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Clark PM, Brunell AB, Buelow MT. The effect of false cognitive feedback on subsequent cognitive task performance. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2024; 46:422-435. [PMID: 38814262 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2024.2360229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research has found beliefs about oneself and one's own abilities may have the potential to affect subsequent performance on a particular task. Additionally, providing false feedback about a particular characteristic or even about overall cognitive abilities may also affect performance on later tasks. However, it is unclear to what extent false positive or negative feedback about cognition will affect subsequent executive function task performance. In the present series of studies, we examined whether receiving negative false feedback about cognition would affect subsequent decision making and other executive function task performance. METHOD In Study 1, the participants (n = 115) received false feedback that they were either high or low in creative intelligence before completing a series of decision making tasks. In Study 2, the participants (n = 146) completed a similar false feedback paradigm before completing assessments of a range of executive functions. RESULTS Across studies, we found limited evidence of a consistent pattern of how false feedback affects subsequent cognitive task performance, although receiving positive and negative feedback affected specific tasks. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the influence of false feedback on task performance is variable and may depend on factors such as the specific task or executive function assessed. In clinical work, it is important to consider how patients may internalize feedback about their cognitive abilities, as the feedback, coupled with other factors such as level of insight, apathy, disinhibition, or prior perceptions regarding a diagnosis, may influence interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piper M Clark
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, USA
| | - Amy B Brunell
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Mansfield, OH, USA
| | - Melissa T Buelow
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, USA
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2
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Williamson ES, Arentsen TJ, Roper BL, Pedersen HA, Shultz LA, Crouse EM. The Importance of the Morel Emotional Numbing Test Instructions: A Diagnosis Threat Induction Study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2024; 39:35-50. [PMID: 37449530 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Marketed as a validity test that detects feigning of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Morel Emotional Numbing Test for PTSD (MENT) instructs examinees that PTSD may negatively affect performance on the measure. This study explored the potential that MENT performance depends on inclusion of "PTSD" in its instructions and the nature of the MENT as a performance validity versus a symptom validity test (PVT/SVT). METHOD 358 participants completed the MENT as a part of a clinical neuropsychological evaluation. Participants were either administered the MENT with the standard instructions (SIs) that referenced "PTSD" or revised instructions (RIs) that did not. Others were administered instructions that referenced "ADHD" rather than PTSD (AI). Comparisons were conducted on those who presented with concerns for potential traumatic-stress related symptoms (SI vs. RI-1) or attention deficit (AI vs. RI-2). RESULTS Participants in either the SI or AI condition produced more MENT errors than those in their respective RI conditions. The relationship between MENT errors and other S/PVTs was significantly stronger in the SI: RI-1 comparison, such that errors correlated with self-reported trauma-related symptoms in the SI but not RI-1 condition. MENT failure also predicted PVT failure at nearly four times the rate of SVT failure. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the MENT relies on overt reference to PTSD in its instructions, which is linked to the growing body of literature on "diagnosis threat" effects. The MENT may be considered a measure of suggestibility. Ethical considerations are discussed, as are the construct(s) measured by PVTs versus SVTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Williamson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lt. Col. Luke Weathers, Jr. VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J Arentsen
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lt. Col. Luke Weathers, Jr. VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brad L Roper
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lt. Col. Luke Weathers, Jr. VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Heather A Pedersen
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lt. Col. Luke Weathers, Jr. VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Laura A Shultz
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lt. Col. Luke Weathers, Jr. VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ellen M Crouse
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lt. Col. Luke Weathers, Jr. VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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3
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Merritt VC, Goodwin GJ, Sakamoto MS, Crocker LD, Jak AJ. Symptom Attribution and Neuropsychological Outcomes Among Treatment-Seeking Veterans With a History of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 36:134-142. [PMID: 38192216 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20230067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this cross-sectional study, the authors aimed to examine relationships between illness perception, measured as symptom attribution, and neurobehavioral and neurocognitive outcomes among veterans with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS This study included 55 treatment-seeking veterans (N=43 with adequate performance validity testing) with a remote history of TBI (80% with mild TBI). Veterans completed a clinical interview, self-report questionnaires, and a neuropsychological assessment. A modified version of the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) was administered to assess neurobehavioral symptom endorsement and symptom attribution. Composite scores were calculated from standardized cognitive tests to assess specific aspects of objective cognitive functioning, including memory, executive functioning, attention and working memory, and processing speed. RESULTS The symptoms most frequently attributed to TBI included forgetfulness, poor concentration, slowed thinking, and headaches. There was a significant positive association between symptom attribution and overall symptom endorsement (NSI total score) (r=0.675) and endorsement of specific symptom domains (NSI symptom domain scores) (r=0.506-0.674), indicating that greater attribution of symptoms to TBI was associated with greater symptom endorsement. Furthermore, linear regressions showed that symptom attribution was significantly associated with objective cognitive functioning, whereas symptom endorsement generally did not show this relationship. Specifically, greater attribution of symptoms to TBI was associated with worse executive functioning (β=-0.34), attention and working memory (β=-0.43), and processing speed (β=-0.35). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that veterans who routinely attribute neurobehavioral symptoms to their TBI are at greater risk of experiencing poor long-term outcomes, including elevated symptom endorsement and worse objective cognition. Although more research is needed to understand how illness perception influences outcomes in this population, these preliminary results highlight the importance of early psychoeducation regarding the anticipated course of recovery following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Merritt
- Psychology and Research Services and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego (Merritt, Crocker, Jak); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (Merritt, Jak); Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (Goodwin); Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park (Sakamoto)
| | - Grace J Goodwin
- Psychology and Research Services and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego (Merritt, Crocker, Jak); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (Merritt, Jak); Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (Goodwin); Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park (Sakamoto)
| | - McKenna S Sakamoto
- Psychology and Research Services and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego (Merritt, Crocker, Jak); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (Merritt, Jak); Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (Goodwin); Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park (Sakamoto)
