (FMD), is the mainstay of treatment for the majority of patients with chylothorax. Duration of FMD is traditionally reported as 6 weeks, but no studies demonstrate the shortest effective duration that prevents recurrence of chylothorax. Our aim was to decrease FMD duration to 2 weeks in children with postoperative chylothorax without a significant increase in recurrence. METHODS Our single-center study included pediatric (<18 years of age) patients that developed chylothorax within 30 days of cardiac surgery. Patients with cavopulmonary anastomoses were excluded. The pre-intervention cohort was 19 patients diagnosed between 2/2014-6/2015, and the post-intervention cohort was 98 patients from 7/2015-12/2019. FMD duration was decreased from 6 weeks to 4 weeks in May 2016, and to 2 weeks in June 2018. Recurrence was defined as a return of a chylous effusion requiring chest tube placement or hospital readmission within 30 days of resuming a regular diet. RESULTS The median duration of FMD decreased from 42 days (interquartile range: 30,43) in the pre-intervention cohort to 26 days (interquartile range: 14,29) post-intervention, with no recurrence of chylothorax in any group. Compliance to the FMD duration instruction in the 6-week, 4-week, and 2-week groups was 100%, 84% and 67% respectively. Compared to the first 6 months, compliance to the 2-week FMD instruction during the final 12 months increased from 40% (6/15) to 79% (26/33). CONCLUSIONS At our center, FMD duration decreased from 6 weeks to 2 weeks without any recurrence of chylothorax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Winder
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Pediatric Critical Care Services, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT.
| | - Senthuran Vijayarajah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Ron W Reeder
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Emilee T Glenn
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Rohin Moza
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Aaron W Eckhauser
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - David K Bailly
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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14
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Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation as a Rescue Therapy for Postoperative Diastolic Dysfunction and Refractory Chylothorax. ASAIO J 2021; 67:e99-e101. [PMID: 33606389 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first published case, as far as we know, of a term neonate with refractory chylothorax secondary to diastolic dysfunction in the cardiac postoperative period, where extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was used to improve the physiologic derangements, thus allowing resolution of the chylous effusion. The infant was prenatally diagnosed with d-transposition of the great arteries. He was started on prostaglandin infusion and underwent balloon atrial septostomy followed by arterial switch operation. After surgery, he developed anasarca and high-volume chylothorax that did not respond to medical management and fasting. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated severe diastolic dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. On postoperative day 19, he was placed on veno-arterial (VA) ECMO and had gradual regression of the chylothorax and edema. After 13 days on ECMO support, he was decannulated with small, self-limiting, reaccumulation of chylous effusion. He was discharged home on postoperative day 57, and has since been thriving with no evidence of reaccumulation of the chylous effusion. In summary, VA ECMO support could be considered as a rescue modality for patients with uncontrollable refractory high-volume chylous effusion, after other treatment options have been pursued.
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15
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Adil O, Russell JL, Khan WU, Amaral JG, Parra DA, Temple MJ, Muthusami P, Connolly BL. Image-guided chest tube drainage in the management of chylothorax post cardiac surgery in children: a single-center case series. Pediatr Radiol 2021; 51:822-830. [PMID: 33515053 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children, chylothorax post cardiac surgery can be difficult to treat, may run a protracted course, and remains a source of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE To analyze the experience with percutaneous image-guided chest-tube drainage in the management of post-cardiac-surgery chylothoraces in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a single-center retrospective case series of 37 post-cardiac-surgery chylothoraces in 34 children (20 boys; 59%), requiring 48 drainage procedures with placement of 53 image-guided chest tubes over the time period 2004 to 2015. We analyzed clinical and procedural details, adverse events and outcomes. Median age was 0.6 years, median weight 7.2 kg. RESULTS Attempted treatments of chylothoraces prior to image-guided chest tubes included dietary restrictions (32/37, 86%), octreotide (12/37, 32%), steroids (7/37, 19%) and thoracic duct ligation (5/37, 14%). Image-guided chest tubes (n=43/53, 81%) were single unilateral in 29 children, bilateral in 4 (n=8/53, 15%), and there were two ipsilateral tubes in one (2/53, 4%). Effusions were isolated, walled-off, in 33/53 (62%). In 20/48 procedures (42%) effusions were septated/complex. The mean drainage through image-guided chest tubes was 17.3 mL/kg in the first 24 h, and 13.4 mL/kg/day from diagnosis to chest tube removal; total mean drainage from all chest tubes was 19.6 mL/kg/day. Nine major and 27 minor maintenance