1
|
KAWAHARA N, TSUCHIYA Y, ENDO N, TANAKA T. Relationship between ovarian ultrasonographic findings on the seventh post-estrus day and plasma progesterone concentration, nutritional metabolic factors, and pregnancy outcome in dairy cows. J Reprod Dev 2023; 69:41-47. [PMID: 36529515 PMCID: PMC9939286 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2022-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the accuracy of ultrasonographic assessment of luteal function, we investigated the relationship between ovarian ultrasonographic findings on Day 7 (Day 1 = ovulation) and plasma progesterone (P4) concentration, nutritional metabolic factors, and pregnancy outcome. A total of 47 spontaneous estrus events were investigated in 38 lactating Holstein cows (artificial insemination, n = 31; embryo transfer, n = 16). Transrectal ultrasonography was performed on Days 0 and 7 to measure the pre-ovulatory follicle area on Day 0 and the luteal tissue area (LTA), luteal blood flow area (LBF), relative LBF (rLBF) (= LBF/LTA), and dominant follicle area (DFA) on Day 7. Blood samples were collected on Day 7 to measure plasma P4, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin, and metabolites. Plasma P4 concentration was positively correlated with LTA but was not associated with LBF or rLBF. Plasma P4 concentration was positively correlated with blood glucose and IGF-I and negatively correlated with blood urea nitrogen and free fatty acid, and no significant relationship was found between the ultrasonographic findings of the corpus luteum (CL) and these blood metabolites. Pregnant cows had smaller DFA than non-pregnant cows. In conclusion, LTA measurement can help predict plasma P4 concentration, but it was difficult to detect variations in plasma P4 concentration in relation to changes in energy status by evaluating the CL ultrasonographically. A combined assessment of CL and first-wave dominant follicle may be important in evaluating fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya KAWAHARA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Reproduction, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan,Yamagata Prefectural Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Yamagata 994-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki TSUCHIYA
- Yamagata Prefectural Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Yamagata 994-8511, Japan
| | - Natsumi ENDO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Reproduction, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tomomi TANAKA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Reproduction, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lavanya M, Swathi D, Archana SS, Ramya L, Ranjithkumaran R, Krishnaswamy N, Singh SK, Krishnappa B, Rajendran D, Kumar H, Selvaraju S. Supraphysiological concentration of urea affects the functional competence of Holstein-Friesian (Bos taurus) sperm. Theriogenology 2021; 176:104-114. [PMID: 34600432 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To understand the effects of urea on sperm functional attributes, fresh bull semen (n = 12) was subjected to four different concentrations (mg/mL) of urea to mimic the physiological (0.04 and 0.13), supraphysiological (0.43) concentrations and control (0 mg/mL). Sperm membrane integrity, kinematics, chromatin integrity, and mitochondrial membrane potential were assessed at different time points (before incubation, 0, 1, 2, and 4 h) of incubation. The concentration of urea in serum and seminal plasma was estimated and correlated with the ejaculate rejection rate and sperm functional attributes. The relative expression of urea transporter gene transcripts (UT-A and UT-B) was assessed in sperm and testis (control) using real-time PCR. The supraphysiological concentration of urea affected sperm kinematics, viability, functional membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity within 1 h of incubation (p < 0.05). Sperm head area decreased (p < 0.05) at 0 h and subsequently increased at 1 h of incubation in all media except supraphysiological (0.43 mg/dL) concentration of urea. Seminal plasma urea concentration showed a significant negative correlation with sperm motility, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial membrane potential (p < 0.05), but had a positive correlation with the ejaculate rejection rate (r = 0.69). Relative expression of the urea transporter genes revealed that UT-A was expressed only in the testis. In contrast, UT-B was expressed in both the testis and sperm, suggesting UT-B's role in regulating urea transport in sperm. At a supraphysiological level, urea adversely affected sperm functional attributes, osmoadaptation and may affect fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maharajan Lavanya
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560 030, India; Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Divakar Swathi
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560 030, India
| | - Santhanahalli Siddalingappa Archana
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560 030, India
| | - Laxman Ramya
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560 030, India
| | - Rajan Ranjithkumaran
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560 030, India
| | | | - Sanjay Kumar Singh
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Balaganur Krishnappa
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560 030, India
| | - Duraisamy Rajendran
- Feed Resources and Informatics Laboratory, Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560 030, India
| | - Harendra Kumar
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Sellappan Selvaraju