| | - Laura D Crocker
- Psychology and Research Services and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego (Merritt, Crocker, Jak); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (Merritt, Jak); Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (Goodwin); Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park (Sakamoto)
| | - Amy J Jak
- Psychology and Research Services and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego (Merritt, Crocker, Jak); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (Merritt, Jak); Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (Goodwin); Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park (Sakamoto)
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4
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Bryant AM, Kerr ZY, Walton SR, Barr WB, Guskiewicz KM, McCrea MA, Brett BL. Investigating the association between subjective and objective performance-based cognitive function among former collegiate football players. Clin Neuropsychol 2023; 37:595-616. [PMID: 35670306 PMCID: PMC9726994 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2022.2083021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have observed variable associations of prior contact sport participation with subjective and objective measures of cognitive function. This study directly investigated the association between subjective self-report and objective performance-based cognition among former collegiate football players, as well as its relationship to self-reported concussion history. METHODS Former collegiate football players (N = 57; mean age = 37.9 years [SD = 1.49]) retired from sport 15-years prior were enrolled. Linear regression models examined associations between subjective cognition (Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders Cognitive Functioning-Short Form), and performance on a neuropsychological battery. Domain specific (executive function) metrics of subjective (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult) and objective cognition were also exclusively examined. Associations between self-reported concussion history with subjective and objective measures were tested. Potential influential factors (sleep quality and distress) were included as covariates. RESULTS Subjective cognition was not significantly associated with any objective measures of cognitive functioning (p's > .05). Greater self-reported concussion history was inversely associated with subjective cognition (B = -2.49, p = .004), but not objective performance-based cognition (p's > .05). Distress was significantly related to all metrics of subjective cognition (p's < .001) as well as performance on delayed recall and verbal fluency (p's < .05). Sleep quality was only significantly related to timed visuospatial sequencing (p = .033). CONCLUSIONS Reliance on self-reported measures of cognitive functioning alone is insufficient when assessing cognition in former contact sport athletes. Assessment of other factors known to influence subjective cognitive complaints should also be examined in determining the presence of cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Bryant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Zachary Y. Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Samuel R. Walton
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Kevin M. Guskiewicz
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Michael A. McCrea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Benjamin L. Brett
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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5
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Piroelle M, Abadie M, Régner I. Toward a New Approach to Investigate the Role of Working Memory in Stereotype Threat Effects. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121647. [PMID: 36552105 PMCID: PMC9775410 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotype threat arises when the activation of negative stereotypes about a group impairs performance of stigmatized individuals on stereotype relevant tasks. There is ample evidence that stereotype threat leads to performance detriments by consuming executive resources. Several studies indeed showed that working memory (WM) mediates stereotype threat effects among young adults. More recently, researchers have sought to understand whether the same mechanisms underlie age-based stereotype threat, but findings are mixed regarding the role of WM and some authors rather favor a motivational explanation based on regulatory fit. The present review critically appraises the empirical support for distinct forms of stereotype threat effects mediated by distinct mechanisms. We propose a novel approach based on one of the most recent WM models, the time-based resource sharing model, to evaluate the impact of stereotype threat on attentional resources in WM among both young and older adults.
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6
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Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wu YH, Zhang S. Reliability and validity of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale for patients with traumatic brain injury. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2022; 29:1160-1166. [PMID: 33321049 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1856850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective and accurate cognitive assessment scales are essential for guiding cognitive rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) for TBI and to verify the clinical application value. Fifty patients with TBI and 32 matched controls were assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and a newly developed Chinese version of RUDAS. These scales were then compared for internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, test‒retest reliability, content validity, construct validity, and diagnostic efficacy. Among the TBI group, the RUDAS demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.733), high inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs] of 0.910‒0.999), and high test‒retest reliability (total score ICC = 0.938). The correlation coefficients between RUDAS total score and individual subscores were all > 0.5 except for body orientation (r = 0.363), indicating generally good content validity. Total RUDAS scores were moderately correlated with both MMSE total scores (r = 0.701, p < 0.001) and MoCA total scores (r = 0.778, p < 0.001), indicating good construct validity. Receiving operating characteristic curve analysis yielded comparable areas under the curve for diagnostic efficacy (RUDAS, 0.844; MMSE, 0.769; MoCA, 0.824; all p > 0.05). A RUDAS score cutoff of 23.5 distinguished TBI patients from controls with 60% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Therefore, the RUDAS demonstrates both good reliability and validity for evaluating cognitive impairments in TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ye-Huan Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Soochow University, Soochow, China
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7
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The effects of being informed about chemotherapy-related cognitive symptoms with and without self-affirmation on perceived cognitive symptoms of breast cancer patients: a randomized prospective, longitudinal study. Clin Breast Cancer 2022; 22:439-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Crutzen C, Adam S. "What if It's not Just an Item of Clothing?" - A Narrative Review and Synthesis of the White Coat in the Context of Aged Care. Psychol Belg 2022; 62:62-74. [PMID: 35291725 PMCID: PMC8877653 DOI: 10.5334/pb.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although increasingly disputed, the white coat uniform is ubiquitous in geriatric care, which may reflect a phenomenon called medicalisation of ageing. This narrative review is the first attempt at integrating several theoretical approaches, such as the "white coat effect" and "enclothed cognition", in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the use of this clothing item. Based on extensive empirical evidence, we will examine the consequences of wearing a uniform, not only on patients (in this case, older patients) and healthcare professionals, but also on their relationship. The white coat has powerful symbolic functions for healthcare professionals and is still preferred by older adults. However, the negative repercussions of wearing a uniform require us to question its use, particularly in environments where older persons live, such as nursing homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline Crutzen
- Psychology of Aging Unit, University of Liège (B63C), Liège, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Adam
- Psychology of Aging Unit, University of Liège (B63C), Liège, Belgium
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9
