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Mozaffarian RS, Carter S, Bovenzi MC, Kenney EL. Comparison of foods and beverages served and consumed in Child and Adult Care Food Program-participating childcare centres to national guidelines. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:1862-1870. [PMID: 37288521 PMCID: PMC10478045 DOI: 10.1017/s136898002300109x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The federal Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) sets minimum nutrition and portion size standards for meals served in participating childcare programs. CACFP has been associated with more nutritious meals served. It is unclear, however, whether CACFP results in children's dietary intake being aligned with national recommendations. We assess whether children's dietary intake in CACFP-participating childcare centres meets benchmarks set by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study. We used direct observation to estimate quantities of foods/beverages served and consumed per child. Mean amounts served per child per day were compared with CACFP portion size requirements for each component (fruits, vegetables, milk and meat/meat alternate). Mean amounts of foods/beverages consumed were compared with DGA recommendations (energy content, fruits, vegetables, whole/refined grains, dairy, protein and added sugars). One sample t-tests evaluated if quantities served and consumed were different from CACFP and DGA standards, respectively. SETTING Six CACFP-participating childcare centres. PARTICIPANTS 2-5 year-old children attending childcare. RESULTS We observed forty-six children across 166 child meals. Most meals served met CACFP nutrition standards. Compared with CACFP portion size standards, children were served more grains at breakfast and lunch; more fruits/vegetables at lunch but less at breakfast and snack and less dairy at all eating occasions. Compared with DGA recommendations, children under-consumed every food/beverage category except grains during at least one eating occasion. CONCLUSIONS Children were served quantities of foods/beverages mostly consistent with CACFP portion size requirements, but had sub-optimal intake relative to DGA. More research is needed to help children consume healthy diets in childcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Mozaffarian
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Sonia Carter
- Boston Public Health Commission, Boston, MA02118, USA
| | | | - Erica L Kenney
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115, USA
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Jindrich C, Joyce J, Daniels E, Procter SB, Sauer K, Hanson J. The Nutritional Adequacy and Diet Quality of Vegetarian Menu Substitutions in Urban Kansas Childcare Centers. Nutrients 2022; 14:3464. [PMID: 36079723 PMCID: PMC9458114 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While plant-based eating has become increasingly popular, little is known of how this trend has impacted childcare center meals. The purpose of this study was to measure the nutrient content and diet quality of vegetarian alternative lunches and compare these measures to those of standard childcare lunches and nutrient benchmarks representing one-third of the Dietary Reference Intake for 3-year-olds and 4-5-year-olds. Menu data were obtained from seven urban Kansas childcare centers participating in the Child and Adult Care Food Program and regularly providing a vegetarian alternative lunch. The centers provided detailed menu information for 27 days' worth of meals. The most common vegetarian substitution was cheese, which was used to fulfill all or part of the meat/meat alternative requirement in over three-quarters of the vegetarian alternative meals (n = 22). Compared to the standard meals, the vegetarian alternative meals were higher in calories, fat, saturated fat, calcium, and sodium and lower in protein, choline, and diet quality (p = 0.05). Both lunch options met the benchmarks for vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B12, calcium, and protein. Iron content for both (95% CI: standard 1.61-2.17 mg; vegetarian 1.37-2.7 mg) was below the benchmark. Although additional research is needed to better understand how vegetarianism has impacted childcare meals in the U.S., important differences in the nutrient contents were observed between the standard and vegetarian alternative meals. In addition, the results suggest vegetarian alternative meals that rely heavily on cheese may be of lower diet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Jindrich
- Mountain Plains Regional Office, Food and Nutrition Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Denver, CO 80204, USA
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jillian Joyce
- Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Elizabeth Daniels
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sandra B. Procter
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kevin Sauer
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jennifer Hanson