procedures were required during 1,207 tube-days (rate: 30 maintenance/1,000 tube-days). Median tube dwell time was 21 days (range 4-57 days). There were eight mild adverse events, three moderate adverse events and no severe adverse events related to image-guided chest tubes. Radiologic resolution was achieved in 26/37 (70%). Twenty-three children (68%) survived to discharge; 11 children (32%) died from underlying cardiac disease. CONCLUSION Management of chylothorax post-cardiac-surgery in children is multidisciplinary, requiring concomitant multipronged approaches, often through a protracted course. Multiple image-guided chest tube drainages can help achieve resolution with few complications. Interventional radiology involvement in tube care and maintenance is required. Overall, mortality remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Adil
- Image Guided Therapy, Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Russell
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Waqas U Khan
- Image Guided Therapy, Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Campbell Family Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joao G Amaral
- Image Guided Therapy, Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dimitri A Parra
- Image Guided Therapy, Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Temple
- Image Guided Therapy, Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Prakash Muthusami
- Image Guided Therapy, Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Neuroradiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bairbre L Connolly
- Image Guided Therapy, Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. .,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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16
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Loomba RS, Wong J, Davis M, Kane S, Heenan B, Farias JS, Villarreal EG, Flores S. Medical Interventions for Chylothorax and their Impacts on Need for Surgical Intervention and Admission Characteristics: A Multicenter, Retrospective Insight. Pediatr Cardiol 2021; 42:543-553. [PMID: 33394111 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-020-02512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of chylothorax is reported from 1-9% in pediatric patients undergoing congenital heart surgery. Effective evidenced-based practice is limited for the management of post-operative chylothorax in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. The study characterizes the population of pediatric patients with cardiac surgery and chylothorax who eventually require pleurodesis and/or thoracic duct ligation; it also establishes objective data on the impact of various medical interventions. Data were obtained from the Pediatric Health Information System database from 2004-2015. Inclusion criteria for admissions for this study were pediatric admissions, cardiac diagnosis, cardiac surgery, and chylothorax. These data were then divided into two groups: those that did and did not require surgical intervention for chylothorax. Other data points obtained included congenital heart malformation, age, gender, length of stay, billed charges, and inpatient mortality. A total of 3503 pediatric admissions with cardiac surgery and subsequent chylothorax were included. Of these, 236 (9.4%) required surgical intervention for the chylothorax. The following cardiac diagnoses, cardiac surgeries, and comorbidities were associated with increased odds of surgical intervention: d-transposition, arterial switch, mitral valvuloplasty, acute kidney injury, need for dialysis, cardiac arrest, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Statistically significant medical interventions which did have an impact were specific steroids (hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone) and specific diuretics (furosemide). These were significantly associated with decreased length of stay and costs. Dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, and furosemide were associated with decreased odds for surgical intervention. These analyses offer objective data regarding the effects of interventions for chylothorax in pediatric cardiac surgery admissions. Results from this study seem to indicate that most post-operative chylothoraxes should improve with furosemide, a low-fat diet, and steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit S Loomba
- Department of Pediatrics, Chicago Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua Wong
- Division of Cardiology, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megan Davis
- Division of Cardiology, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Kane
- Division of Cardiology, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Heenan
- Division of Cardiology, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Juan S Farias
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Enrique G Villarreal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
| | - Saul Flores
- Section of Critical Care, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Brown KL, Pagel C, Ridout D, Wray J, Tsang VT, Anderson D, Banks V, Barron DJ, Cassidy J, Chigaru L, Davis P, Franklin R, Grieco L, Hoskote A, Hudson E, Jones A, Kakat S, Lakhani R, Lakhanpaul M, McLean A, Morris S, Rajagopal V, Rodrigues W, Sheehan K, Stoica S, Tibby S, Utley M, Witter T. Early morbidities following paediatric cardiac surgery: a mixed-methods study. HEALTH SERVICES AND DELIVERY RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3310/hsdr08300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background
Over 5000 paediatric cardiac surgeries are performed in the UK each year and early survival has improved to > 98%.
