1
|
Kiadarbandsari A, Lemalu MT, Wilson S, Fa'alau F. Dementia among Minority Populations: A Scoping Review of Meaning, Language, and Translation. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38776886 DOI: 10.1159/000539446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia as a neurocognitive disorder is becoming increasingly common worldwide, and minority groups are more vulnerable than the general population. Many factors may contribute to their vulnerability such as misconceptions, language barriers, cultural factors, invalid assessment tools, lack of knowledge, or assigning spiritual beliefs to dementia symptoms. Therefore, this scoping literature review aimed to clarify how empirical studies reflect the meaning of dementia, language, and translation among minority ethnic groups. SUMMARY The PRISMA extension for the scoping review protocol was used. Thirty-eight studies published in English were reviewed and analysed. The findings revealed that lack of knowledge about dementia and attributing the disease to the normal ageing process were frequent among minority groups. Furthermore, their cultural-specific perspectives and worldviews of wellness and well-being can impact the way dementia is perceived, consequent help-seeking behaviours, or caregiving. Facilitating educational programs to enhance the knowledge and experiences of ethnic communities might be beneficial. Moreover, language is shown to be an important aspect in dementia assessment and participants' educational level could significantly impact their functional capacity when responding to cognitive measures. Even though there are some useful screening tests, diagnosis barriers might be eased by assessment tool development, modifications, and accurate translations for ethnic communities. KEY MESSAGES A promising pathway to support ethnically diverse communities regarding dementia can be raising awareness, providing ethnic-specific services, developing cultural-specific tools to assess dementia or any cognitive impairment by considering perceptions, language, and culture among ethnic groups. Cultural and spiritual considerations could also encourage engagement during assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Kiadarbandsari
- Pacific Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Miraneta Tafue Lemalu
- Pacific Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sharyn Wilson
- Counselling Service, Soul Talk, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fuafiva Fa'alau
- Pacific Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mizrahi R, Cromheecke O, Salmon DP, Gollan TH. Disruption of the serial position effect as an early marker of Alzheimer's disease in Spanish-English bilinguals. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2024; 30:162-171. [PMID: 37340671 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617723000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study examined if disruption of serial position effects in list recall could serve as an early marker of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Spanish-English bilinguals. METHODS We tested 20 participants initially diagnosed as cognitively normal or with mild cognitive impairment who declined and eventually received a diagnosis of AD (decliners), and 37 who remained cognitively stable (controls) over at least 2 years. Participants were tested on the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) Word List Learning Test in English or Spanish as part of an annual neuropsychological evaluation. RESULTS Compared to controls, decliners exhibited significantly reduced recall including reduced primacy scores (i.e., items recalled from the first three list items on Trial 1), whereas recency scores (i.e., items recalled from the last 3 list items on Trial 1) were equivalent in decliners and controls. Further analyses suggested that the sensitivity of the primacy effect to preclinical AD was initially stronger in participants tested in Spanish, a surprising finding given that the CERAD was developed for English speakers. However, in the subsequent year of testing, primacy scores declined to the same level regardless of language of testing. CONCLUSIONS Several list learning measures may facilitate early diagnosis of AD in Spanish-English bilinguals, possibly including the relatively understudied primacy effect. Additional studies are needed to investigate the possibility that linguistic or demographic variables might modulate sensitivity of list learning tests to preclinical AD, which could lead to broader improvements in their utility for early diagnosis of AD in all populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reina Mizrahi
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Oona Cromheecke
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David P Salmon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tamar H Gollan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Loizos M, Zhu CW, Akrivos J, Sewell M, Li C, Neugroschl J, Melnick J, Ljekocevic M, Martin J, Grossman H, Aloysi A, Schimming C, Sano M. Evaluating memory testing to distinguish dementia severity among White, Black, and Spanish-speaking individuals in the Uniform Data Set (UDS). Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3625-3634. [PMID: 36840724 PMCID: PMC10440216 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little work has compared the effectiveness of using multiple types of memory tests alone or in combination to distinguish dementia severity in diverse research cohorts including Black individuals and Spanish speakers. Here we evaluate word list and paragraph recall tests to distinguish cognitively normal, mild cognitively impaired, and those with Alzheimer's disease in diverse cohorts. METHODS Using Uniform Data Set (UDS) and site-specific supplemental data, logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve were used to compare paragraph recall versus word list in differentiating among Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale level. RESULTS Results reveal high discriminability for all groups and no difference between either test in distinguishing between CDR levels. Combining tests improved discriminability for the whole group but did not for Black individuals or Spanish speakers. DISCUSSION Our findings indicate that using multiple memory tests may not improve differentiation between cognitive impairment levels for diverse cohorts. The burden of added testing may be a barrier for maximizing inclusion of under-represented groups in research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Loizos
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Carolyn W. Zhu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jimmy Akrivos
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | | | - Clara Li
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | | | | | | | - Jane Martin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Hillel Grossman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Amy Aloysi
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Corbett Schimming
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mary Sano
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wagle J, Selbæk G, Benth JŠ, Gjøra L, Rønqvist TK, Bekkhus-Wetterberg P, Persson K, Engedal K. The CERAD Word List Memory Test: Normative Data Based on a Norwegian Population-Based Sample of Healthy Older Adults 70 Years and Above. The HUNT Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:321-343. [PMID: 36404547 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CERAD Word List Memory Test (WLMT) is widely used in the assessment of older adults with suspected dementia. Although normative data of the WLMT exist in many different regions of the world, normative data based on large population-based cohorts from the Scandinavian countries are lacking. OBJECTIVE To develop normative data for the WLMT based on a large population-based Norwegian sample of healthy older adults aged 70 years and above, stratified by age, gender, and education. METHODS A total of 6,356 older adults from two population-based studies in Norway, HUNT4 70 + and HUNT4 Trondheim 70+, were administered the WLMT. Only persons with normal cognitive function were included. We excluded persons with a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia, and persons with a history of stroke and/or depression. This resulted in 3,951 persons aged between 70 and 90 years, of whom 56.2% were females. Regression-based normative data were developed for this sample. RESULTS Age, gender, and education were significant predictors of performance on the WLMT list-learning subtests and the delayed recall subtest, i.e., participants of younger age, female sex, and higher education level attained higher scores compared to participants of older age, male sex, and lower level of education. CONCLUSION Regression-based normative data from the WMLT, stratified by age, gender, and education from a large population-based Norwegian sample of cognitively healthy older adults aged 70 to 90 years are presented. An online norm calculator is available to facilitate scoring of the subtests (in percentiles and z-scores).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Wagle
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Geir Selbæk
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jūratė Šaltytė Benth
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Linda Gjøra
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychiatry, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Thale Kinne Rønqvist
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | | | - Karin Persson
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Engedal
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lim S, Chong S, Min D, Mohaimin S, Roberts T, Trinh-Shevrin C, Kwon SC. Alzheimer's Disease Screening Tools for Asian Americans: A Scoping Review. J Appl Gerontol 2021; 40:1389-1398. [PMID: 33100109 PMCID: PMC8071832 DOI: 10.1177/0733464820967594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With growing numbers of aging Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (AANHPIs), the availability of culturally and linguistically appropriate screening tools for Alzheimer's disease and its related dementias (ADRD) is needed. The aim of this scoping review is to summarize the tools that have been adapted for and validated among the AANHPI population. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol for systematic reviews, six databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles describing ADRD among AANHPIs. Among 1,477 articles screened for inclusion, 15 articles were included in the final analysis. Results showed a paucity of studies that psychometrically validate tools among this population. Furthermore, studies that culturally adapted and/or translated existing tools mostly targeted East Asian American populations. Our review provides a first step in mapping the extant literature on ADRD screening tools for this underresearched population and will serve as a guide for future research, policy, and intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahnah Lim
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Stella Chong
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Deborah Min
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Sadia Mohaimin