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Performance-based alternatives to race-norms in neuropsychological assessment. Cortex 2021; 148:231-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Simoes E, Sokolov AN, Hahn M, Fallgatter AJ, Brucker SY, Wallwiener D, Pavlova MA. How Negative Is Negative Information. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:742576. [PMID: 34557072 PMCID: PMC8452949 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.742576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily, we face a plenty of negative information that can profoundly affect our perception and behavior. During devastating events such as the current COVID-19 pandemic, negative messages may hinder reasoning at individual level and social decisions in the society at large. These effects vary across genders in neurotypical populations (being more evident in women) and may be even more pronounced in individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. Here, we examine how negative information impacts reasoning on a social perception task in females with breast cancer, a life-threatening disease. Two groups of patients and two groups of matched controls (NTOTAL = 80; median age, 50 years) accomplished a psychometrically standardized social cognition and reasoning task receiving either the standard instruction solely or additional negative information. Performance substantially dropped in patients and matched controls who received negative information compared to those who did not. Moreover, patients with negative information scored much lower not only compared with controls but also with patients without negative information. We suggest the effects of negative information are mediated by the distributed brain networks involved in affective processing and emotional memory. The findings offer novel insights on the impact of negative information on social perception and decision making during life-threatening events, fostering better understanding of its neurobiological underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Simoes
- Department of Women's Health, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Executive Department for Social Medicine, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander N Sokolov
- Department of Women's Health, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Hahn
- Department of Women's Health, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Y Brucker
- Department of Women's Health, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Diethelm Wallwiener
- Department of Women's Health, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina A Pavlova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Psychoeducation as Precision Health in Military-Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 103:1222-1232. [PMID: 34516996 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of Service Members and Veterans (SMVs) experience at least 1 mild traumatic brain injury during military activities (mil-mTBI), which can result in enduring cognitive symptoms. Although multiple cognitive rehabilitation (CR) interventions have been developed for this population, patient psychoeducation focusing on biopsychosocial relationships and health behaviors is often cited as the first line of defense for mil-mTBI sequelae. However, theoretical and conceptual foundations of these psychoeducational techniques are not well articulated. This raises questions about the potency of attempts to boost health literacy in affected SMVs, who represent a highly heterogeneous patient population within a special cultural milieu. To elucidate the significance of this problem and identify opportunities for improvement, we view the psychoeducation of SMVs through the lens of educational principles described in serious mental illness, where "psychoeducation" was first formally defined, as well as contextual and phenomenological aspects of mil-mTBI that may complicate treatment efforts. To advance psychoeducation research and practice in mil-mTBI, we discuss how treatment theory, which seeks to link active treatment ingredients with specific therapeutic targets, and an associated conceptual framework for medical rehabilitation-the Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System-can be leveraged to personalize educational content, integrate it into multicomponent CR interventions, and evaluate its effectiveness.
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12
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Dhillon S, Sekely A, Gujral P, Joseph S, Zakzanis KK. Linguistic Interpretation of Acute Injury Characteristics That Define Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: an Exploratory Study of Native and Non-native English Speakers. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-021-09416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Gallant C, Luczon R, Ryan D, Good D. Investigating cannabis use and associated symptoms among university students with and without a history of concussion. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2020; 32:967-991. [PMID: 33208035 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2020.1847148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of cannabis after traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, little is known about the long-term effects of cannabis on milder injuries and post-concussive symptoms. Further, substance use often increases post-TBI and, thus, individuals who chronically use cannabis may unknowingly be exceeding safe or therapeutic doses. The current cross-sectional study explores the prevalence of cannabis use among university students with and without a history of concussion and examines the relationship between concussion and post-concussive symptoms as a function of cannabis use. Eighty-four undergraduates (n = 51 without a prior concussion; n = 33 with a prior concussion) completed a series of questionnaires, capturing their head injury history, current and past substance use, and post-concussive symptomatology. Results indicated that those with a history of concussion were more likely to use cannabis and had higher cannabis use severity scores compared to those without a previous concussion. Further, among cannabis users only, concussion severity demonstrated a significant positive association with post-concussive symptom (e.g., headaches, memory problems) severity (i.e., frequency, intensity, duration). Taken together, the long-term use of cannabis may be detrimental to individuals with a history of concussion, exacerbating, rather than mitigating, post-concussive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Gallant
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Rachel Luczon
- Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Dawn Ryan
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Dawn Good
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
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14
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Kaseda ET, Levine AJ. Post-traumatic stress disorder: A differential diagnostic consideration for COVID-19 survivors. Clin Neuropsychol 2020; 34:1498-1514. [PMID: 32847484 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1811894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: SARS-CoV-2 infection and its oft-associated illness COVID-19 may lead to neuropsychological deficits, either through direct mechanisms (i.e., neurovirulance) or indirect mechanisms, most notably complications caused by the virus (e.g., stroke) or medical procedures (e.g., intubation). The history of past human coronavirus outbreaks resulting in similar health emergencies suggests there will be a substantial prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among COVID-19 survivors. To prepare neuropsychologists for the difficult task of differentiating PTSD-related from neuropathology-related deficits in the oncoming wave of COVID-19 survivors, we integrate research across a spectrum of related areas.Methods: Several areas of literature were reviewed: psychiatric, neurologic, and neuropathological outcomes of SARS and MERS patients; neurological outcomes in COVID-19 survivors; PTSD associated with procedures common to COVID-19 patients; and differentiating neuropsychological deficits due to PTSD from those due to acquired brain injuries in other patient groups.Conclusions: Heightened risk of PTSD occurred in MERS and SARS survivors. While data concerning COVID-19 is lacking, PTSD is known to occur in patient groups who undergo similar hospital courses, including ICU survivors, patients who are intubated and mechanically ventilated, and those that experience delirium. Research with patients who develop PTSD in the context of mild traumatic brain injury further suggests that PTSD may account for some or all of a patient's subjective cognitive complaints and neuropsychological test performance. Recommendations are provided for assessing PTSD in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin T Kaseda
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew J Levine