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Rasmussen RA, Sisson SB, Campbell JE, DeGrace B, Baldwin JD. Home food access and children's heart healthy dietary intake at home and child care. Nutr Health 2022:2601060221090695. [PMID: 35350911 PMCID: PMC10434760 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221090695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: About 12 million children under 5 years of age attend early care and education centers (ECEs). Child intake at home can be impacted by food insecurity, which is higher among low income, rural, and racially diverse families. Aim: Determine whether greater access to fruits, vegetables, and snacks at home was associated with heart-healthy diet score at home and at ECEs in preschool-age children, and to determine whether there is a difference in heart-healthy diet score between home and ECEs. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving children (3-to-5-year-old, n = 88) who attended 16 licensed ECEs across Oklahoma. Caregivers completed the Healthy Home Survey and 3-Dinner Dietary recall to report children's home food access and home dinner dietary intake, respectively. Researchers recorded children's ECE lunch consumption using the Dietary Observation for Child Care. Heart-healthy diet score was derived from composite scores for six variables: consumption of fish, fruits, vegetables, sodium, fiber, and sugary drinks. Results: Home access to total fruits and vegetables (16.2 ± 6.3) outnumbered snacks (5.5 ± 3.0). No difference in composite heart-healthy diet score between ECEs (1.50 ± 0.8) and home (1.27 ± 0.9, P = 0.0851). Children within neither environment met recommendations for most variables (vegetables [18-24%], fruit [6-10%], fish [5-10%], fiber [1%], sodium [22-39%]). No relationship between home food access variables and the heart-healthy diet scores at home or ECEs. Conclusion: Dietary intake of children at home and ECEs does not meet heart-healthy diet score recommendations. Interventions should support preschool aged children from families that are located rurally, low-income, racial minorities, and whose primary caregivers work outside the home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Rasmussen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Susan B. Sisson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Janis E. Campbell
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Public Health, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Beth DeGrace
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Allied Health, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Baldwin
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Allied Health, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Williams BD, Sisson SB, Stinner EL, Hetrick HN, Dunlap M, Graef-Downard J, Eliot K, Finnell K, Salvatore AL. Quality of Nutrition Environments, Menus and Foods Served, and Food Program Achievement in Oklahoma Family Child Care Homes. Nutrients 2021; 13:4483. [PMID: 34960034 PMCID: PMC8704456 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Child care environments foster children's healthy eating habits by providing exposure to healthy foods and feeding practices. We assessed the healthfulness of nutrition environments, menu/meal quality, and the achievement of Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) guidelines and best practices in Oklahoma CACFP-enrolled family child care homes (FCCHs) (n = 51). Two-day classroom observations were conducted. Healthfulness of classroom nutrition environments was assessed using the Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation (EPAO). Foods served to and consumed by children were quantified using the Dietary Observations in Child Care (DOCC) tool. Nutrient analysis was performed to determine total energy for foods listed on menus, served to, and consumed by children. Menu and meal food variety and CACFP Guideline Achievement Scores were determined. Average nutrition environment score was 11.7 ± 1.2 (61.5% of maximum possible score). Energy (kcals) from menus and consumed by children was insufficient to meet two-thirds of their daily reference intake. Children were exposed to 1.7 vegetables and 1.3 fruits per meal. CACFP Guideline Achievement Scores were 66.3% ± 7.8 for menus and 59.3% ± 7.6 for mealtimes. Similar to previous research, our findings indicate a need for improved FCCH nutrition practices. Tailored interventions for FCCHs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany D. Williams
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1200 N. Stonewall Ave., AHB 3068, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (B.D.W.); (E.L.S.); (H.N.H.); (J.G.-D.); (K.E.)
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, 412 E Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Susan B. Sisson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1200 N. Stonewall Ave., AHB 3068, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (B.D.W.); (E.L.S.); (H.N.H.); (J.G.-D.); (K.E.)
| | - Emily L. Stinner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1200 N. Stonewall Ave., AHB 3068, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (B.D.W.); (E.L.S.); (H.N.H.); (J.G.-D.); (K.E.)
| | - Hope N. Hetrick
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1200 N. Stonewall Ave., AHB 3068, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (B.D.W.); (E.L.S.); (H.N.H.); (J.G.-D.); (K.E.)
| | - Marny Dunlap
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of General and Community Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1200 Children’s Ave., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Jennifer Graef-Downard
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1200 N. Stonewall Ave., AHB 3068, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (B.D.W.); (E.L.S.); (H.N.H.); (J.G.-D.); (K.E.)
| | - Kathrin Eliot
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1200 N. Stonewall Ave., AHB 3068, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (B.D.W.); (E.L.S.); (H.N.H.); (J.G.-D.); (K.E.)
| | - Karla Finnell
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.F.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Alicia L. Salvatore
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.F.); (A.L.S.)