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Timothy Roberts
- Health Science Library, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Chau Trinh-Shevrin
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Simona C. Kwon
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kirsebom BE, Espenes R, Hessen E, Waterloo K, Johnsen SH, Gundersen E, Botne Sando S, Rolfseng Grøntvedt G, Timón S, Fladby T. Demographically adjusted CERAD wordlist test norms in a Norwegian sample from 40 to 80 years. Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 33:27-39. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2019.1574902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn-Eivind Kirsebom
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Psychology Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ragna Espenes
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Psychology Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Erik Hessen
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Waterloo
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Psychology Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stein Harald Johnsen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Brain and Circulation Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Gundersen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Psychology Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sigrid Botne Sando
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gøril Rolfseng Grøntvedt
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Santiago Timón
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
This study aimed to assess cognition in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock and whether cognitive impairment was associated with clinical and laboratory parameters. We conducted a cohort study of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock evaluated within 24 h and one year after ICU discharge. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were analyzed, and the following neuropsychological tests were applied: Consortium to Establish Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease, Mini-Mental State Examination, and Trail Making Test forms A and B. We included 33 patients, mean age of 49, 19% were female. Patients underperformed on most measures 24 h after ICU discharge, with improvement on follow-up. IQCODE, APACHE II scores, NSE and IFN-γ levels at ICU discharge were associated with poor cognitive performance, while higher educational level was associated with good cognitive performance. The time to first antibiotic dose, accumulated dose of haloperidol during UCI stay and mean glycemia were also associated with poor cognitive outcome. In general, patients with severe sepsis or septic shock have cognitive impairment that can improve over time. This improvement was associated with factors identified during their ICU stay, such as cognitive reserve, educational level, mean glycemia during ICU stay and NSE level.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hankee LD, Preis SR, Piers RJ, Beiser AS, Devine SA, Liu Y, Seshadri S, Wolf PA, Au R. Population Normative Data for the CERAD Word List and Victoria Stroop Test in Younger- and Middle-Aged Adults: Cross-Sectional Analyses from the Framingham Heart Study. Exp Aging Res 2017; 42:315-28. [PMID: 27410241 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2016.1191838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT To provide baseline normative data on tests of verbal memory and executive function for nondemented younger- and middle-aged adults. METHODS The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease word list memory task (CERAD-WL) and Victoria Stroop Test (VST) were administered to 3362 Framingham Heart Study (FHS) volunteer participants aged 24-78 years. Analyses of the effects of age, gender, and education were conducted. Normative data on traditional measures and error responses are reported for each test. RESULTS Traditional measures were significantly associated with both age and education in this cohort. Error responses also evidenced significant age and education effects. CONCLUSION These data provide a normative comparison for assessment of verbal memory and executive functioning capabilities in younger- and middle-aged adults and may be utilized as a tool for preclinical studies of disease in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Hankee
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Sarah R Preis
- b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA.,c Boston University School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Ryan J Piers
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA.,c Boston University School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Sherral A Devine
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Yulin Liu
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Philip A Wolf
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Rhoda Au
- a Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,b Framingham Heart Study/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Framingham , Massachusetts , USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hwang YK, Kim H. Utility of the Boston Naming Test in Differentiating between Mild Cognitive Impairment and Normal Elderly: A Meta-Analysis. COMMUNICATION SCIENCES & DISORDERS 2014. [DOI: 10.12963/csd.14177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
10
|