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Sekely A, Dhillon S, Zakzanis KK. The effect of diagnostic terminology on cognitive, emotional, and post-concussive sequelae following mild brain injury. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2020; 29:499-508. [PMID: 32546013 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1775599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We sought to determine whether the diagnostic terms 'mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)' and 'concussion' result in differences in perceived cognitive, emotional, and post-concussive sequelae.Method: A total of 81 healthy university students (79% female; 69% of Asian descent) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: mTBI (n = 41), or concussion (n = 40), and were instructed to simulate on a battery of cognitive (Neuropsychological Assessment Battery - Screening Module), emotional (Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II), and post-concussive (Rivermead Postconcussive Symptoms Questionnaire) measures.Results: There were no significant group differences between expected cognitive, emotional, or post-concussive consequences. However, both groups received poorer scores than the normative data.Conclusions: These results suggest that diagnostic terminology does not appear to influence anticipated recovery following mild brain injury. However, the presentation of information about the injury itself may impact recovery outcomes. This study provides preliminary support for the potential negative effects that may arise as a result of providing participants with non-evidence based information about mild brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sekely
- Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sonya Dhillon
- Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Konstantine K Zakzanis
- Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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16
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H. Hsu N, Dukarm P. Neuropsychological Assessment. Concussion 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-65384-8.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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18
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Lippa SM, Lange RT, French LM, Iverson GL. Performance Validity, Neurocognitive Disorder, and Post-concussion Symptom Reporting in Service Members with a History of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 33:606-618. [PMID: 29069278 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the influence of different performance validity test (PVT) cutoffs on neuropsychological performance, post-concussion symptoms, and rates of neurocognitive disorder and postconcussional syndrome following mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) in active duty service members. Method Participants were 164 service members (Age: M = 28.1 years [SD = 7.3]) evaluated on average 4.1 months (SD = 5.0) following injury. Participants were divided into three mutually exclusive groups using original and alternative cutoff scores on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) and the Effort Index (EI) from the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS): (a) PVT-Pass, n = 85; (b) Alternative PVT-Fail, n = 53; and (c) Original PVT-Fail, n = 26. Participants also completed the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory. Results The PVT-Pass group performed better on cognitive testing and reported fewer symptoms than the two PVT-Fail groups. The Original PVT-Fail group performed more poorly on cognitive testing and reported more symptoms than the Alternative PVT-Fail group. Both PVT-Fail groups were more likely to meet DSM-5 Category A criteria for mild and major neurocognitive disorder and symptom reporting criteria for postconcussional syndrome than the PVT-Pass group. When alternative PVT cutoffs were used instead of original PVT cutoffs, the number of participants with valid data meeting cognitive testing criteria for neurocognitive disorder or postconcussional syndrome decreased dramatically. Conclusion PVT performance is significantly and meaningfully related to overall neuropsychological outcome. By using only original cutoffs, clinicians and researchers may miss people with invalid performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Lippa
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.,National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rael T Lange
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.,National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Louis M French
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.,National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Center for Rehabilitation Sciences Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Grant L Iverson
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Fresson M, Dardenne B, Meulemans T. Impact of Diagnosis Threat on Neuropsychological Assessment of People with Acquired Brain Injury: Evidence of Mediation by Negative Emotions. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 34:222-235. [PMID: 29579136 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Some studies have shown that diagnosis threat (DT) could negatively impact the cognitive performance of undergraduate students who had sustained a mild traumatic brain injury. This study was designed to examine DT in people with acquired brain injury (ABI). As a second goal, we investigated the effect of stereotype lift as a way to overcome DT's harmful impact. The purpose of this study was also to examine the mechanisms mediating stereotype effects. Method People with ABI and control participants were assigned to one of three conditions: DT, cognitive-neutral (in which the cognitive status of participants with ABI and the cognitive characteristics of the tasks were deemphasized), and stereotype lift (in which a downward comparison was made with another neurological group). Participants then completed neuropsychological tasks. Negative emotions, intrusive thoughts, task expectancy, and self-efficacy were assessed for mediation analyses. Results Instructions impacted the performance of people with ABI, but not control participants. Compared to the cognitive-neutral condition, participants with ABI in the DT condition performed worse on memory and executive tasks (but not on attention tasks). These effects were mediated by negative emotions. There was no increase in performance in the stereotype lift condition compared to the DT condition. Conclusions This study showed that DT can aggravate the cognitive difficulties of people with ABI during neuropsychological assessment. The mediating role of negative emotions and the selective impact of DT on tasks that rely heavily on executive functioning are discussed in the light of the stereotype threat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Fresson
- University of Liège (Belgium), Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit, Place des Orateurs 1, Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoit Dardenne
- University of Liège (Belgium), Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit, Place des Orateurs 2, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thierry Meulemans
- University of Liège (Belgium), Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit, Place des Orateurs 1, Liège, Belgium
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20
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to examine if televised media about mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) framed in a sensationalized manner had a negative impact on cognitive functioning and persistent mTBI symptoms. METHODS One hundred two participants (M Age=37.16; SD=22.61) with a history of post-acute mTBI, recruited through a community research registry and an undergraduate recruitment system, were included in this study. Participants were assessed with a measure of health literacy, the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA), and randomized to watch either a sensationalized or non-sensationalized news clip focused on mTBI. They were then assessed with the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ), Patient Reported Outcome Measures Information System (PROMIS) Depression scale, and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (PCL-5). RESULTS Bayesian analyses indicated that sensationalized media-alone (β PASAT=-0.08; β RPQ=-0.08) or in the context of covariates (β PASAT=-0.11; β RPQ=-0.14)-was not a strong predictor of PASAT score or post-concussion syndrome symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS Although media sensationalization of mTBI symptoms is not desirable, this study suggests that one brief exposure to sensationalized information may not have a meaningful immediate impact on the cognitive functioning or symptom reporting of individuals with a history of mTBI. Future research should examine long-term and downstream effects of sensationalized media reporting in samples with greater diversity of TBI history. (JINS, 2019, 25, 90-100).