- Institute for Research on Equity and Community Health, ChristianaCare, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19706, USA
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Glenn ME, Patlan K, Connor P, Stidsen C, Ball S, Peterson KE, Olsho LEW, Gola AAH, Copeland KA. Dietary Intakes of Children Enrolled in US Early Child-Care Programs During Child-Care and Non-Child-Care Days. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 122:1141-1157.e3. [PMID: 34455104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-child-care (ECE) programs may substantially influence child diet quality. OBJECTIVE The Study of Nutrition and Activity in Child Care Settings describes the usual food group intake of preschool-aged children attending ECE programs relative to Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommendations, comparing intakes during child-care and non-child-care days. DESIGN Meal observations and parent-completed food diaries in a cross-sectional nationally representative multistage cluster sample of Child and Adult Care Food Program-participating ECE programs. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING One thousand four hundred sixty-eight children aged 3 to 5 years attending 217 Child and Adult Care Food Program-participating ECE programs (eg, child-care centers and Head Start) during 2017. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Daily energy intake, daily US Department of Agriculture Food Pattern Food Group intakes, and percentage of daily intakes meeting 2015-2020 DGA Food Pattern recommendations. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Regression-adjusted usual intakes and percentage of children meeting recommendations were estimated using the National Cancer Institute method. Single-day mean intakes were used to test for statistical differences between child-care and non-child-care days. RESULTS Mean usual energy intake was 1,524 ± 19.3 kcal during child-care days and exceeded the recommended range at 1,702 ± 30.2 kcal during non-child-care days; single-day means indicated significantly lower energy intake on child-care days (P < 0.001). The percent of children meeting DGA recommendations on a child-care day varied by DGA food group: fruits (51.4%), grains (50.1%), dairy (42.5%), vegetables (6.5%), whole grains (4.6%), and protein foods (0.1%). Recommended limits on calories from added sugar and solid fats were met by 28.2% and 14.6% of children, respectively. Compared with mean food group intakes during a single child-care day, non-child-care day intakes were similar for fruits and vegetables, lower for dairy and whole grains, and higher for total grains, protein foods, and calories from added sugars and solid fats. CONCLUSIONS Although there is room to increase nutrient density inside and outside of child care, intakes on child-care days more closely align to DGAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia Connor
- Abt Associates, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Independent Child Nutrition Research Consultant, Massachusetts
| | - Chantal Stidsen
- Abt Associates, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Mathematica, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Ball
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karen E Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Alice Ann H Gola
- US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service, Alexandria, Virginia; Westat, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Kristen A Copeland
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Dietary Contributors to Food Group Intake in Preschool Children Attending Family Childcare Homes: Differences between Latino and Non-Latino Providers. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123686. [PMID: 33260442 PMCID: PMC7761496 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While there are several factors that contribute to the diet quality of children in childcare, one contributing factor in Family Childcare Homes (FCCHs) is the provider's ethnicity. However, research examining the food items provided in this setting is limited; in particular, with regards to differences between FCCHs of Latino and non-Latino providers. The aim of this study was to identify and describe the food items that contribute to food group intake in preschool-aged children attending FCCHs, and to examine differences by provider ethnicity. This secondary data analysis used baseline data from Healthy Start/Comienzos Sanos: a cluster-randomized trial. Children's dietary intake was collected using the Dietary Observation in Child Care method and entered into Nutrition Data System for Research software. Food groups were based on the Nutrition Coordinating Center classification. Contribution of food items to their respective food group was calculated as a proportion, using ratio of means and presented as a percentage. Ethnic differences were tested with ANCOVA (p < 0.05) with Bonferroni adjustments for multiple comparisons. All providers (n = 120) were female and 67.5% were Latino. Most fruit consumed by children was in the form of juice (85%), three-fourths of the grains consumed were refined (75%), and half of the sweets consumed were syrup/honey/jelly (50%). Most of the vegetables consumed were non-starchy (61%), nearly three-fourths of dairy consumed was low-fat (71%), and vegetable oils contributed the most to the fats group (89%). Food items differed by provider's ethnicity, with children cared for by non-Latino providers consuming a higher proportion of fruit juice, animal fats and a lower proportion of legumes (p < 0.001 for all). Children with Latino providers consumed a lower proportion of non-starchy vegetables, low-fat dairy, and nuts/seeds (p < 0.001 for all). FCCH providers could offer more whole fruits and grains and a greater variety of vegetables. Differences by ethnicity suggest providers could benefit from culturally tailored recommendations.
