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Karambelas GJ, Byrne LK, Allott KA, Jayasinghe A, Watson AE, Hasty M, Macneil C, Filia K, Cotton SM. Early Maladaptive Schemas and Depression in Caregivers of Individuals With Schizophrenia Spectrum and Bipolar Disorders. Clin Psychol Psychother 2024; 31:e3000. [PMID: 38890794 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early maladaptive schemas represent unhelpful frameworks of cognitions, emotions and subsequent behavioural responses and can be associated with depressive symptoms. Caregivers of individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) frequently report experiencing depressive symptoms. It is unclear whether depressive symptoms in caregivers are influenced by schemas. We aimed to compare activated schemas in caregivers of people with schizophrenia spectrum (SSD) and bipolar disorder (BD) diagnoses and to determine whether they were differentially related to depressive symptoms. DESIGN AND METHODS Caregivers completed validated measures of depression and schemas. Independent samples t-tests and multivariate generalised linear models were used to assess differences in schemas and depressive symptoms between caregiver groups. Interrelationships between schema domains and caregiver depressive symptoms were delineated using correlational analyses and forward stepwise regressions. RESULTS One hundred eight caregivers participated in the study (SSD n = 68, BD n = 40). No differences in depressive symptom severity or activated schemas were observed between caregiver groups. All schemas were significantly associated with depressive symptoms, and the Disconnection-Rejection schema domain explained the most variance in depressive symptoms in both caregiver groups. CONCLUSIONS Schemas contribute to the severity of caregiver depression regardless of whether the person receiving care is diagnosed with SSD or BD. Schema therapeutic frameworks may be beneficial for use with caregivers to address schemas within the Disconnection-Rejection domain and alleviate depressive symptoms by reducing experiences of social isolation and alienation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Karambelas
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda K Byrne
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly A Allott
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anuradhi Jayasinghe
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Kate Filia
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sue M Cotton
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Sójta K, Strzelecki D. Early Maladaptive Schemas and Their Impact on Parenting: Do Dysfunctional Schemas Pass Generationally?-A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041263. [PMID: 36835799 PMCID: PMC9963559 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several factors that play a key role in the development of early maladaptive schemas, i.e., temperament, unmet core emotional needs, and adverse childhood events (e.g., traumatization and victimization, overindulgence, overprotection). Thus, the parental care that a child experiences has a substantial impact on the potential development of early maladaptive schemas. Negative parenting can range from unconscious neglect to overt abuse. Previous research supports the theoretical concept that there is a clear and close relationship between adverse childhood experiences and the development of early maladaptive schemas. Maternal mental health problems have been proven to be a factor that has strengthened the link between a mother's history of negative childhood experiences and subsequent negative parenting. Consistent with the theoretical background, early maladaptive schemas are associated with a wide variety of mental health problems. Clear links have been found for EMSs and personality disorders, depression, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. In light of these theoretical and clinical connections, we decided to summarize the available literature on the multigenerational transmission of early maladaptive schemas, which is also an introduction to our research project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Sójta
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Łódź, ul. Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland
| | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Łódź, ul. Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland
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Pilkington PD, May T, Karantzas G. Recollections of Parental Mental Illness and Substance Use and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Adulthood. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Alaftar İ, Uzer T. Understanding intergenerational transmission of early maladaptive schemas from a memory perspective: Moderating role of overgeneral memory on adverse experiences. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 127:105539. [PMID: 35151211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies demonstrated that early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are transmitted from mothers to children through adverse childhood experiences, such as maltreatment and unfulfilled core needs. The traumatic memory literature demonstrated that people with a history of trauma recall their traumatic and/or other negative experiences as categories of events-a phenomenon called overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM)-to avoid the accompanying intense negative feelings. In the long run, OGM originating from an affect-regulation process after childhood traumatic experiences can facilitate the development of EMSs in children. OBJECTIVE This study expands the previous literature by studying whether OGM facilitates the transmission of EMSs by strengthening maladaptive thinking patterns after traumatic experiences. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS A total of 120 mothers and late adolescents participated in this study. The mothers filled out the forms online through a link sent to their e-mail addresses, and the adolescents completed the forms online through a link posted on social media. METHOD Late adolescents completed the Autobiographical Memory Recall Task, Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3 (YSQ-SF3), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Mothers filled out the YSQ-SF3 and BDI. RESULTS The results confirmed that adverse childhood experiences significantly mediated the relationship between mothers' and children's disconnection and rejection schemas. Furthermore, this relationship was stronger, especially for children with a higher tendency of overgeneral retrieval of negative experience (β = 0.26 (0.10), 95% CI [0.09, 0.49]). CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence that OGM facilitates the transmission of early maladaptive schemas.