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21
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Gallant C, Barry N, Good D. Physiological underarousal as a mechanism of aggressive behavior in university athletes with a history of concussion. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01038. [PMID: 30030911 PMCID: PMC6085900 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research has indicated that athletes who engage in high-risk athletic activities, such as football and hockey, have riskier personalities than their low-risk and nonathlete counterparts (Ahmadi et al., 2011, Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 30 and 247-251; Zuckerman, 1983, Biological bases of sensation seeking, impulsivity, and anxiety, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc Inc.). For instance, increased sensation-seeking and aggression are common in high-risk athletes, rendering these individuals more likely to sustain a subsequent injury, such as concussion. Elevated levels of certain personality traits, including impulsivity and aggression, have also been observed after concussion (Goswami et al., 2016, Brain Struct Funct, 221 and 1911-1925). The purpose of this study therefore was to determine whether aggressive behavior in university athletes may be accounted for, in part, by a history of concussion, rather than exclusively athletic status. METHODS Using a quasi-experimental design, 66 university students (n = 18 nonathletes, n = 24 low-risk athletes, n = 24 high-risk athletes) with (n = 27) and without a history of concussion (n = 39) completed the Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ; Buss & Perry, , J Pers Soc Psychol, 63 and 452) and provided electrodermal activation (EDA) as an index of physiological arousal. RESULTS It was found that decreased physiological arousal among students with a history of concussion was associated with greater endorsement of physical aggression. Moreover, athletic status did not account for this pattern of aggression, as athletes and nonathletes did not differ in terms of self-reported aggressive tendencies. CONCLUSIONS Physiological compromise after concussive injury may act as an independent mechanism of aggressive behavior in athletes beyond factors, such as athletic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Gallant
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Barry
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Dawn Good
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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22
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Porter KE, Stein MB, Martis B, Avallone KM, McSweeney LB, Smith ER, Simon NM, Gargan S, Liberzon I, Hoge CW, Rauch SAM. Postconcussive symptoms (PCS) following combat-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Influence of TBI, PTSD, and depression on symptoms measured by the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI). J Psychiatr Res 2018; 102:8-13. [PMID: 29554536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is commonly reported in recent combat Veterans. While the majority resolve, some Veterans develop postconcussive symptoms (PCS). Previous research suggests these symptoms are not specific to head injury and are often associated with psychiatric symptoms. The current study examines the relative contributions of posttraumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and TBI on postconcussive symptoms, and explores whether the relationship remains after controlling for symptom overlap. Two hundred eighteen combat Veterans from Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), and Operation New Dawn (OND) provided the data for this study as part of a baseline evaluation for inclusion into larger treatment study for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants completed the Brief Traumatic Brain Injury Screen (BTBIS), Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI), PTSD Checklist-Stressor Version (PCL-S), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Significant differences in NSI total score between individuals with and without history of TBI were not found. A series of regression analyses demonstrated that Depression and PTSD were significant predictors of NSI score even after removal of NSI symptoms that overlap with PTSD or depression. TBI status was also a significant predictor of PCS in most models, but its relative contribution was much smaller than that of depression and PTSD. Within PTSD symptoms, hyperarousal cluster was a significant predictor of NSI scores. Findings demonstrate that depression and PTSD are related to PCS beyond similarities in construct. Further, within a primarily PTSD treatment-seeking population, these psychiatric symptoms appear to be a stronger contributor than TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Porter
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Murray B Stein
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brian Martis
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kimberly M Avallone
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lauren B McSweeney
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin R Smith
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Naomi M Simon
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Israel Liberzon
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charles W Hoge
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sheila A M Rauch
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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23
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Alcock B, Gallant C, Good D. The relationship between concussion and alcohol consumption among university athletes. Addict Behav Rep 2018; 7:58-64. [PMID: 29687074 PMCID: PMC5910453 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated concussion as a potential risk factor for increased alcohol consumption in university athletes. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, 41 university students (37% with a history of concussion) completed self-report measures, while electrodermal activation (EDA) was recorded for each participant to capture baseline physiological arousal. RESULTS As expected, concussion status significantly predicted alcohol consumption over and above athletic status, b = 0.34, p = 0.034, 95% CI [0.195, 4.832], such that those with a prior concussion history engaged in greater alcohol consumption. Importantly, concussion status also significantly predicted baseline physiological arousal, b = -0.39, p = 0.014, 95% CI [-0.979, -0.120], such that those with a history of concussion exhibited lower EDA. CONCLUSIONS Elevated alcohol consumption among athletes is a pronounced associate of concussion in sports and may be a behavioral reflection of disruption to the orbitofrontal cortex - an area implicated in inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradey Alcock
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Caitlyn Gallant
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Dawn Good
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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Fresson M, Dardenne B, Meulemans T. Influence of diagnosis threat and illness cognitions on the cognitive performance of people with acquired brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2018; 29:1637-1654. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2018.1439756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Fresson
- Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit, University of Liège (Belgium), Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoit Dardenne
- Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit, University of Liège (Belgium), Liège, Belgium
| | - Thierry Meulemans
- Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit, University of Liège (Belgium), Liège, Belgium
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25
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Fresson M, Dardenne B, Meulemans T. Diagnosis threat and underperformance: The threat must be relevant and implicit. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2018; 40:682-697. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2017.1420143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Fresson
- Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit, University of Liège (Belgium), Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoit Dardenne
- Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit, University of Liège (Belgium), Liège, Belgium
| | - Thierry Meulemans
- Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit, University of Liège (Belgium), Liège, Belgium
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26
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Ferguson HJ, Cane J. Tracking the impact of depression in a perspective-taking task. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14821. [PMID: 29093490 PMCID: PMC5666009 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has identified impairments in Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities in depressed patients, particularly in relation to tasks involving empathetic responses and belief reasoning. We aimed to build on this research by exploring the relationship between depressed mood and cognitive ToM, specifically visual perspective-taking ability. High and low depressed participants were eye-tracked as they completed a perspective-taking task, in which they followed the instructions of a 'director' to move target objects (e.g. a "teapot with spots on") around a grid, in the presence of a temporarily-ambiguous competitor object (e.g. a "teapot with stars on"). Importantly, some of the objects in the grid were occluded from the director's (but not the participant's) view. Results revealed no group-based difference in participants' ability to use perspective cues to identify the target object. All participants were faster to select the target object when the competitor was only available to the participant, compared to when the competitor was mutually available to the participant and director. Eye-tracking measures supported this pattern, revealing that perspective directed participants' visual search immediately upon hearing the ambiguous object's name (e.g. "teapot"). We discuss how these results fit with previous studies that have shown a negative relationship between depression and ToM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Ferguson
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, England.