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Hasnin S, Dev DA, Tovar A. Participation in the CACFP Ensures Availability but not Intake of Nutritious Foods at Lunch in Preschool Children in Child-Care Centers. J Acad Nutr Diet 2020; 120:1722-1729.e1. [PMID: 32586746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The US Department of Agriculture Child and Adult Care Food program (CACFP) recently (October 2017) updated requirements for meal reimbursement and best practice recommendations for serving nutritious meals and beverages, and minimum age-specific serving sizes for five food groups. It is not known whether CACFP-funded child-care centers are meeting the updated meal pattern requirements and best practice recommendations, and whether children are meeting nutrition recommendations based on the current 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). OBJECTIVE This study assessed whether the recruited CACFP-funded child-care centers in this study were meeting the updated (2017) CACFP requirements regarding foods served for lunch and whether children attending these child-care centers were meeting age- and sex-specific DGA recommendations regarding foods consumed. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study using the Dietary Observation for Child Care method. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS: Children aged 3 to 5 years (n=108) from 10 classrooms in three CACFP-funded child-care centers in Lincoln, NE, were recruited by convenience sampling during spring 2018. MEASURABLE OUTCOMES Food served and consumed during observed lunches in comparison with updated CACFP requirements and DGA, respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Adjusted mean amounts of foods served from each food group were compared with age specific minimum CACFP serving size requirements. Adjusted mean amounts of foods consumed from each food group were then compared with age- and sex-specific DGA recommendations. RESULTS The recruited child-care centers were meeting the updated CACFP requirements regarding foods served but showed limited adherence to the best practice recommendations during the observed lunches. However, the overall mean intake for grains, fruits, and vegetables was significantly lower (P<0.01) than DGA recommendations. In addition, approximately 25% of the children did not consume any vegetables during their meal. CONCLUSIONS: Although child-care centers were meeting the updated CACFP requirements by serving the recommended amounts of foods, children were not meeting DGA-recommended intakes. Future studies are needed to explore ways to improve adherence to best practice recommendations to improve children's consumption of healthy foods in child-care centers.
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Zaltz DA, Hecht AA, Pate RR, Neelon B, O'Neill JR, Benjamin-Neelon SE. Participation in the Child and Adult Care Food Program is associated with fewer barriers to serving healthier foods in early care and education. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:856. [PMID: 32503568 PMCID: PMC7275407 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early care and education (ECE) is an important setting for influencing young children's dietary intake. There are several factors associated with barriers to healthy eating in ECE, and recent evidence suggests that participation in the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), the primary national food assistance program in ECE, may be associated with fewer barriers to serving healthier foods. However, no prior studies have examined differences between CACFP participants and non-participants across a large, multi-state sample. This is the first study to examine the association between CACFP participation and barriers to serving healthier foods in ECE using a random sample of directors from two regions across the country. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey among a random sample of child care center directors from four states (Massachusetts, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and South Carolina). We conducted logistic and Poisson regression to calculate the odds and incidence rate ratios of reporting 1) no barriers, 2) specific barriers (e.g., cost), and 3) the total number of barriers, by CACFP status, adjusting for covariates of interest. RESULTS We received 713 surveys (36% response rate). About half (55%) of centers participated in CACFP. The most prevalent reported barriers to serving healthier foods were cost (42%) and children's food preferences (19%). Directors from CACFP centers were twice as likely to report no barriers, compared to directors from non-CACFP centers (OR 2.03; 95% CI [1.36, 3.04]; p < 0.01). Directors from CACFP centers were less likely to report cost as a barrier (OR = 0.46; 95% [CI 0.31, 0.67]; p < 0.001), and reported fewer barriers overall (IRR = 0.77; 95% CI [0.64, 0.92]; p < 0.01), compared to directors from non-CACFP centers. CONCLUSIONS CACFP directors reported fewer barriers to serving healthier foods in child care centers. Still, cost and children's food preferences are persistent barriers to serving healthier foods in ECE. Future research should evaluate characteristics of CACFP participation that may alleviate these barriers, and whether barriers emerge or persist following 2017 rule changes to CACFP nutrition standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Zaltz