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Affiliation(s)
- İdil Alaftar
- TED University, Psychology Department, Ziya Gokalp Blv. No. 48, 06420 Çankaya/Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Uzer
- TED University, Psychology Department, Ziya Gokalp Blv. No. 48, 06420 Çankaya/Ankara, Turkey.
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Güleç Keskin S, Gülirmak K. The effect of positive psychotherapy education on subjective wellbeing among nursing students. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:861-870. [PMID: 34036564 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to determine the effect of psychoeducation of the positive psychotherapy (PPT)-based balance model applied to university students on spirituality index levels of their subjective well-being. DESIGN AND METHOD The research was conducted as a quasi-experimental study with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population of this study was composed of undergraduate students of a university and the sample was composed of the students taking Intern Practice Course of Psychiatric Nursing. In the study, the data were collected using a Personal Information Form and Spirituality Index of Well-being. FINDINGS Frequency, percentage, Shapiro-Wilk test, and Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks tests were used to assess the data of the study. As a result of the statistical analysis, the students obtained significant results in the total score of Spirituality Index of Well-Being and the subscales of "Self-Efficacy" and "Life Schemes" (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION PPT-based balance model education increases the subjective well-being levels of the students significantly. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS PPT has a positive effect on the subjective well-being levels of individuals with spirituality index, this method should be used more in clinical studies with healthy or sick people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Güleç Keskin
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Kübra Gülirmak
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Chodkiewicz J, Wydrzyński M, Talarowska M. J. Young’s Early Maladaptive Schemas and Symptoms of Male Depression. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020167. [PMID: 35207455 PMCID: PMC8876682 DOI: 10.3390/life12020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: There are more non-specific, hence harder to diagnose, symptoms in the picture of male depression. These symptoms are strongly linked to social norms and roles traditionally assigned to men. The aim of this study was to assess the interrelationship of early maladaptive schemas that affect the formation of self-image as a man with indicators of male depression. Materials and methods: The Gender-Sensitive Depression Screening (GSDS-26) by A.M. Möller-Leimkühler and the Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire by J. Young (YSQ-S3-PL) were used. A group of 75 men (aged 18 to 50) were qualified to take part in the research. Results: The total score of the GSDS-26 scale and individual indicators of male depression are strongly positively correlated with the severity of all five domains of the YSQ-S3-PL questionnaire. The highest correlation coefficient value was obtained in the following areas: “Disconnection and rejection” (0.741), “Other-directedness” (0.711), and “Overvigilance and inhibition” (0.711). In case of the GSDS-26 total score and the following indicators—Elevated stress, Aggressiveness, Emotional control, Risky behavior, and Classic symptoms of depression—positive statistically significant associations were confirmed with each of the 18 schemas from the YSQ-S3-PL questionnaire. Multiple regression results revealed that the following domains were significant for symptoms typical of male depression: “Disconnection and rejection” and “Impaired autonomy and performance”. The “Impaired limits” area was found to be statistically significant only for symptoms of classic depression. Conclusions: (1) The GSDS-26 scale scores show positive associations with each domain of the YSQ-S3-PL questionnaire. (2) The following areas seem to be more important for atypical depressive symptoms in men: “Disconnection and rejection” and “Impaired autonomy and performance”, while for classic depression: “Impaired limits” was more important. (3) In therapeutic work with male depressive symptoms, it is useful to focus on dominant maladaptive schemas alongside beliefs about stereotypical male roles.