| | - James Cane
- School of Psychology, Politics and Sociology, Canterbury Christchurch University, Canterbury, England
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Fresson M, Dardenne B, Geurten M, Meulemans T. Stereotype content of people with acquired brain injury: Warm but incompetent. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Fresson
- Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit; University of Liège
| | - Benoit Dardenne
- Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit; University of Liège
| | - Marie Geurten
- Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit; University of Liège
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28
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Schwarz KA, Pfister R, Büchel C. The being a patient effect: negative expectations based on group labeling and corresponding treatment affect patient performance. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2017; 23:99-105. [DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2017.1332375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A. Schwarz
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Pfister
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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29
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Fresson M, Dardenne B, Geurten M, Meulemans T. The effect of stereotype threat on older people’s clinical cognitive outcomes: investigating the moderating role of dementia worry. Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 31:1306-1328. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1307456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Fresson
- Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoit Dardenne
- Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie Geurten
- Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thierry Meulemans
- Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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30
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Mah K, Hickling A, Reed N. Perceptions of mild traumatic brain injury in adults: a scoping review. Disabil Rehabil 2017; 40:960-973. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1277402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Mah
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea Hickling
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nick Reed
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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31
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Kelly K, Erdal K. Diagnostic terminology, athlete status, and history of concussion affect return to play expectations and anticipated symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 39:587-595. [PMID: 27841084 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1250870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
"Mild traumatic brain injury" (mTBI) and "concussion" are terms often used interchangeably. However, "mTBI" is frequently seen as representing a broader injury that encompasses the construct of "concussion," which often conveys transience or decreased severity. The present study examined the influence of varying diagnostic terminology on acute injury expectations in an undergraduate population (N = 105). Participants were presented with an mTBI vignette and were randomly assigned to one of two conditions in which the term "mTBI" or "concussion" was used to describe the injury. There were no significant differences between the two conditions on anxiety, symptomatology, timeline, or consequence scales. However, participants in the "mTBI" group allocated more days to return to play than participants in the "concussion" group, suggesting that terminology has an effect on perceptions of the severity of the injury. Varsity athletes allocated fewer days to return to play than nonathletes. Individuals with a history of concussion, both athletes and nonathletes, indicated fewer days to return to play, but greater symptomatology than individuals with no history of concussion. Clinicians should consider the influence of diagnostic terminology, athletic background, and history of concussion on perceptions of the severity of an injury because expectations can influence injury outcomes and compliance in a recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten Kelly
- a Department of Psychology , Colorado College , Colorado Springs , CO , USA
| | - Kristi Erdal
- a Department of Psychology , Colorado College , Colorado Springs , CO , USA
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32
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Bernstein JPK, Langfitt J. The King–Devick test as a predictor of cognitive effects after chronic partial sleep restriction: a pilot study. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-016-0081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Spencer RJ, Waldron-Perrine B, Drag LL, Pangilinan PH, Axelrod BN, Bieliauskas LA. Neuropsychological test validity in Veterans presenting with subjective complaints of 'very severe' cognitive symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2016; 31:32-38. [PMID: 27819490 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2016.1218546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored the utility of combining data from measures of performance validity and symptom validity among Veterans undergoing neuropsychological evaluation for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). BACKGROUND Persistent cognitive impairments following mTBI are often reported by returning combat veterans. However, objectively-measured cognitive deficits are not common among individuals with mTBI, raising the question of whether negative impression management influences self-ratings. METHODS Self-report ratings were obtained for memory, concentration, decision-making, and processing speed/organization using a 5-point scale ranging from 'none' to 'very severe'. Veterans also completed brief neuropsychological testing which included measures of performance validity. RESULTS Study 1 examined data from 122 participants and demonstrated that veterans reporting a 'very severe' cognitive deficit were over three times as likely to demonstrate poor effort on a validity test than those without a very severe rating. Study 2 replicated these findings in an independent sample of 127 veterans and also demonstrated that both severity of self-report ratings and performance on an embedded measure of effort were predictive of poor effort on a stand-alone performance validity test. CONCLUSION Veterans with suspected mTBI who report 'very severe' cognitive impairment have a greater likelihood of putting forth sub-optimal effort on objective testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Spencer
- a Department of Mental Health Services , VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Brigid Waldron-Perrine
- a Department of Mental Health Services , VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Lauren L Drag
- b Stanford University Medical Center , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Percival H Pangilinan
- c Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , University of Michigan Health System , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Bradley N Axelrod
- d Psychology Section, Mental Health Service , John D. Dingell Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Linas A Bieliauskas
- a Department of Mental Health Services , VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,e Department of Psychiatry , University of Michigan Health System , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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34
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Brelet L, Moták L, Ginet M, Huet N, Izaute M, Gabaude C. Enhancing Older Drivers' Safety: On Effects Induced by Stereotype Threat to Older Adults' Driving Performance, Working Memory and Self-Regulation. Geriatrics (Basel) 2016; 1:geriatrics1030020. [PMID: 31022813 PMCID: PMC6371154 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics1030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In a study concerned with driving behaviors of older drivers (mean age 70 years) in a driving simulator, our findings indicate that telling older drivers that they are more at risk of accidents because of their age and their driving performance-related decline (i.e., exposing them to a stereotype threat concerning older drivers) severely impairs their self-regulatory skills. Moreover, our results show that this is at least partly due to exhaustion of the executive resources (older drivers under stereotype threat tended to contradict the stereotype of being slow by driving faster), appearing also through working memory overload (older drivers under stereotype threat performed markedly less well in a modular arithmetic task than drivers in the control condition). We thus complete the existing evidence that older drivers’ performance may be affected by socially-grounded factors, suggesting that simply being investigated may be enough to tax many capabilities in older people. We also propose that stereotype threat might be at least a partial explanation for why older drivers sometimes have poorer self-regulation performances after attending rehabilitation programs designed to make older drivers safer ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Brelet
- Laboratory of Social and Cognitive Psychology (LAPSCO-UMR 6024), CNRS, University of Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Ladislav Moták
- Laboratory of Social and Cognitive Psychology (LAPSCO-UMR 6024), CNRS, University of Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Magali Ginet
- Laboratory of Social and Cognitive Psychology (LAPSCO-UMR 6024), CNRS, University of Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Nathalie Huet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5263-CLLE-LTC, CNRS, Université Toulouse 2 Jean Jaurès, Maison de la Recherche, 31100 Toulouse, France.
| | - Marie Izaute
- Laboratory of Social and Cognitive Psychology (LAPSCO-UMR 6024), CNRS, University of Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Catherine Gabaude
- Université de Lyon, F-69622 Lyon, France.
