1
|
Forsey J, Ng S, Rowland P, Freeman R, Li C, Woods NN. The Basic Science of Patient-Physician Communication: A Critical Scoping Review. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2021; 96:S109-S118. [PMID: 34348382 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Strong verbal communication skills are essential for physicians. Despite a wealth of medical education research exploring communication skills training, learners struggle to become strong communicators. Integrating basic science into the curriculum provides students with conceptual knowledge that improves learning outcomes and facilitates the development of adaptive expertise, but the conceptual knowledge, or "basic science," of patient-provider communication is currently unknown. This review sought to address that gap and identify conceptual knowledge that would support improved communication skills training for medical trainees. METHOD Combining the search methodology of Arksey and O'Malley with a critical analytical lens, the authors conducted a critical scoping review of literature in linguistics, cognitive psychology, and communications to determine: what is known about verbal communication at the level of word choice in physician-patient interactions? Studies were independently screened by 3 researchers during 2 rounds of review. Data extraction focused on theoretical contributions associated with language use and variation. Analysis linked patterns of language use to broader theoretical constructs across disciplines. RESULTS The initial search returned 15,851 unique studies, and 271 studies were included in the review. The dominant conceptual groupings reflected in the results were: (1) clear and explicit language, (2) patient participation and activation, (3) negotiating epistemic knowledge, (4) affiliative language and emotional bonds, (5) role and identity, and (6) managing transactional and relational goals. CONCLUSIONS This in-depth exploration supports and contextualizes theory-driven research of physician-patient communication. The findings may be used to support future communications research in this field and educational innovations based on a solid theoretical foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelin Forsey
- J. Forsey is a PhD candidate, Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, and a fellow, Wilson Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stella Ng
- S. Ng is associate professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, and director of research, Centre for Faculty Development, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1433-6851
| | - Paula Rowland
- P. Rowland is assistant professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, and scientist, Wilson Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-7142
| | - Risa Freeman
- R. Freeman is vice chair of education and scholarship, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connie Li
- C. Li is a medical student, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole N Woods
- N.N. Woods is associate professor, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, and director, Institute for Education Research, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2976-1108
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu Y. Empathy in nurse-patient interaction: a conversation analysis. BMC Nurs 2021; 20:18. [PMID: 33435957 PMCID: PMC7802140 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-021-00535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable attention has been drawn to empathy in nursing and the concept of empathy has firmly been embedded in nursing discourse. However, little has been known about the details of how nurses express empathy to their patients. In this study, we aim to conduct a qualitative study of actual nurse-patient conversations through which empathy was achieved. METHODS The data in this study was based on audio-recording of sessions of conversations between participating nurses and patients in two Chinese hospitals. The participants in this study involved 6 female nurses and 14 patients. Based on Bachelor's (1988) categorization of empathy, this study described and analyzed the actual empathic sequences in nursing conversations in an attempt to demonstrate how nursing empathy was interactionally achieved using the method of conversation analysis. Conversation analysis (CA), focusing on the study of talk in interaction, is a useful method for the qualitative analysis of empathic talk in nursing. RESULTS By drawing on prior theoretical work as well as on empathic sequence in nursing, this study described and analyzed some of the conversational resources nurses and patients used in achieving empathy. It has been shown that empathy can be interactionally and sequentially achieved in actual sequences of talk. Specifically, nursing empathy is a collaboratively constructed action instead of the nurse's own committed action, which is produced in specific interactional contexts. CONCLUSION Conversation analysis is a very useful method for describing and analyzing the nurse-patient interaction, especially for studying empathy in nursing care. The sequences in this study present example of exemplary empathic interaction between nurses and patients, which might shed some light on how nurses express empathy to their patients. Also, this study could help to increase the understanding of the mirco-process of empathy in nursing and contribute to improving nursing communicative skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Wu
- School of Translation Studies/Editorial Office for Medical Humanities in the Developing World, Qufu Normal University, No.80, Yantaibei Road, Donggang District, Rizhao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu X, Zhang R. Impact of patient information behaviours in online health communities on patient compliance and the mediating role of patients' perceived empathy. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2021; 104:186-193. [PMID: 32665071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patient health information seeking and physician-patient communication in OHCs proved to have impacts on patient compliance, but related studies from psychological perspectives are limited. This study aims to investigate the impact of patient health information seeking and physician-patient communication in OHCs on patient compliance. METHODS This study established a research model and proposed six hypotheses. An anonymous investigation was conducted using Chinese OHCs. Confirmatory factor analysis, partial least squares, and structural equation modelling were used to test the hypotheses. RESULTS We received 371 responses, and 316 of them were valid. Patient health information seeking and physician-patient communication frequency in OHCs had positive impacts on patients' perceived affective and cognitive empathies, which positively impacted patient compliance. CONCLUSIONS Patient compliance can be improved by patient health information seeking and physician-patient communication in OHCs and affective and cognitive empathies. Patients' perceived affective empathy is the preferred perspective to improve patient compliance. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Physicians should encourage patients to seek health information and communicate with them through OHCs, be concerned about patients' experiences, feelings, and attitudes, understand patients' demands and mental states, and show their patients that they can feel patients' pain. Increasing physician-patient communication frequency in OHCs can help improve patient compliance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Lu
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Runtong Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Understanding compassion in family medicine: a qualitative study. Br J Gen Pract 2019; 69:e208-e216. [PMID: 30692087 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp19x701285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients and physicians have traditionally valued compassion; however, there is concern that physician compassion has declined with the increasing emphasis on science and technology in medicine. Although the literature on compassion is growing, very little is known about how family physicians experience compassion in their work. AIM To explore family physicians' capacity for and experiences of compassion in practice. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a qualitative study designed using a phenomenological approach in rural and urban Ontario, Canada. METHOD In-depth interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim, followed by independent and team coding. An iterative and interpretive analysis was conducted using immersion and crystallisation techniques. Purposive sampling recruited 22 participants (nine males and 13 females aged 26-64 years) that included family medicine residents from Western University (n = 6), and family physicians practising <5 years (n = 7) or >10 years (n = 9) in Ontario, Canada. RESULTS From the data, the authors derived the Compassion Trichotomy as a theoretical model to describe three interrelated areas that determine the evolution or devolution of compassion experienced by family physicians: motivation (core values), capacity (energy), and connection (relationship). CONCLUSION The Compassion Trichotomy highlights the importance and interdependence in physician compassion of motivation (personal reflection and values), capacity (awareness and regulation of energy, emotion, and cognition), and connection (sustained patient-physician relationship). This model may assist practising family physicians, educators, and researchers to explore how compassion development might enhance physician effectiveness and satisfaction.
Collapse
|
5
|
Myklebust LH, Sørgaard K, Wynn R. Local inpatient units may increase patients' utilization of outpatient services: a comparative cohort-study in Nordland County, Norway. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2015; 8:251-7. [PMID: 26604843 PMCID: PMC4630195 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s94857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the last few decades, there has been a restructuring of the psychiatric services in many countries. The complexity of these systems may represent a challenge to patients that suffer from serious psychiatric disorders. We examined whether local integration of inpatient and outpatient services in contrast to centralized institutions strengthened continuity of care. METHODS Two different service-systems were compared. Service-utilization over a 4-year period for 690 inpatients was extracted from the patient registries. The results were controlled for demographic variables, model of service-system, central inpatient admission or local inpatient admission, diagnoses, and duration of inpatient stays. RESULTS The majority of inpatients in the area with local integration of inpatient and outpatient services used both types of care. In the area that did not have beds locally, many patients that had been hospitalized did not receive outpatient follow-up. Predictors of inpatients' use of outpatient psychiatric care were: Model of service-system (centralized vs decentralized), a diagnosis of affective disorder, central inpatient admission only, and duration of inpatient stays. CONCLUSION Psychiatric centers with local inpatient units may positively affect continuity of care for patients with severe psychiatric disorders, probably because of a high functional integration of inpatient and outpatient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Knut Sørgaard
- Psychiatric Research Centre of North Norway, Nordland Hospital Trust, Bodø, Norway ; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rolf Wynn
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bystad M, Bystad C, Wynn R. How can placebo effects best be applied in clinical practice? A narrative review. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2015; 8:41-5. [PMID: 25678829 PMCID: PMC4319464 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s75670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Placebo effects are documented in a number of clinical and experimental studies. It is possible to benefit from placebo effects in clinical practice by using them as effects additive to those of documented and effective treatments. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how doctors and other health workers may benefit from placebo effects within an ethical framework. A narrative review of the literature relating to placebo effects in clinical practice was performed. We searched PubMed and selected textbooks on placebo effects for articles and book chapters relating to placebo effects in clinical practice. By drawing on placebo effects, doctors may access patients' self-healing potentials. In practice, doctors may best benefit from placebo effects by influencing the patient's expectations through communication. An important principle is to give the patient information stating that a particular treatment is effective, as long as this is based on realistic optimism. A patient-centered style involving elements such as developing trust and respect, exploring the patient's values, speaking positively about treatments, and providing reassurance and encouragement might aid in activating placebo effects. The total effect of a documented treatment will partly depend on how well the placebo effects have been activated. Thus, placebo effects can be understood as a form of supplemental treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bystad