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560 030, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Copping KJ, Hoare A, McMillen IC, Rodgers RJ, Wallace CR, Perry VEA. Maternal periconceptional and first trimester protein restriction in beef heifers: effects on maternal performance and early fetal growth. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 32:835-850. [PMID: 32527374 DOI: 10.1071/rd19149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of protein restriction during the periconception (PERI) and first trimester (POST) periods on maternal performance, physiology and early fetal growth. Yearling nulliparous heifers (n=360) were individually fed a diet high or low in protein (HPeri and LPeri respectively) beginning 60 days before conception. From 24 to 98 days post-conception (dpc), half of each treatment group changed to the alternative post-conception high- or low-protein diet (HPost and LPost respectively), yielding four groups in a 2×2 factorial design with a common diet until parturition. Protein restriction was associated with lower bodyweight subsequent to reduced (but positive) average daily weight gain (ADG) during the PERI and POST periods. During the POST period, ADG was greater in LPeri than HPeri heifers and tended to be greater in LPost than HPost heifers during the second and third trimester. Bodyweight was similar at term. The pregnancy rate did not differ, but embryo loss between 23 and 36 dpc tended to be greater in LPeri than HPeri heifers. Overall, a greater proportion of male fetuses was detected (at 60 dpc 63.3% male vs 36.7% female). Protein restriction altered maternal plasma urea, non-esterified fatty acids, progesterone, leptin and insulin-like growth factor 1 at critical stages of fetal development. However, profiles varied depending on the sex of the conceptus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina J Copping
- University of Adelaide, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Andrew Hoare
- South East Vets, 314 Commercial Street, Mount Gambier, SA 5290, Australia
| | | | - Raymond J Rodgers
- University of Adelaide, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Charles R Wallace
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Viv E A Perry
- University of Adelaide, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; and Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Heslin J, Kenny DA, Kelly AK, McGee M. Age at puberty and pregnancy rate in beef heifer genotypes with contrasting nutritional intake from 8 to 13 months of age. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 212:106221. [PMID: 31864491 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of plane of nutrition between 8 and 13 months of age on reproductive performance of heifers of early (EM; n = 154) or late (LM; n = 155) maturing beef breeds and with dairy (dairy-bred, n = 154) or beef (beef-bred, n = 155) dams. Heifers were fed to have an average daily gain (ADG) of 0.50 kg (MOD) or >1.00 kg (HI) for a 141- and 150-day indoor winter period. Subsequently, heifers grazed pasture, and a 12 week breeding programme was implemented. Compared to heifers fed the MOD intake diet, heifers fed the HI intake diet were younger (P < 0.001) and had greater bodyweights (P < 0.001) at puberty but did not have a greater 6- (P = 0.41) or 12- (P = 0.32) week pregnancy rate. Dairy-bred heifers were of a similar age (P = 0.55) but had a lesser bodyweight (P < 0.001) at puberty and had a greater 6- (P < 0.05) and 12- (P < 0.01) week pregnancy rate compared to beef-bred heifers. Compared to LM heifers, EM heifers were younger (P < 0.001), had a lesser bodyweight (P < 0.01) at puberty and had a greater 6-week (P < 0.01) but not 12-week (P = 0.96) pregnancy rate. Enhanced nutrition resulted in a younger age at puberty but had no effect on 12-week pregnancy rate. Dam but not sire breed affected 12-week pregnancy rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Heslin
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland; School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - D A Kenny
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - A K Kelly
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M McGee
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hamman R, Thompson PN, Smuts MP, Tshuma T, Holm DE. Oocyte quality and viability in Nguni and Hereford cows exposed to different levels of dietary protein. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1187-1194. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01806-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
6
|
Byrne C, Fair S, English A, Urh C, Sauerwein H, Crowe M, Lonergan P, Kenny D. Effect of breed, plane of nutrition and age on growth, scrotal development, metabolite concentrations and on systemic gonadotropin and testosterone concentrations following a GnRH challenge in young dairy bulls. Theriogenology 2017; 96:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
7
|
Managing the reproductive performance of beef cows. Theriogenology 2016; 86:379-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
8
|
Abstract
Evolutionary biology provides reasons for why the intensive selection for milk production reduces reproductive success rates. There is considerable exploitable genetic variation in reproductive performance in both dairy and beef cattle, and examination of national genetic trends demonstrates that genetic gain for both reproductive performance and milk production is possible in a well-structured breeding program. Reproductive failure is often postulated to be a consequence of the greater negative energy balance associated with the genetic selection for increased milk production. However, experimental results indicate that the majority of the decline in reproductive performance cannot be attributed to early lactation energy balance, per se; reproductive success will, therefore, not be greatly improved by nutritional interventions aimed at reducing the extent of negative energy balance. Modeling can aid in better pinpointing the key physiological components governing reproductive success and, also, the impact of individual improvements on overall fertility, helping to prioritize variables for inclusion in breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P Berry