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Amelie A Hecht
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Russell R Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Brian Neelon
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon St, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Jennifer R O'Neill
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Sara E Benjamin-Neelon
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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The impact of replacing breakfast grains with meat/meat alternatives: an evaluation of child nutrition policy. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:1136-1141. [PMID: 32014068 DOI: 10.1017/s136898001900377x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) rule that allows a meat/meat alternative to replace the breakfast grain requirement three times per week. DESIGN A 5-week menu including breakfast, lunch and snack was developed with meat/meat alternative replacing the breakfast grain requirement three times per week. Menu nutrients based on the minimum requirements were compared with reference values representing the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for fat and a range of reference values representing two-thirds the Dietary Reference Intake for 3-year-olds and 4-5-year-olds. The meal pattern minimum requirements were compared with two-thirds of those recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). SETTING Evaluation took place between April and June 2019. PARTICIPANTS Human subjects were not utilized. RESULTS The CACFP minimum grain requirement is well below the DGA reference value (0·5-1·5 v. 3·33 ounce-equivalents). Energy (2208·52 kJ) was below the reference values (3126·83-4362·53 kJ). Protein (34·43 g) was above the reference values (9·87-10·81 g). Carbohydrate (76·65 g), fibre (7·46 g) and vitamin E (1·69 mg) were below their reference values of 86·67 g, 10·46-14·60 g and 4-4·76 mg, respectively. Fat (22·57 %) was below the reference range (25-40 %). CONCLUSIONS The CACFP rule which allows a meat/meat alternative to replace the breakfast grain requirement three times per week may result in meal patterns low in energy, carbohydrate, fat, fibre and vitamin E, while providing an excessive amount of protein.
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Sisson SB, Sleet K, Rickman R, Love C, Bledsoe A, Williams M, Jernigan VBB. Impact of the 2017 Child and Adult Care Food Program Meal Pattern Requirement Change on Menu Quality in Tribal Early Care Environments: The Food Resource Equity and Sustainability for Health Study. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:12-22. [PMID: 32258995 PMCID: PMC7101482 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Native American (NA) children have a high prevalence of obesity contributing to lifespan health disparities. Dietary intake is important to promote healthy weight gain, growth, and development. In 2017, the USDA enforced changes to the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP). The CACFP provides reimbursement to qualifying Early Care and Education (ECE) programs that serve foods that uphold the program's nutrition requirements. OBJECTIVE This study had the following 2 objectives: 1) Describe a novel index to evaluate ECE menus based on revised CACFP requirements (accounting for food substitutions) and best practices for 3- to-5-y-old children, and 2) analyze CACFP requirement and best practice compliance and nutrient changes in 9 NA ECE programs before and after enforcement of the revised CACFP requirements. METHODS This longitudinal study is within a larger community-based participatory research study. Menus and meals served were evaluated for 1 wk at each of 9 programs before and after enforcement of the revised meal patterns. Nutrient analysis, CACFP requirement and best practice compliance, and substitution quality were evaluated. Differences were determined using a paired t-test or Wilcoxon matched test. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03251950. RESULTS Total grams of fiber consumed increased (5.0 ± 1.2 compared with 5.9 ± 0.8 g, P = 0.04) and total grams of sugar consumed decreased (53.8 ± 12.6 compared with 48.4 ± 7.9 g, P = 0.024), although room for further improvement exists. Although total grams of fat remained unchanged, grams of saturated fat significantly increased (7.8 ± 1.4 compared with 10.5 ± 3.4, P = 0.041). Other nutrients remained unchanged. Overall CACFP requirement and best practice compliance scores improved, although this finding was not statistically significant. No significant changes in food quality associated with substitutions occurred. CONCLUSIONS This study provides early evidence to support the beneficial impact of the revised CACFP requirements. Understanding barriers to compliance within rural NA communities would be an important next step in enhancing the health of vulnerable children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Sisson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Kaysha Sleet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Rachel Rickman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Charlotte Love