Guerrero-Berroa E, Ravona-Springer R, Schmeidler J, Silverman JM, Sano M, Koifmann K, Preiss R, Hoffman H, Heymann A, Beeri MS. Age, gender, and education are associated with cognitive performance in an older Israeli sample with type 2 diabetes. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 29:299-309. [PMID: 23925856 PMCID: PMC3918242 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationships of age, education, and gender with performance on neuropsychological tests in a cognitively intact, older Israeli sample with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS We examined 862 participants, 65-84 years old, enrolled in the Israel Diabetes and Cognitive Decline study. Multiple regression assessed associations of performance on 17 neuropsychological tests, including the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease neuropsychological battery, with age, education, and gender. RESULTS Higher education and younger age were consistently associated with better performance. Women outperformed men on all memory tasks; men outperformed women on two non-verbal measures. These patterns of demographic associations with cognitive performance were very similar to those of US cohorts. CONCLUSIONS In a cognitively intact, older Israeli sample with T2D, better test performance is associated primarily with higher education, followed by younger age and gender differences. Although T2D is associated with cognitive deficits, it recapitulates the patterns of relationships between cognitive performance and demographic characteristics seen in non-T2D diabetic samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James Schmeidler
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai,
New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai,
New York, NY 10029, USA ,James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468,
USA
| | - Mary Sano
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai,
New York, NY 10029, USA ,James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468,
USA
| | - Keren Koifmann
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat
Gan, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai,
New York, NY 10029, USA ,The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat
Gan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
This study examined cognitive test performance of second- and third-generation Japanese American (JA) adults, a relatively homogeneous Asian American subgroup. Sixty-five JA and 65 non-Hispanic White (NHW) adults, ages between 45 and 91, were administered the Boston Naming Test-2 (BNT), Letter Fluency Test, Semantic Fluency Test, California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), and Trail Making Test. Levels of acculturation, quality of educational attainment, and generation status in the United States, were also collected. There were no significant differences in the scores between the two groups on the tests administered. JA and NHW groups, however, differed in the patterns of the associations between some of the test performance and demographic variables. JA adults showed a stronger age-score relationship on BNT, CVLT, and the BVMT-R. Furthermore, second-generation JA adults performed lower than the third-generation adults even after controlling for basic demographic variables on CVLT and Trail Making Test. Acculturation on the other hand did not explain score differences once demographic variables were considered. Our results suggest the importance of considering unique history and characteristics of ethnic groups, and interactions of the aging process and culture on tasks with different cognitive demands.
Collapse
|
12
|
The assessment of changes in cognitive functioning: age-, education-, and gender-specific reliable change indices for older adults tested on the CERAD-NP battery: results of the German Study on Ageing, Cognition, and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe). Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012; 20:84-97. [PMID: 22183013 DOI: 10.1097/jgp.0b013e318209dd08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease-Neuropsychological (CERAD-NP) battery represents a commonly used neuropsychological instrument to measure cognitive functioning in the elderly. This study provides normative data for changes in cognitive function that normally occur in cognitively healthy individuals to interpret changes in CERAD-NP test scores over longer time periods. DESIGN Longitudinal cohort study with three assessments at 1.5-year intervals over a period of 3 years. SETTING : Primary care medical record registry sample. PARTICIPANTS As part of the German Study on Ageing, Cognition, and Dementia in Primary Care Patients, a sample of 1,450 cognitively healthy general practitioner patients, age 75 years and older, was assessed. MEASUREMENTS Age-, education-, and gender-specific Reliable Change Indices (RCIs) were computed for a 90% confidence interval for selected subtests of the CERAD-NP battery. RESULTS Across different age, education, and gender subgroups, changes from at least six to nine points in Verbal Fluency, four to eight points in Word List Memory, two to four points in Word List Recall, and one to four points in Word List Recognition indicated significant (i.e. reliable) changes in CERAD-NP test scores at the 90% confidence level. Furthermore, the calculation of RCIs for individual patients is demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Smaller changes in CERAD-NP test scores can be interpreted with only high uncertainty because of probable measurement error, practice effects, and normal age-related cognitive decline. This study, for the first time, provides age-, education-, and gender-specific CERAD-NP reference values on the basis of RCI methods for the interpretation of cognitive changes in older-age groups.