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Center, Teagasc, Moorepark, County Cork, Ireland;
| | - N C Friggens
- INRA and.,AgroParisTech, UMR0791 Modélisation Systémique Appliqué aux Ruminants, 75231 Paris, France;
| | - M Lucy
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211;
| | - J R Roche
- DairyNZ Ltd., Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nandi S, Mondal S, Pal DT, Gupta PSP. Effect of ammonia-generating diet on ovine serum and follicular fluid ammonia and urea levels, serum oestrogen and progesterone concentrations and granulosa cell functions. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Nandi
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology; Adugodi Bengaluru India
| | - S. Mondal
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology; Adugodi Bengaluru India
| | - D. T. Pal
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology; Adugodi Bengaluru India
| | - P. S. P. Gupta
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology; Adugodi Bengaluru India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Keogh K, Waters SM, Kelly AK, Wylie ARG, Sauerwein H, Sweeney T, Kenny DA. Feed restriction and realimentation in Holstein–Friesian bulls: II. Effect on blood pressure and systemic concentrations of metabolites and metabolic hormones1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3590-601. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
11
|
Hills JL, Wales WJ, Dunshea FR, Garcia SC, Roche JR. Invited review: An evaluation of the likely effects of individualized feeding of concentrate supplements to pasture-based dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:1363-401. [PMID: 25582585 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In pasture-based dairy systems, supplementary feeds are used to increase dry matter intake and milk production. Historically, supplementation involved the provision of the same amount of feed (usually a grain-based concentrate feed) to each cow in the herd during milking (i.e., flat-rate feeding). The increasing availability of computerized feeding and milk monitoring technology in milking parlors, however, has led to increased interest in the potential benefits of feeding individual cows (i.e., individualized or differential feeding) different amounts and types of supplements according to one or more parameters (e.g., breeding value for milk yield, current milk yield, days in milk, body condition score, reproduction status, parity). In this review, we consider the likely benefits of individualized supplementary feeding strategies for pasture-based dairy cows fed supplements in the bail during milking. A unique feature of our review compared with earlier publications is the focus on individualized feeding strategies under practical grazing management. Previous reviews focused primarily on research undertaken in situations where cows were offered ad libitum forage, whereas we consider the likely benefits of individualized supplementary feeding strategies under rotational grazing management, wherein pasture is often restricted to all or part of a herd. The review provides compelling evidence that between-cow differences in response to concentrate supplements support the concept of individualized supplementary feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Hills
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Dairy Center, The University of Tasmania, Burnie, Tasmania 7320, Australia
| | - W J Wales
- Agriculture Research Division, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia
| | - F R Dunshea
- Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - S C Garcia
- MC Franklin Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - J R Roche
- DairyNZ, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
A reproductively efficient beef cow herd is fundamental to meeting the protein and specifically, red meat demand of an ever increasing global population. However, attaining a high level of reproductive efficiency is underpinned by producers being cognisant of and achieving many key targets throughout the production cycle and requires significant technical competency. The lifetime productivity of the beef bred female commences from the onset of puberty and will be dictated by subsequent critical events including age at first calving, duration of the postpartum interval for each successive calving, conception and pregnancy rate and ultimately manifested as length of intercalving intervals and number of calves weaned over her lifetime. Puberty in heifers is a consequence of the interactive effects of genetics and both pre- and post-weaning nutrition. Early onset of puberty is essential to achieving the first main reproductive target for beef cow herds; first calving at 2 years of age. In calved heifers and mature cows, the onset of ovarian activity, postpartum is a key event dictating the calving interval. Again, this will be the product mainly of prepartum nutrition, manifested through body condition and the strength of the maternal bond between cow and calf, though there is increasing evidence of a modest genetic influence on this trait. Following the initiation of postpartum ovarian cyclicity, conception and subsequent pregnancy rate is generally a function of bull fertility in natural service herds and heat detection and timing of insemination in herds bred through artificial insemination. Cows and heifers should be maintained on a steady plane of nutrition during the breeding season, but the contribution of significant excesses or deficiencies of nutrients including protein and trace elements is likely to be minor where adequate pasture is available. While, increased efforts are being made internationally to genetically identify and select for more reproductively efficient beef cows, this is a more long-term strategy and will not replace the need for a high level of technical efficiency and management practice at farm level.