- Laboratory Ergonomics and Cognitive Sciences applied to Transport (LESCOT), The French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), F-69675 Bron, France.
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Diagnosis Threat and Injury Beliefs After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 31:727-737. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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van Noordt S, Chiappetta K, Good D. Moral decision-making in university students with self-reported mild head injury. Soc Neurosci 2016; 12:541-550. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1195773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefon van Noordt
- Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Cognitive Research Lab, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Katie Chiappetta
- Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Cognitive Research Lab, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Dawn Good
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Neuroscience, Neuropsychology Cognitive Research Lab, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Cook CM, Suhr JA. [Formula: see text] Effects of screening for postconcussive syndrome (PCS) on PCS symptom self-report and neuropsychological test performance. Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 30:284-300. [PMID: 26934914 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1139186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many non-neurological factors are related to postconcussive syndrome (PCS) symptom report and neuropsychological test performance in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Use of mTBI screening instruments may also contribute to report of PCS symptoms and neuropsychological performance. We examined the impact of randomized PCS screening feedback on PCS symptom report and neuropsychological performance in 152 young adults with no history of mTBI. METHOD Participants were 158 undergraduates attending a medium-sized Midwestern university who completed the Postconcussive Syndrome Questionnaire (PCSQ) prior to the study and were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. Participants were either given feedback that they endorsed more symptoms than average, feedback that they endorsed fewer symptoms than average, or neutral information. Participants then completed the PCSQ for a second time as well as the Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test. RESULTS Contrary to expectations, participants receiving feedback that they endorsed more symptoms than average did not endorse more PCSQ symptoms post-feedback than participants in other conditions (p = .12); however, consistent with expectations, they demonstrated poorer verbal learning (p = .005) and delayed recall (p = .04) than participants in the below average feedback condition and reported higher rates of retrospective recall of prior mTBI than participants in the neutral condition (p = .01). CONCLUSION Results suggest that feedback from screening measures can influence individuals' performance and retrospective recall of their personal TBI history. Findings have implications for use of screening measures for PCS in clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Cook
- a Department of Psychology , Ohio University , Athens , OH , USA
| | - Julie A Suhr
- a Department of Psychology , Ohio University , Athens , OH , USA
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Oldenburg C, Lundin A, Edman G, Nygren-de Boussard C, Bartfai A. Cognitive reserve and persistent post-concussion symptoms—A prospective mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) cohort study. Brain Inj 2015; 30:146-55. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1089598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Barry NC, Tomes JL. Remembering your past: The effects of concussion on autobiographical memory recall. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 37:994-1003. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1038981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Merritt VC, Lange RT, French LM. Resilience and symptom reporting following mild traumatic brain injury in military service members. Brain Inj 2015. [PMID: 26204318 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1043948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between resilience and symptom reporting following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). It was hypothesized that, as resilience increases, self-reported symptoms would decrease. RESEARCH DESIGN Cross-sectional design. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Participants were 142 US military service members who sustained a mTBI, divided into three resilience groups based on participants' responses on the Response to Stressful Experiences Scale: Moderate (n = 42); High (n = 51); and Very High (n = 49). Participants completed the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) within 12 months following injury. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS There were significant main effects for the NSI total score, cognitive cluster and affective cluster, as well as for the PCL-C total score, avoidance cluster and hyperarousal cluster. Pairwise comparisons revealed that there was a negative relationship between resilience and self-reported symptoms overall. Specifically, participants with higher resilience reported fewer post-concussion and PTSD-related symptoms than participants with lower levels of resilience. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the important role that resilience plays in symptom expression in military service members with mTBI and suggest that research on targeted interventions to increase resilience in the acute phase following injury is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rael T Lange
- b Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center , Bethesda , MD , USA .,c Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda , MD , USA .,d University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada .,e Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine , Bethesda , MD , USA , and
| | - Louis M French
- b Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center , Bethesda , MD , USA .,c Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda , MD , USA .,e Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine , Bethesda , MD , USA , and.,f Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
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41
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Silver JM. Invalid symptom reporting and performance: What are we missing? NeuroRehabilitation 2015; 36:463-9. [DOI: 10.3233/nre-151234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Waldron-Perrine B, Tree HA, Spencer RJ, Suhr J, Bieliauskas L. Informational literature influences symptom expression following mild head injury: An analog study. Brain Inj 2015; 29:1051-5. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1004742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Block CK, West SE, Goldin Y. Misconceptions and Misattributions About Traumatic Brain Injury: An Integrated Conceptual Framework. PM R 2015; 8:58-68.e4. [PMID: 26054960 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present narrative review was to provide a conceptual framework to address common misconceptions in the field of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and enhance clinical and research practices. This framework is based on review of the literature on TBI knowledge and beliefs. The comprehensive search of the literature included seminal and current texts as well as relevant articles on TBI knowledge and education, misconceptions, and misattributions. Reviewed materials ranged from 1970 to 2013 and were obtained from PubMed and PubMed Central online research databases. Research findings from the reviewed literature were integrated with existing social and cognitive psychological concepts to develop a framework that includes: (1) the identification antecedents of TBI-related misconceptions and misattribution; (2) understanding of how inaccurate beliefs form and persist as the result of pre- and postinjury cognitive operations such as informational cascades and attribution biases; and (3) a discussion of ways in which these beliefs can result in consequences in all domains of a survivor's life, including physical and mental health, stigma, and discrimination. This framework is intended to serve as a first stage of development of a model that will improve treatment endeavors and service delivery to individuals with TBI and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cady K Block
- The Institute for Rehabilitation and Research (TIRR)/Memorial Hermann, 1333 Moursund Avenue, Houston, TX 77030(∗).