- Center for Indigenous Health Research and Policy, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK
| | - Alexandria Bledsoe
- Center for Indigenous Health Research and Policy, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK
| | - Mary Williams
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa, OK
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Earnesty DS, Hourani M, Kerver JM, Weatherspoon LJ. Dietary Guidelines Are Not Met by In-Home Child Care Providers in Low-Income Areas. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 51:1150-1158. [PMID: 31492622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goals of this study were to describe (1) the dietary quality of foods and beverages served by in-home child care providers in low-income areas in Michigan and (2) the extent to which they align with the Dietary Reference Intakes and food group recommendations. DESIGN Cross-sectional, observational. Food and beverages served were examined using direct diet observation. SETTING Child care provider homes. PARTICIPANTS In-home child care providers (n = 116) from rural and urban Michigan counties (n = 24) were recruited from the Great Start to Quality child care database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dietary quality (food groups and nutrients) of food and beverages served by 116 providers to 378 children, aged 2-5 years, for 1 lunch and a snack. ANALYSIS Average food group and nutrient scores were compared with Dietary Reference Intakes and food group thresholds using the Wilcoxon rank sum test (significance at <.05). RESULTS Findings indicate overserving of refined grains, protein, carbohydrates, added sugars, and sodium and underserving of whole grains and vegetables. Nutrients exceeding recommendations included vitamins A, C, and D, folate, calcium, zinc, and magnesium, whereas iron and potassium were underserved. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Tailored efforts are needed to address shortcomings in meeting dietary recommendations among in-home child care providers to enhance child nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn S Earnesty
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Michigan State University Extension, Saginaw, MI.
| | - Miya Hourani
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Jean M Kerver
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Traverse City Campus, Traverse City, MI
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Benjamin-Neelon SE. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Benchmarks for Nutrition in Child Care. J Acad Nutr Diet 2019; 118:1291-1300. [PMID: 29937055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that early care and education (ECE) programs should achieve recommended benchmarks to meet children's nutrition needs and promote children's optimal growth in safe and healthy environments. Children's dietary intake is influenced by a number of factors within ECE, including the nutritional quality of the foods and beverages served, the mealtime environments, and the interactions that take place between children and their care providers. Other important and related health behaviors that may influence the development of obesity include children's physical activity, sleep, and stress within child care. Recent efforts to promote healthy eating and improve other health behaviors in ECE include national, state, and local policy changes. In addition, a number of interventions have been developed in recent years to encourage healthy eating and help prevent obesity in young children in ECE. Members of the dietetics profession, including registered dietitian nutritionists and nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered, can work in partnership with ECE providers and parents to help promote healthy eating, increase physical activity, and address other important health behaviors of children in care. Providers and parents can serve as role models to support these healthy behaviors. This Position Paper presents current evidence and recommendations for nutrition in ECE and provides guidance for registered dietitian nutritionists; nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered; and other food and nutrition practitioners working with parents and child-care providers. This Position Paper targets children ages 2 to 5 years attending ECE programs and highlights opportunities to improve and enhance children's healthy eating while in care.