Collapse
|
13
|
Watanabe U, Takagi M, Yamato O, Otoi T, Okamoto K. Retrospective surveillance of metabolic parameters affecting reproductive performance of Japanese Black breeding cows. J Vet Sci 2014; 15:283-8. [PMID: 24675835 PMCID: PMC4087231 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.2.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study was conducted to confirm the relationship between pre- and postpartum metabolic parameters and postpartum reproductive performance and to clarify seasonal characteristics of the metabolic parameters by using our metabolic profile test (MPT) database of Japanese Black breeding herds. In evaluation 1, MPT databases of blood samples from multiparous cows collected prepartum and postpartum were divided into two groups according to calving interval, and each MPT parameter was compared. In evaluation 2, the same MPT databases used in evaluation 1 were divided into two groups according to the sampling period. Significant differences were found in the prepartal total protein and postpartal γ-glutamyltransferase in evaluation 1. In evaluation 2, significant differences were found in the prepartal and postpartal total protein, albumin/globulin ratio, and glucose. Clear seasonal differences in MPT results emphasized the usefulness of the MPT in breeding cattle herds fed home-pasture roughage and suggest that unsatisfactory reproductive performance during hot periods reflects inadequate nutritional content of the diet and possible reduced feed intake due to heat stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urara Watanabe
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Watanabe U, Okamoto K, Miyamoto A, Otoi T, Yamato O, Tshering C, Takagi M. Japanese Black breeding herd exhibiting low blood urea nitrogen: a metabolic profile study examining the effect on reproductive performance. Anim Sci J 2012; 84:389-394. [PMID: 23607460 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ten reared cows of a Japanese Black cattle herd in Kagoshima prefecture, Japan, exhibited extremely low blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration (2.6 ± 0.6 mg/dL). Examination of dietary feed nutrition and relevant pastureland soil content suggested a correlation with crude protein (CP) deficiency or unbalanced nutritional dietary feeds. Thirteen months after the introduction of a dietary remedial measure (bean cake supplementation), BUN, total cholesterol and albumin concentration from five of the original 10 cows increased significantly compared with their values of before the dietary remedy. The postpartum day open period was significantly lower after the dietary remedial measure than that before it. The abnormally low BUN levels of the cattle herd may be due to inadequate dietary nutritional content, primarily from the imbalance of total digestible nutrient and CP of the feed and far lower han average CP value. In conclusion, routine examination of serum biochemical parameters in Japanese Black breeding cattle may be a useful strategy for determining subclinical metabolic failure of cattle herds, and consequently, its effect on reproductive performance of the herd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urara Watanabe
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Soo Veterinary Clinical Center, Soo Agriculture Mutual Aid Association, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Soo Veterinary Clinical Center, Soo Agriculture Mutual Aid Association, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akio Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Laboratory of Theriogenology, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamato
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Laboratories of Clinical Pathology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuhiro Takagi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Farm Animal Production Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Watanabe U, Takagi M, Yamato O, Otoi T, Tshering C, Okamoto K. Metabolic profile of Japanese Black breeding cattle herds: usefulness in selection for nutrient supplementation to enhance reproductive performance and regional differences. J Vet Med Sci 2012. [PMID: 23196825 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims were (1) to confirm the effects of nutritional improvement in prepartal and postpartal periods, monitored using the serum metabolic profile test (MPT) and reproductive performance, and (2) to clarify regional characteristics of the MPT results within our jurisdiction by using our MPT database. Experiment 1: Among 42 breeding cattle herds in our jurisdiction mainly fed home-pasture roughage, 3 experimental herds showing subnormal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were selected and compared with 1 representative excellent herd. Dietary remedial measures were implemented from feed analysis in each herd. BUN concentration in all 3 herds increased significantly, and open days postpartum in 2 of the herds were significantly reduced, compared with values before dietary supplementation. Experiment 2: Thirty-seven herds within our jurisdiction