Collapse
|
13
|
[CERAD-NP battery: Age-, gender- and education-specific reference values for selected subtests. Results of the German Study on Ageing, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe)]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 42:372-84. [PMID: 19639242 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-009-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The CERAD-NP battery represents well-established tests for the neuropsychological diagnosis of characteristic cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's dementia. However, the use of neuropsychological tests requires reliable standard values for the population under consideration, taking sociodemographic characteristics like age, education and gender into account. This report presents age-, education- and gender-specific reference values for the subtests verbal fluency, word list memory, word list recall and word list recognition as well as the word list savings score of the CERAD-NP battery. The study sample consists of 2891 general practitioners' patients from Germany aged 75 years and older. The study participants had a mean age of 80.2 years (SD=3.6); thus, this report provides reliable reference values for the neuropsychological diagnosis of dementia in older age groups.
Collapse
|
14
|
Carrión-Baralt JR, Meléndez-Cabrero J, Schnaider Beeri M, Sano M, Silverman JM. The neuropsychological performance of nondemented Puerto Rican nonagenarians. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009; 27:353-60. [PMID: 19293568 PMCID: PMC2790730 DOI: 10.1159/000209213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS While the oldest old are the fastest growing segment of the US population, normative neuropsychological data for nondemented oldest old Spanish speakers are nonexistent. This study sought to evaluate the neuropsychological performance of nondemented nonagenarians residing in Puerto Rico and to compare their results with those of a similar English-speaking sample from New York. METHODS We studied 81 subjects who had a complete CERAD neuropsychological assessment in Spanish. We used multiple regression analysis to predict performance on the CERAD battery and ANCOVA to compare the Puerto Rico and New York samples. RESULTS In 10 out of the 13 neuropsychological tests administered, education was a significant predictor of performance. There were significant differences between the Puerto Rico and New York groups only in the Trail Making Tests. CONCLUSIONS In this Puerto Rican sample, education was the strongest predictor of neuropsychological performance, which is consistent with previous studies. When education level is properly accounted for, the performance of Puerto Rican nonagenarians in the CERAD battery does not differ from the performance of US English-speaking nonagenarians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José R. Carrión-Baralt
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, N.Y.,San Juan Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Juan, P.R., USA,*José R. Carrión-Baralt, San Juan VA Medical Center, Research and Development Service (151), 10 Casia St., San Juan, PR 00921-3201 (USA), Tel. +1 787 641 2903, Fax +1 787 641 8359, E-Mail
| | - Josefina Meléndez-Cabrero
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, N.Y.,San Juan Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Juan, P.R., USA
| | | | - Mary Sano
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, N.Y.,James J. Peters Bronx Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y., USA
| | - Jeremy M. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, N.Y.,James J. Peters Bronx Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y., USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gasquoine PG. Race-norming of neuropsychological tests. Neuropsychol Rev 2009; 19:250-62. [PMID: 19294515 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-009-9090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in the United States indicate that some neurologically intact minority groupings perform well below White Americans on neuropsychological tests. This has sparked the production of race-norms, especially for African Americans, that seek to reduce false positive rates (i.e., neurologically intact individuals misdiagnosed with cognitive impairment) in neuropsychological assessments. There are problems with this enterprise including: possible justification for inferior/superior treatment of different racial groupings; unknown effects on false negative rates (i.e., cognitive deficit misdiagnosed as normal); the overlooking of factors possibly responsible for group racial differences (e.g., acculturation); non-scientific and non-operational definitions of race/ethnic groupings; and an impossibly large number of potential race/ethnic groupings for which to generate race-norms. An alternative approach is to use a single set of combined race/ethnic norms and estimate preexisting neuropsychological skill levels by using individual comparison standards. This alternative has been poorly researched, a situation that needs correcting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Gasquoine
- Department of Psychology and Anthropology, University of Texas-Pan American, 1201 W. University Drive, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Busch RM, Chapin JS. Review of normative data for common screening measures used to evaluate cognitive functioning in elderly individuals. Clin Neuropsychol 2008; 22:620-50. [PMID: 17853152 DOI: 10.1080/13854040701448793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