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Cuadrado-Soto E, Risica PM, Gans KM, Mena NZ, Ellis C, Araujo CD, Lofgren IE, Stowers KC, Tovar A. Micronutrient Adequacy in Preschool Children Attending Family Child Care Homes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092134. [PMID: 31500153 PMCID: PMC6770721 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited data is available on the micronutrient intake and adequacy in preschool children enrolled in family child care homes (FCCH). The goal of this paper is to describe the micronutrient adequacy relative to age-specific recommendations of preschool-aged children (aged 2-5 years) attending FCCH in Rhode Island (RI). Dietary data among younger preschoolers (aged 2-3 years), n = 245) and older preschoolers (aged 4-5 years), n = 121) in 118 RI FCCH (N = 366 children) were analyzed. Nutrient adequacy was assessed as the amount of nutrient per 1000 kcal of the diet that would meet the Institute of Medicine nutrient requirements (critical nutrient density), and it was compared to the observed nutrient densities of the children. The sodium:potassium ratio was also calculated. For most micronutrients, the observed density met or exceeded the recommendation, meaning the children's intake was adequate. However, a high proportion of children had nutrient densities under the recommendation for vitamins D, E, K, and potassium (86.1%, 89.1%, 70.8%, and 99.2% of children, respectively). The mean vitamin B12, potassium, and zinc densities were statistically higher in younger vs. older preschoolers (p < 0.05 for all). Low densities in calcium and vitamins K and B5 were more frequent in older children vs. younger children (p < 0.05). In addition, older preschoolers had a higher sodium:potassium ratio than younger children (p < 0.05). The micronutrient intake density was adequate for most nutrients. However, intake of some nutrients was of concern. Further attention to training and compliance in FCCH may improve the diet quality of those cared for in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Cuadrado-Soto
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Patricia Markham Risica
- Center for Health Equity Research, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA; (P.M.R.)
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kim M. Gans
- Center for Health Equity Research, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA; (P.M.R.)
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Institute for Collaboration in Health, Interventions and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Noereem Z. Mena
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (N.Z.M.); (C.E.); (C.D.A.); (I.E.L.)
| | - Carolyn Ellis
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (N.Z.M.); (C.E.); (C.D.A.); (I.E.L.)
| | - Carolina D. Araujo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (N.Z.M.); (C.E.); (C.D.A.); (I.E.L.)
| | - Ingrid E. Lofgren
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (N.Z.M.); (C.E.); (C.D.A.); (I.E.L.)
| | - Kristen Cooksey Stowers
- Institute for Collaboration in Health, Interventions and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Alison Tovar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (N.Z.M.); (C.E.); (C.D.A.); (I.E.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +401-874-9855
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Morales-Suarez-Varela M, Peraita-Costa I, Guillamon Escudero C, Llopis-Morales A, Llopis-Gonzalez A. Total body skeletal muscle mass and diet in children aged 6-8 years: ANIVA Study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:944-951. [PMID: 31389713 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to assess if there was any relationship between the amount of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in children aged 6-8 years and their nutritional intake. The Valencian Anthropometry and Child Nutrition (ANIVA) study is a cross-sectional study with children aged between 6-8 years (n = 1988) from schools in Valencia. Children were distributed into 4 groups for comparison: normal and high SMM and by sex. Anthropometric data were obtained following World Health Organization protocols. Nutritional intake was measured using a prospective 3-day food journal and the KIDMED questionnaire. Of the whole child sample, 63.9% had high SMM values. No differences were found in adherence to a Mediterranean diet or absolute energy intake. Significant differences were found in the proportion of energy intake in relation to estimated energy requirements and between nutritional intake of certain macro or micronutrients with SMM. This study provides values of SMM for children. Children's adherence to a Mediterranean diet was not related to total SMM. At the same time, the consumption of excess calories or overeating is associated with SMM, with those children overeating more having lower SMM values. The differences in the intake of the other macro- and micronutrients were not associated with children's SMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morales-Suarez-Varela
- Public Health and Environmental Care Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.,CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Peraita-Costa
- Public Health and Environmental Care Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.,CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Guillamon Escudero
- Public Health and Environmental Care Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Agustin Llopis-Morales
- Public Health and Environmental Care Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Agustin Llopis-Gonzalez