were grouped into 3 categories (Area 1, 2 and 3) by location and soil condition of the herd pastureland. The MPT and reproductive performance in cows whose blood samples were collected at both prepartum (60-20 days before calving) and postpartum (30-90 days after calving) were compared among the 3 areas. Significant regional differences were found in prepartal albumin, total cholesterol, BUN, and glucose and postpartal BUN, glucose and open days (P<0.05). Overall, the MPT (especially BUN) might be useful for determining the metabolic nutritional status of breeding cattle herds, particularly those fed home-pasture roughage. Additionally, poor/unsatisfactory reproductive performance of beef breeding cattle herds probably reflects inadequate nutritional content of the diet, possibly arising from regional pastureland differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urara Watanabe
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gath V, Crowe M, O’Callaghan D, Boland M, Duffy P, Lonergan P, Mulligan F. Effects of diet type on establishment of pregnancy and embryo development in beef heifers. Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 133:139-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
17
|
Roche JR, Burke CR, Meier S, Walker CG. Nutrition × reproduction interaction in pasture-based systems: is nutrition a factor in reproductive failure? ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/an10162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cow fertility has declined in recent decades, coincidental with large increases in milk production. Cows take longer to return to oestrus, display poorer signs of oestrus, have greater early embryo loss, and may have poorer conception rates. The problem is often considered to be nutritional, at least in part, and, therefore, can be corrected through dietary adjustment. Although acknowledged as highly digestible, high quality pastured forages tend to be low in non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), high in rumen degradable protein and the temporal supply may not be adequate for cow demand at key times; diet adjustment is often recommended to overcome these limitations. The interaction between nutrition and reproduction is poorly defined, however, and study results are often contradictory. Hypothesised limitations to pastured forages within a grazing system will be discussed, and the likely impact of nutritional adjustment on pre- and post-ovulatory reproductive processes examined. The effect of energy balance, carbohydrate type, protein and fat on reproductive outcomes will be considered. Nutrition is an important component of successful reproduction, but dietary adjustment to improve pregnancy rates is complicated, and merely offering pastured cows a supplement is unlikely to result in large effects. Conclusions indicate that care must be taken in interpreting associative analyses and in applying results from different farming systems.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kelly A, McGee M, Crews D, Lynch C, Wylie A, Evans R, Kenny D. Relationship between body measurements, metabolic hormones, metabolites and residual feed intake in performancetested pedigree beef bulls. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
19
|
De Campeneere S, De Boever JL, Vanacker JM, Messens W, De Brabander DL. Feeding measures to reduce nitrogen excretion in dairy cattle. Arch Anim Nutr 2009; 63:87-103. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390902723919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
20
|
Garnsworthy P, Lock A, Mann G, Sinclair K, Webb R. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Fertility in Dairy Cows: 1. Dietary Energy Source and Ovarian Function. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:3814-23. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
21
|
Leroy JLMR, Van Soom A, Opsomer G, Goovaerts IGF, Bols PEJ. Reduced Fertility in High-yielding Dairy Cows: Are the Oocyte and Embryo in Danger? Part II
Mechanisms Linking Nutrition and Reduced Oocyte and Embryo Quality in High-yielding Dairy Cows*. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43:623-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
22
|
Arunvipas P, Vanleeuwen JA, Dohoo IR, Leger ER, Keefe GP, Burton AS, Lissemore KD. Milk urea-nitrogen negatively affected first-service breeding success in commercial dairy cows in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Prev Vet Med 2007; 82:42-50. [PMID: 17574283 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between milk urea-nitrogen concentrations ([MUN]) and first-service breeding success (FSBS) in a large number of commercial dairy herds, using various timings on [MUN]. All commercial dairy herds in Prince Edward Island on monthly milk testing (n=198) formed the sampling frame. Milk components, [MUN], 24-h milk production, and breeding data for all cows from these farms were gathered electronically from a central database. A first service between 1 June 1999 and 31 May 2000 was classified successful (FSBS=1) if it was the cow's last service and she calved 270-290 d later. Mixed logistic-regression modeling was used to determine the association between FSBS (the outcome variable) and the [MUN] closest to first service, controlling for other possible confounders and clustering effects of cows within the study herds. The final dataset included 2787 successful and 3015 unsuccessful first services. A change in [MUN] on the test closest to first service from 10 to 20 mg/dL was associated with a 13.9% reduction in the odds of FSBS (controlled for parity, milk production and days in milk).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Arunvipas