When conducting neuropsychological evaluations of the elderly, it is important to compare patients' test scores to appropriate normative data to maximize diagnostic and descriptive accuracy. Many sets of normative data are now available for screening measures that assess cognitive functioning in the elderly. This article systematically reviewed available norms for 6 widely used screening measures of cognitive functioning in elderly patients. Details regarding the sample characteristics and data collection methods are provided for each set of norms, thereby providing a useful reference for clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Busch
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Taler V, Phillips NA. Language performance in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a comparative review. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2008; 30:501-56. [PMID: 18569251 DOI: 10.1080/13803390701550128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) manifests as memory impairment in the absence of dementia and progresses to Alzheimer's disease (AD) at a rate of around 15% per annum, versus 1-2% in the general population. It thus constitutes a primary target for investigation of early markers of AD. Language deficits occur early in AD, and performance on verbal tasks is an important diagnostic criterion for both AD and MCI. We review language performance in MCI, compare these findings to those seen in AD, and identify the primary issues in understanding language performance in MCI and selecting tasks with diagnostic and prognostic value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Taler
- Department of Psychology/Centre for Research in Human Development, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fillenbaum GG, van Belle G, Morris JC, Mohs RC, Mirra SS, Davis PC, Tariot PN, Silverman JM, Clark CM, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Heyman A. Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD): the first twenty years. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4:96-109. [PMID: 18631955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) was funded by the National Institute on Aging in 1986 to develop standardized, validated measures for the assessment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present report describes the measures that CERAD developed during its first decade and their continued use in their original and translated forms. These measures include clinical, neuropsychological, neuropathologic, and behavioral assessments of AD and also assessment of family history and parkinsonism in AD. An approach to evaluating neuroimages did not meet the standards desired. Further evaluations that could not be completed because of lack of funding (but where some materials are available) include evaluation of very severe AD and of service use and need by patient and caregiver. The information that was developed in the U.S. and abroad permits standardized assessment of AD in clinical practice, facilitates epidemiologic studies, and provides information valuable for individual and public health planning. CERAD materials and data remain available for those wishing to use them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerda G Fillenbaum
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Beeri MS, Schmeidler J, Sano M, Wang J, Lally R, Grossman H, Silverman JM. Age, gender, and education norms on the CERAD neuropsychological battery in the oldest old. Neurology 2006; 67:1006-10. [PMID: 17000969 PMCID: PMC3163090 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000237548.15734.cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of nondemented subjects 85 years and older on the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) neuropsychological battery, and to assess its relationship with sociodemographic variables. METHODS We studied 196 subjects enrolled in an Alzheimer's Disease Research Center study who had a complete CERAD neuropsychological assessment. We used multiple regression analysis to predict performance on the neuropsychological tests from age, education, and sex. Eight representative hypothetical individuals were created (for example, an 87-year-old man, with high education). For each test, estimates of performance at the 10th, 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles were reported for the eight representative hypothetical individuals. RESULTS Mean age was 89.2 years (SD = 3.2), mean years of education was 14.9 (SD = 3.2), and 66% of the sample were women. For 11 of the 14 neuropsychological tests, there was a significant multiple regression model using education, age, and sex as predictors. Neither the models nor the predictors used individually were significant for Delayed Recall, Savings, or correct Recognition. Among the significant results, seven had education as the strongest predictor. Lower age and higher education were associated with better performance. Women performed better than men in three of four tests with significant results for sex. CONCLUSIONS In a sample of oldest old whose primary language is English, neuropsychological testing is influenced mainly by education and age. Cutoff scores based on younger populations and applied to the oldest old might lead to increased false-positive misclassifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Beeri
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|