- Public Health and Environmental Care Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.,CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Sisson SB, Smith CL, Cheney M. Big impact on small children: child-care providers’ perceptions of their role in early childhood healthy lifestyle behaviours. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13575279.2017.1299111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan B. Sisson
- Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Chelsea L. Smith
- Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Marshall Cheney
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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Differences in preschool-age children's dietary intake between meals consumed at childcare and at home. Prev Med Rep 2017; 6:33-37. [PMID: 28239540 PMCID: PMC5318345 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Preschool children need optimal nutrition, including a variety of nutrient-dense foods, for growth and development. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in foods and nutrients consumed at childcare and home environments. Children ages 3-to-5 years (n = 90, 3.8 ± 0.7 years; 56% female) from 16 childcare centers participated in this cross-sectional study from 2011 to 2014. Lunches at childcare were observed for two days; three days of dinners at home were reported by caregivers. Nutrient-dense and energy-dense foods were counted and nutrient content of meals was determined using FoodWorks®. More servings of fruit (0.92 ± 0.82 vs. 0.15 ± 0.26; p ≤ 0.0001), vegetables (1.47 ± 1.43 vs. 0.62 ± 0.60; p ≤ 0.0001), and low-fat dairy (0.83 ± 0.32 vs. 0.07 ± 0.19; p ≤ 0.0001) were consumed at childcare than at home. More servings of high-fat, high-sugar foods (0.08 ± 0.18 vs. 0.43 ± 0.39, p ≤ 0.0001) and sugary drinks (0.22 ± 0.41 vs. 0.39 ± 0.35. p ≤ 0.001) were consumed at home than at childcare. There were no differences between environments in whole-grains, high-fat meats, or high-fat high-sugar condiments consumed. On average, children consumed 333.0 ± 180.3 kcal at childcare and 454.7 ± 175.3 at home (p ≤ 0.0001). There were no differences in macronutrient profiles or in iron, zinc, folate, or vitamin B6 intake. More calcium (86.2 ± 44.6 vs. 44.6 ± 22.2 mg/kcal, p ≤ 0.0001) and vitamin A/kcal (56.1 ± 36.9 vs. 26.5 ± 24.2 RAE/kcal, p ≤ 0.0001) were consumed at childcare than at home. Preschool children are consuming more nutrient-dense foods and a more servings of fruit and vegetables at childcare during lunch than at home during dinner. Childcare and parents should work together to provide early and consistent exposure to nutrient-rich foods to ensure optimal nutrition for developing children. More fruits, vegetables, and low fat dairy are consumed at childcare than at home. More high-fat high-sugar foods and drinks are consumed at home than childcare. More energy is consumed at home than childcare. Childcare and families can work together to ensure optimal nutrition for children.
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Sisson SB, Stoner J, Li J, Stephens L, Campbell JE, Lora KR, Arnold SH, Horm D, DeGrace B. Tribally Affiliated Child-Care Center Environment and Obesogenic Behaviors in Young Children. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016; 117:433-440. [PMID: 27927584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child-care centers are an integral part of life for many families with young children. American Indian children are at elevated health risk because of higher levels of obesity and associated health behaviors. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the child-care environment and children's physical activity (PA) and dietary intake in young children attending tribally affiliated child care. DESIGN We conducted a cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Participants were from 11 tribally affiliated child-care centers across Oklahoma and included 82 children aged 3 to 5 years old. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Classroom observations were conducted using the Environmental and Policy Assessment Observation to measure PA and nutrition environments. Children wore an ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer and lunchtime plate waste was observed. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Descriptive statistics, including mean±standard deviation and frequencies, were calculated for the children's behaviors and environment. RESULTS The total environment score was 23.9±5.2 (maximum=43). The nutrition score was 12.5±3.1 (maximum=21). The PA score was 11.7±2.2 (maximum=22). The participants were 3.8±0.1 years old, 55% were male, 67% were American Indian, and 38% were overweight or obese. Accelerometers were worn for 5.9±1.7 hours, excluding naptime. Children accumulated 4.3±2.2 min/h of moderate to vigorous PA, 4,294±1,883 steps/day, and 12.1±3.7 steps/min. At lunch, children were served 510±241 kcal, and consumed 387±239 kcal. Lunches consisted of 47% carbohydrate, 20% protein, and 33% fat. Total number of F/V served was 2.9±1.9 and consumed was 2.3±1.8, while whole grains served and consumed were 0.3±0.4 and 0.2±0.4, respectively, and lean proteins served and consumed were 0.3±0.4 and 0.2±0.4, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study describes obesogenic aspects of the child-care environment and identifies areas for improvement. Children did not accumulate adequate PA or consume calories or fat excessively. Children consumed multiple F/V; however, more whole grains and lean proteins could be provided. Future research might investigate how the healthfulness of the child-care environment can be improved by counseling providers on nutrition and PA strategies to prevent obesity.
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