- Department of Large Animals and Wildlife Clinical Science, Kasetsart University, KamPhaengSaen Campus, NakhonPathom 73140, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wathes DC, Fenwick M, Cheng Z, Bourne N, Llewellyn S, Morris DG, Kenny D, Murphy J, Fitzpatrick R. Influence of negative energy balance on cyclicity and fertility in the high producing dairy cow. Theriogenology 2007; 68 Suppl 1:S232-41. [PMID: 17475319 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The peripartum period is of critical importance to subsequent health and fertility. Most cows enter a state of negative energy balance (NEB) associated with many metabolic changes which have carry over effects on the resumption and normality of estrous cyclicity and the success of subsequent inseminations. A dataset on 500 lactations explored the relationships between metabolic traits measured before and after calving with fertility. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that longer calving to conception intervals were associated with altered profiles of IGF-I, urea and body condition score. These relationships between metabolic profiles and fertility differed between first lactation cows (which are still growing but produce less milk) and mature animals. Early postpartum the liver undergoes extensive biochemical and morphological modifications to adapt to NEB, the uterus is extensively remodeled and must clear bacterial infections, and the ovary must resume ovulatory cycles. RNA isolated from liver and uterine tissues harvested 2 weeks postpartum from cows in mild (MNEB) and severe (SNEB) energy balance was used to screen the Affymetrix 23K bovine microarray. In liver, SNEB resulted in differential expression of key genes involved in lipid catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and the synthesis and stability of IGF-I. This was accompanied by reduced systemic concentrations of IGF-I which is likely to impact on ovarian function and early embryo development. Within endometrium, cows in SNEB showed histological evidence for higher levels of inflammation and the microarray analysis identified groups of differentially expressed genes involved in tissue remodeling and immune response. This may delay uterine repair after calving, likely contributing to the observed reduction in fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Wathes
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Alves N, Torres C, Rodrigues M, Cecon P, Santos A, Siqueira L, Bitencourt L, Moraes E. Efeito do nível de uréia na dieta sobre o desempenho, a qualidade e o estádio de desenvolvimento embrionário em cabras Alpinas. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352007000400028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilizaram-se 22 cabras da raça Alpina, distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos (T): as cabras do T1 (n=5) formaram o grupo-controle; as do T2 (n=7) receberam 0,73% de uréia na matéria seca da dieta; as do T3 (n=4) receberam 1,46% de uréia; e as do T4 (n=6), 2,24% de uréia. As cabras foram superovuladas e os embriões, coletados entre sete e oito dias após a primeira monta, foram avaliados quanto à qualidade e ao estádio de desenvolvimento. Amostras de sangue para dosagem dos teores de uréia e glicose foram coletadas nos dias do estro e da coleta de embriões. Houve efeito linear crescente do nível de uréia nas dietas sobre o consumo de MS (kg/dia) e de proteína bruta (kg/dia). O peso das cabras não diferiu (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos nem entre as semanas experimentais. Dezoito cabras (81,8%) manifestaram estro após a sincronização. A duração do estro e o intervalo da remoção da esponja ao início do estro não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. Quatorze cabras (77,8%) responderam à superovulação. O número de estruturas e de embriões coletados não diferiu (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. O número (Y= 10,90 - 11,64NS U + 4,93<FONT FACE=Symbol>§</FONT>U²; R² = 0,67; P<0,10) e a percentagem (Y= 94,08 - 39,59NS U + 18,16<FONT FACE=Symbol>ª</FONT>U²; R² = 0,94; P<0,07) de embriões viáveis, e o número (Y= 10,83- 12,18NS U + 5,02mU²; R² = 0,78; P<0,08) e a percentagem (Y= 94,83- 52,31NS U + 21,56*U²; R² = 0,90; P<0,05) de embriões excelentes e bons apresentaram comportamento quadrático em função do nível de uréia nas dietas. Os teores de uréia e glicose no plasma não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. A uréia pode ser fornecida no nível de 2,24% na MS da dieta de cabras não lactantes.