Objectives
We aimed to identify the surgical morbidities that present the greatest burden for patients and health services and to develop and pilot routine monitoring and feedback.
Design and setting
Our multidisciplinary mixed-methods study took place over 52 months across five UK paediatric cardiac surgery centres.
Participants
The participants were children aged < 17 years.
Methods
We reviewed existing literature, ran three focus groups and undertook a family online discussion forum moderated by the Children’s Heart Federation. A multidisciplinary group, with patient and carer involvement, then ranked and selected nine key morbidities informed by clinical views on definitions and feasibility of routine monitoring. We validated a new, nurse-administered early warning tool for assessing preoperative and postoperative child development, called the brief developmental assessment, by testing this among 1200 children. We measured morbidity incidence in 3090 consecutive surgical admissions over 21 months and explored risk factors for morbidity. We measured the impact of morbidities on quality of life, clinical burden and costs to the NHS and families over 6 months in 666 children, 340 (51%) of whom had at least one morbidity. We developed and piloted methods suitable for routine monitoring of morbidity by centres and co-developed new patient information about morbidities with parents and user groups.
Results
Families and clinicians prioritised overlapping but also different morbidities, leading to a final list of acute neurological event, unplanned reoperation, feeding problems, renal replacement therapy, major adverse events, extracorporeal life support, necrotising enterocolitis, surgical infection and prolonged pleural effusion. The brief developmental assessment was valid in children aged between 4 months and 5 years, but not in the youngest babies or 5- to 17-year-olds. A total of 2415 (78.2%) procedures had no measured morbidity. There was a higher risk of morbidity in neonates, complex congenital heart disease, increased preoperative severity of illness and with prolonged bypass. Patients with any morbidity had a 6-month survival of 81.5% compared with 99.1% with no morbidity. Patients with any morbidity scored 5.2 points lower on their total quality of life score at 6 weeks, but this difference had narrowed by 6 months. Morbidity led to fewer days at home by 6 months and higher costs. Extracorporeal life support patients had the lowest days at home (median: 43 days out of 183 days) and highest costs (£71,051 higher than no morbidity).
Limitations
Monitoring of morbidity is more complex than mortality, and hence this requires resources and clinician buy-in.
Conclusions
Evaluation of postoperative morbidity provides important information over and above 30-day survival and should become the focus of audit and quality improvement.
Future work
National audit of morbidities has been initiated. Further research is needed to understand the implications of feeding problems and renal failure and to evaluate the brief developmental assessment.
Funding
This project was funded by the NIHR Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 8, No. 30. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Brown
- Heart and Lung Division, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christina Pagel
- Clinical Operational Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Deborah Ridout
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jo Wray
- Heart and Lung Division, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Victor T Tsang
- Heart and Lung Division, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David Anderson
- Departments of Paediatric Intensive Care, Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Victoria Banks
- Heart and Lung Division, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David J Barron
- Departments of Intensive Care and Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jane Cassidy
- Departments of Intensive Care and Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Linda Chigaru
- Heart and Lung Division, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter Davis
- Departments of Intensive Care and Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Rodney Franklin
- Paediatric Cardiology Department, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Luca Grieco
- Clinical Operational Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aparna Hoskote
- Heart and Lung Division, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma Hudson
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alison Jones
- Departments of Intensive Care and Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Suzan Kakat
- Heart and Lung Division, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rhian Lakhani
- Departments of Paediatric Intensive Care, Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Monica Lakhanpaul
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Community Child Health, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Andrew McLean
- Department of Intensive care, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Steve Morris
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Veena Rajagopal
- Heart and Lung Division, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Warren Rodrigues
- Department of Intensive care, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karen Sheehan
- Departments of Intensive Care and Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Serban Stoica
- Departments of Intensive Care and Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Shane Tibby
- Departments of Paediatric Intensive Care, Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Martin Utley
- Clinical Operational Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Witter
- Departments of Paediatric Intensive Care, Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK
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18
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Shin YR, Lee H, Park YH, Park HK. Chylothorax after Surgery for Congenital Cardiac Disease: A Prevention and Management Protocol. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2020; 53:41-48. [PMID: 32309201 PMCID: PMC7155178 DOI: 10.5090/kjtcs.2020.53.2.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Chylothorax after congenital heart surgery is not an uncommon complication, and it is associated with significant morbidity. However, consensus treatment guidelines are lacking. To improve the treatment outcomes of patients with postoperative chylothorax, we implemented a standardized management protocol at Severance Hospital in September 2014. Methods A retrospective review of patients treated at a single center was done. All corrective and palliative operations for congenital heart disease performed at our institution between January 2008 and April 2018 were reviewed. The incidence and treatment outcomes of postoperative chylothorax were analyzed. Results The incidence of chylothorax was 1.9%. Sixty-one percent of the patients could be managed with a low-fat diet, while 28% of the patients required complete restriction of enteral feeding. Thoracic duct embolization was performed in 2 patients and chest tube drainage decreased immediately after the procedure. No patient required thoracic duct ligation or pleurodesis. After implementation of the institutional management protocol, the number of chest tube drainage days decreased (median, 24 vs. 14 days; p=0.45). Conclusion Implementing a strategy to reduce postoperative chylothorax resulted in an acceptable incidence of postoperative chylothorax. Instituting a clinical practice protocol helped to curtail the treatment duration and to decrease the requirement for surgical treatment. Image-guided embolization of the thoracic duct is an effective treatment for postoperative chylothorax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rim Shin
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Hwan Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Ki Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Neumann L, Springer T, Nieschke K, Kostelka M, Dähnert I. ChyloBEST: Chylothorax in Infants and Nutrition with Low-Fat Breast Milk. Pediatr Cardiol 2020; 41:108-113. [PMID: 31729543 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-019-02230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chylothorax occurs in 2.8-5% of infants after cardiac surgery and can increase morbidity and mortality. First-line conservative treatment consists of a chest tube drainage and a fat-free and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)-enriched diet. This typically leads to a discontinuity of breast milk feeding due to high content of long-chain triglycerides within the breast milk. Modified breast milk with low fat content (LFBM) could provide numerous benefits like immunological properties of breast milk even for patients with chylothorax. This study was conducted at Herzzentrum Leipzig comparing clinical and growth outcomes between infants with chylothorax after surgery for congenital heart disease treated with LFBM (n = 13) versus MCT-Formula (n = 10). LFBM was prepared by centrifugation of native breast milk added with MCT-oil and fortifier. There were no differences in volume and duration of chest tube drainage between LFBM and MCT-formula treatment groups. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences with regard to weight and length gains could be observed between both feeding groups. LFBM is an efficient and unharmful treatment for chylothorax following cardiac surgery in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Neumann
- Klinik für Kinderkardiologie, Herzzentrum Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Tina Springer
- Klinik für Kinderkardiologie, Herzzentrum Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathleen Nieschke
- Klinik für Kinderkardiologie, Herzzentrum Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Kostelka
- Klinik für Herzchirurgie, Herzzentrum Leipzig, Stümpellstraße 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Dähnert
- Klinik für Kinderkardiologie, Herzzentrum Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Brown KL, Pagel C, Ridout D, Wray J, Anderson D, Barron DJ, Cassidy J, Davis P, Hudson E, Jones A, Mclean A, Morris S, Rodrigues W, Sheehan K, Stoica S, Tibby SM, Witter T, Tsang VT. What are the important morbidities associated with paediatric cardiac surgery? A mixed methods study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e028533. [PMID: 31501104 PMCID: PMC6738689 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given the current excellent early mortality rates for paediatric cardiac surgery, stakeholders believe that this important safety outcome should be supplemented by a wider range of measures. Our objectives were to prospectively measure the incidence of morbidities following paediatric cardiac surgery and to evaluate their clinical and health-economic impact over 6 months. DESIGN The design was a prospective, multicentre, multidisciplinary mixed methods study. SETTING The setting was 5 of the 10 paediatric cardiac surgery centres in the UK with 21 months recruitment. PARTICIPANTS Included were 3090 paediatric cardiac surgeries, of which 666 patients were recruited to an impact substudy. RESULTS Families and clinicians prioritised:Acute neurological event, unplanned re-intervention, feeding problems, renal replacement therapy, major adverse events, extracorporeal life support, necrotising enterocolitis, postsurgical infection and prolonged pleural effusion or chylothorax.Among 3090 consecutive surgeries, there were 675 (21.8%) with at least one of these morbidities. Independent risk factors for