- Division of Addictions and Specialized Psychiatric Services, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway ; Institute of Psychology, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Camilla Bystad
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rolf Wynn
- Division of Addictions and Specialized Psychiatric Services, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway ; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Storjord HP, Teodorsen MM, Bergdahl J, Wynn R, Johnsen JAK. Dental anxiety: a comparison of students of dentistry, biology, and psychology. J Multidiscip Healthc 2014; 7:413-8. [PMID: 25285013 PMCID: PMC4181736 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s69178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dental anxiety is an important challenge for many patients and clinicians. It is thus of importance to know more about dental students’ own experiences with dental anxiety and their understanding of dental anxiety. The aim was to investigate differences in dental anxiety levels between dental students, psychology students, and biology students at a Norwegian university. Materials and methods A total of 510 students of dentistry, psychology, and biology at the University of Tromsø received a questionnaire consisting of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale, demographic questions, and questions relating to their last visit to the dentist/dental hygienist; 169 students gave complete responses. Nonparametric tests were used to investigate differences between the student groups. Results The respondents were 78% female and 22% male; their mean age was 24 years. The dental students showed a significantly lower degree of dental anxiety than the psychology (P<0.001) and biology students (P<0.001). A significant decrease in dental anxiety levels was found between novice and experienced dentistry students (P<0.001). Discussion The dental students had less dental anxiety compared to psychology students and biology students. Experienced dental students also had less dental anxiety than novice dental students. This could indicate that the dentistry program structure at the university may influence dental anxiety levels. Conclusion Dental anxiety seemed to be less frequent in dentistry students compared to students of biology or clinical psychology. The practice-oriented dentistry education at the university might contribute to the differences in anxiety levels between new and experienced dentistry students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mari Mjønes Teodorsen
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan Bergdahl
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rolf Wynn
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway ; Division of Addictions and Specialized Psychiatric Services, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Wynn R, Bergvik S. Studying empathy as an interactional three-part sequence. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2010; 80:150. [PMID: 19553060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
|
10
|
Ruggeri M, Salvi G, Bonetto C, Lasalvia A, Allevi L, Parabiaghi A, Bertani M, Tansella M. Outcome of patients dropping out from community-based mental health care: a 6-year multiwave follow-up study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007:42-52. [PMID: 17973809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test three hypotheses: i) is dropping out of community mental health care due to dissatisfaction? ii) Do those who appropriately interrupt mental health care need any more help? iii) Do those who need treatment continue to receive it? METHOD A cohort from a Community Mental Health Service in Verona, Italy, was followed up for 6 years, interviewing patients at follow-up who are both in contact and not in contact with the service. RESULTS The main reason for dropping out was service dissatisfaction. Patients still in contact with the service were more often psychotic. Many patients no longer in contact had mild-to-moderate problems, especially anxiety and depression and some social disability. Patients out of contact rarely sought help from other agencies. CONCLUSION Comprehensive community mental health services seem to offer good continuity of mental health care to patients with psychosis, but dedicate less attention to patients with less severe problems. Some of these patients will go on experiencing a burden of symptoms and disability, over the years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ruggeri
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Amaddeo F, Barbui C, Perini G, Biggeri A, Tansella M. Avoidable mortality of psychiatric patients in an area with a community-based system of mental health care. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007; 115:320-5. [PMID: 17355523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To ascertain the existence of an excess of avoidable mortality among psychiatric patients in an area with a community-based system of care, to identify predictors of higher risk of avoidable mortality and to provide some possible indication to reduce avoidable mortality in modern psychiatric services. METHOD All patients with an ICD-10 psychiatric diagnosis, living in a catchment area of about 75,000 inhabitants, seeking care in 1982-2001 were included (n = 6956). Mortality and causes of death were ascertained using linkage procedures with other local health databases. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for each avoidable cause of death. RESULTS The observed number of deaths for those causes considered avoidable by the European Community was four times greater than the expected (P < 0.01). SMR was higher for deaths preventable with adequate health promotion policies than for those preventable with appropriate health care. Males, alcohol/drug addicted and young patients have the highest avoidable SMRs. CONCLUSION These findings urgently call for the implementation of health promotion and preventive programs targeted to psychiatric patients. Moreover, mental health services should improve the capacity to manage medical health problems of their patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Amaddeo
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|