| | - Sarah E West
- JKF-Johnson Rehabilitation Institute, Edison, NJ(†)
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Lippa SM, Agbayani KA, Hawes S, Jokic E, Caroselli JS. Effort in acute traumatic brain injury: considering more than pass/fail. Rehabil Psychol 2015; 59:306-12. [PMID: 25133905 DOI: 10.1037/a0037217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE Performance validity is often conceptualized as a dichotomous process. Effort likely lies on a continuum, however, and psychologists' tendency to rely on pass/fail descriptors of one's effort may not be the only approach. The current study aims to show that when performance validity is considered on a continuum, it may provide clinical information related to cognitive functioning. RESEARCH METHOD/DESIGN Forty-four patients with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury were evaluated with the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status upon their emergence from posttraumatic amnesia. From this data, previously developed effort index scores and "other cognitive functions" index scores were calculated. RESULTS Performance on the effort index significantly accounted for the patients' performance on a cognitive composite score after considering education and severity of injury. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS Findings suggest that more in-depth analysis of validity test performance is beneficial to gauge a patient's level of effort and is important to consider when interpreting results and in treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Lippa
- Department of Psychology/Neuropsychology, TIRR Memorial Hermann Hospital
| | | | - Samuel Hawes
- Department of Psychology/Neuropsychology, TIRR Memorial Hermann Hospital
| | - Emily Jokic
- Department of Psychology/Neuropsychology, TIRR Memorial Hermann Hospital
| | - Jerome S Caroselli
- Department of Psychology/Neuropsychology, TIRR Memorial Hermann Hospital
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Barber SJ, Mather M, Gatz M. How Stereotype Threat Affects Healthy Older Adults' Performance on Clinical Assessments of Cognitive Decline: The Key Role of Regulatory Fit. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2015; 70:891-900. [PMID: 25752896 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stereotype threat can impair older adults' performance on clinical assessments for cognitive decline. We examined why this occurs. Based upon the regulatory focus account of stereotype threat, we predicted that the effects of stereotype threat should depend upon the assessments' reward structure. Stereotype threat should be associated with poor performance when the assessment emphasizes gaining correct answers, but not when it emphasizes avoiding mistakes. METHOD Healthy older adults completed a series of mental status examinations. Half of the participants completed these examinations under stereotype threat about their cognitive abilities. Monetary incentives were also manipulated. For half of the participants correct responding led to gains. For the remaining participants incorrect responding/forgetting led to losses. RESULTS Consistent with the regulatory focus account, stereotype threat was associated with poor performance when the mental status examinations had a gains-based structure, but not when they had a losses-based structure. DISCUSSION Older adults respond to stereotype threat by becoming vigilant to avoid the losses that will make them their worst. Researchers and clinicians can capitalize on this motivational change to combat stereotype threat's negative effects. By using a loss-avoidance frame, stereotype threat's negative effects can be attenuated or even eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Barber
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, California.
| | | | - Margaret Gatz
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Pavlova MA, Weber S, Simoes E, Sokolov AN. Gender stereotype susceptibility. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114802. [PMID: 25517903 PMCID: PMC4269388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender affects performance on a variety of cognitive tasks, and this impact may stem from socio-cultural factors such as gender stereotyping. Here we systematically manipulated gender stereotype messages on a social cognition task on which no initial gender gap has been documented. The outcome reveals: (i) Stereotyping affects both females and males, with a more pronounced impact on females. Yet an explicit negative message for males elicits a striking paradoxical deterioration in performance of females. (ii) Irrespective of gender and directness of message, valence of stereotype message affects performance: negative messages have stronger influence than positive ones. (iii) Directness of stereotype message differentially impacts performance of females and males: females tend to be stronger affected by implicit than explicit negative messages, whereas in males this relationship is opposite. The data are discussed in the light of neural networks underlying gender stereotyping. The findings provide novel insights into the sources of gender related fluctuations in cognition and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Pavlova
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Medical School, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Susanna Weber
- Social and Neural System Research, Department of Economics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Simoes
- Center for Women's Health, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander N. Sokolov
- Center for Women's Health, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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van Hout M, Hageman G, van Valen E. Pitfalls in clinical assessment of neurotoxic diseases: Negative effects of repeated diagnostic evaluation, illustrated by a clinical case. Neurotoxicology 2014; 45:247-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Snell DL, Surgenor LJ, Hay-Smith EJC, Williman J, Siegert RJ. The contribution of psychological factors to recovery after mild traumatic brain injury: Is cluster analysis a useful approach? Brain Inj 2014; 29:291-9. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2014.976594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mathias JL, Harman-Smith Y, Bowden SC, Rosenfeld JV, Bigler ED. Contribution of psychological trauma to outcomes after traumatic brain injury: assaults versus sporting injuries. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:658-69. [PMID: 24228916 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical research into outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently combines injuries that have been sustained through different causes (e.g., car accidents, assaults, and falls), the effect of which is not well understood. This study examined the contribution of injury-related psychological trauma—which is more commonly associated with specific types of injuries—to outcomes after nonpenetrating TBI in order to determine whether it may be having a differential effect in samples containing mixed injuries. Data from three groups that were prospectively recruited for two larger studies were compared: one that sustained a TBI as a result of physical assaults (i.e., psychologically traumatizing) and another as a result of sporting injuries (i.e., nonpsychologically traumatizing), as well as an orthopedic control group (OC). Psychosocial and emotional (postconcussion symptoms, injury-related stress, and depression), cognitive (memory, abstract reasoning, problem solving, and verbal fluency), and functional (general outcome; resumption of home, social, and work roles) outcomes were all assessed. The TBI(assault) group reported significantly poorer psychosocial and emotional outcomes and higher rates of litigation (criminal rather than civil) than both the TBI(sport) and OC groups approximately 6 months postinjury, but there were no differences in the cognitive or functional outcomes of the three groups. The findings suggest that the cause of a TBI may assist in explaining some of the differences in outcomes of people who have seemingly comparable injuries. Involvement in litigation and the cause of an injury may also be confounded, which may lead to the erroneous conclusion that litigants have poorer outcomes.
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Wei C, Suhr JA. Examination of the Role of Expectancies on Task Performance in College Students Concerned about ADHD. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2014; 22:204-8. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2014.902836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wei
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Julie A. Suhr
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
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