morbidity included neonatal age, complex heart disease and prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass (p<0.001). Among patients with morbidity, 6-month survival was 88.2% (95% CI 85.4 to 90.6) compared with 99.3% (95% CI 98.9 to 99.6) with none of the morbidities (p<0.001). The impact substudy in 340 children with morbidity and 326 control children with no morbidity indicated that morbidity-related impairment in quality of life improved between 6 weeks and 6 months. When compared with children with no morbidities, those with morbidity experienced a median of 13 (95% CI 10.2 to 15.8, p<0.001) fewer days at home by 6 months, and an adjusted incremental cost of £21 292 (95% CI £17 694 to £32 423, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of postoperative morbidity is more complicated than measuring early mortality. However, tracking morbidity after paediatric cardiac surgery over 6 months offers stakeholders important data that are of value to parents and will be useful in driving future quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Brown
- Cardiorespiratory Division, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | | | | | - Jo Wray
- Cardiorespiratory Division, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | | | - David J Barron
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jane Cassidy
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter Davis
- Paediatric Intensive Care, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma Hudson
- Health Economics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alison Jones
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Mclean
- Congenital Heart Surgery, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephen Morris
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Serban Stoica
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Shane M Tibby
- Paediatric Intensive Care, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Victor T Tsang
- Cardiorespiratory Division, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
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21
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Long-term outcomes following partial atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) repair in Ireland. Ir J Med Sci 2018; 188:475-479. [PMID: 29943216 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-018-1855-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe the long-term results of partial atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) repair in a single centre encompassing a 22-year period. Described are rates of survival, reoperation and complications. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of 556 patients undergoing AVSD repair to identify the 51 patients who underwent partial AVSD repair in Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Ireland, between 1993 and 2015 with long-term follow-up where available. RESULTS A total of 29 (56.8%) of patients were male and mean age at operation was 3.32 years. Mean weight was 13.2 kg. Trisomy 21 was present in 29 (56.8%). Five patients (9.6%) had undergone prior surgery. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 89 ± 36 min and mean aortic cross-clamp time was 57 ± 28 min. One patient underwent partial AVSD repair and concomitant tracheal resection and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation decannulation. One patient was managed with suture atrial septal defect (ASD) closure, the remainder with patch repair of ASD and mitral cleft closure. The length of hospital stay was 9 ± 5 days. Median follow-up was 6.06 years (IQR, 1.65-10.2 years). There were no early mortalities. One patient died 1 year following surgery (1.9%). One patient required reoperation at an interval of 2 years for severe mitral regurgitation (1.9%). CONCLUSIONS Short- and long-term survival following partial AVSD repair in Ireland revealed excellent results compared with other published series. Reoperation incidence also compared excellently with other reports published in the literature.
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22
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our primary goal was to decrease time to resolution of postoperative chylothorax as demonstrated by total days of chest tube utilisation through development and implementation of a management protocol. METHODS A chylothorax management protocol was implemented as a quality improvement project at a tertiary-care paediatric hospital in July, 2015. Retrospective analysis was completed on patients aged 0-17 years diagnosed with chylothorax within 30 days of cardiac surgery in a pre-protocol cohort (February, 2014 to June, 2015, n=20) and a post-protocol cohort (July, 2015 to March, 2016, n=22).Measurements and resultsPatient characteristics were similar before and after protocol implementation. Duration of mechanical ventilation and cardiac ICU and hospital lengths of stay were unchanged between cohorts. Following protocol implementation, total duration of chest tube utilisation decreased from 12 to 7 days (p=0.047) with a decrease in maximum days of chest tube utilisation from 44 to 13 days. Duration of medium-chain triglyceride feeds decreased from 42 days to 31 days (p=0.01). In total, three patients in the post-protocol cohort underwent additional surgical procedures to treat chylothorax with subsequent resolution of chylothorax within 24 hours. There were no chest tube re-insertions or re-admissions related to chylothorax in either the pre- or post-protocol cohorts. Protocol compliance was 81%. CONCLUSIONS Adoption of a chylothorax management protocol is feasible, and in our small cohort of patients implementation led to a significant decrease in the duration of chest tube utilisation, while eliminating practice variability among providers.
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