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Karaarslan C, Eldogan D, Yigit I. Associations between early maladaptive schema domains of parents and their adult children: The role of defence styles. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 28:1043-1054. [PMID: 33624909 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although existing research recognized the associations between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) of parents and their adult children, the mechanisms that underpin these associations were not fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to explore the role of defence styles (DSs) on the associations between two EMS domains (Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Autonomy) of parents and their adult children. Two hundred and fifteen families (i.e., mother, father, and their adult children) participated in the study. Both parents and their adult children were asked to complete Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) and Defence Style Questionnaire (DSQ) to assess their EMS domains and DSs. According to the results of the current study, there were significant associations between Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Autonomy EMS domains of parents and their adult children, and these associations were mediated by only immature DS of parents and their adult children in a serial mediation model. These results contributed to our understanding of the associations between EMS domains of parents and their adult children through immature DSs. Moreover, our findings highlighted the importance of synthesizing the concepts of different theories to enhance our understanding of mental representations in families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemre Karaarslan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilay Eldogan
- Kavaklıdere Psychological Counseling Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Yigit
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey
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Psychometric properties of Persian version of Cognitive Behavioural Avoidance Scale: results from student, general population and clinical samples in Iran. Behav Cogn Psychother 2020; 48:705-716. [PMID: 32372733 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465820000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no published evidence about the psychometric properties of the Cognitive Behavioral Avoidance Scale (CBAS) in Eastern cultures. AIMS The current research evaluated the psychometric properties of a Persian version of the CBAS. METHOD The research consisted of two studies. In Study 1, a university student sample (n = 702) completed the CBAS, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Thought Control Questionnaire and the Anxious Thoughts Inventory. In Study 2, a general population sample (n = 384) and a clinical sample (n = 152) completed the CBAS, the Young Compensation Inventory and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21. RESULTS Exploratory factor analysis of the data from Study 1 suggested a four-factor solution for CBAS. The CBAS had acceptable internal consistency and test-re-test reliability, and showed significant correlations with depression symptoms and anxious thoughts. Confirmatory factor analysis of the data from Study 2 indicated good fit between the four-factor model and data. The CBAS had a significant relationship with depression, anxiety and stress symptoms, but no associations with schema compensatory behaviour strategy. Finally, the CBAS and its subscales successfully distinguished a clinical sample from a general population sample. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide preliminary evidence for reliability and validity of the CBAS among Iranian student, general population and clinical samples.
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Zeynel Z, Uzer T. Adverse childhood experiences lead to trans-generational transmission of early maladaptive schemas. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104235. [PMID: 31759288 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to schema theory, early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are formed due to unsatisfied core emotional needs in childhood. However, there is limited research about the association between parent's EMS and the child's EMS. OBJECTIVE The current study investigated the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the parent's disconnection and rejection schemas and the child's disconnection and rejection schemas. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING One hundred seventy-nine mother-late adolescent dyads participated in the study. Mothers filled out the forms at home, and adolescents completed the forms in the classroom. METHODS The adolescents completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3 (YSQ-SF3), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Father Involvement Scale, and Resilience Scale. The mothers completed only the YSQ-SF3. RESULTS Mothers' EMSs related to the disconnection and rejection domain predicted their children's EMS in the same domain. Adverse childhood experiences also significantly mediated this relationship only when father involvement was low (β = .08, SE = .04, 95% CI [.01, .18]). CONCLUSIONS The current study provides evidence that EMSs are passed on from one generation to the next through adverse childhood experiences especially when fathers do not provide enough support in childrearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Zeynel
- Department of Psychology, TED University, Ziya Gokalp Blv. No: 48, 06420 Kolej, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugba Uzer
- Department of Psychology, TED University, Ziya Gokalp Blv. No: 48, 06420 Kolej, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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