Collapse
|
25
|
Diskin M, Murphy J, Sreenan J. Embryo survival in dairy cows managed under pastoral conditions. Anim Reprod Sci 2006; 96:297-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
26
|
Rooke JA, Ewen M, Mackie K, Staines ME, McEvoy TG, Sinclair KD. Effect of ammonium chloride on the growth and metabolism of bovine ovarian granulosa cells and the development of ovine oocytes matured in the presence of bovine granulosa cells previously exposed to ammonium chloride. Anim Reprod Sci 2004; 84:53-71. [PMID: 15302387 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Revised: 11/20/2003] [Accepted: 12/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments determined first, the effect of increasing ammonium chloride (NH(4)Cl) concentrations on the growth and metabolism of bovine granulosa cells isolated from small and medium-sized bovine ovarian follicles; secondly, whether the changes in granulosa cell growth and metabolism induced by NH(4)Cl were reversible; and thirdly, whether granulosa cells, previously conditioned with NH(4)Cl, were able to support maturation of oocytes in vitro. In Experiment 1, using a 2 (follicle size class) x 5 (NH(4)Cl concentration) factorial design, granulosa cells from small or medium-sized ovarian follicles were incubated for 96 h with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 or 1.6 micromol NH(4)Cl/ml. Experiment 2 used a split plot factorial design where granulosa cells were incubated for 96 h in the presence or absence of 1 micromol/ml NH(4)Cl and then incubated in the absence or presence of 1 micromol/ml NH(4)Cl for a further 48 h. Finally in Experiment 3, ovine oocytes were matured on layers of bovine granulosa cells which had not been conditioned with NH(4)Cl or conditioned with 0.5 or 1.0 micromol/ml NH(4)Cl and development of embryos to the blastocyst stage followed and blastocyst quality assessed. In Experiment 1, incubation of granulosa cells in increasing concentrations of NH(4)Cl reduced cell growth, increased cell protein concentrations and increased the amounts of MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) oxidised and oestradiol and progesterone produced per 10(5) cells. Cells from medium-sized follicles were more sensitive to NH(4)Cl concentration and oxidised more MTT and produced less progesterone at high NH(4)Cl concentrations than cells from small-sized follicles. When, in Experiment 2, NH(4)Cl was removed from cell culture after 96 h incubation, cells previously exposed to NH(4)Cl grew at a slower rate during the subsequent 48 h, contained more cellular protein, oxidised more MTT and produced more oestradiol and progesterone than cells not previously exposed to NH(4)Cl. Maturation of ovine oocytes in coculture with bovine granulosa cells not exposed to NH(4)Cl (Experiment 3) increased egg cleavage rate and the proportion of cleaved eggs which developed to the blastocyst stage. Conditioning of granulosa cells with NH(4)Cl supported egg cleavage and development to the blastocyst stage at rates similar to those observed in the absence of granulosa cells. In conclusion, these experiments showed that the in vitro growth and metabolism of granulosa cells were altered by concentrations of NH(4)Cl similar to ammonium ion concentrations measured in follicular fluid and that these effects were not immediately reversible. Furthermore, the ability of granulosa cells conditioned with NH(4)Cl to support in vitro maturation of oocytes was impaired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Rooke
- Sustainable Livestock Systems, Scottish Agricultural College, Craibstone Estate, Aberdeen AB21 9YA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|