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Dar W. Aspartame-induced cognitive dysfunction: Unveiling role of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and molecular remediation. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112295. [PMID: 38776852 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, is consumed by millions of people globally. There are multiple reports of aspartame and its metabolites affecting cognitive functions in animal models and humans, which include learning problems, headaches, seizures, migraines, irritable moods, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. These cognitive deficits and associated symptoms are partly attributed to dysregulated excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter balance due to aspartate released from aspartame, resulting in an excitotoxic effect in neurons, leading to neuronal damage. However, microglia, a central immunocompetent cell type in brain tissue and a significant player in inflammation can contribute to the impact. Microglia rapidly respond to changes in CNS homeostasis. Aspartame consumption might affect the microglia phenotype directly via methanol-induced toxic effects and indirectly via aspartic acid-mediated excitotoxicity, exacerbating symptoms of cognitive decline. Long-term oral consumption of aspartame thus might change microglia's phenotype from ramified to activated, resulting in chronic or sustained activation, releasing excess pro-inflammatory molecules. This pro-inflammatory surge might lead to the degeneration of healthy neurons and other glial cells, impairing cognition. This review will deliberate on possible links and research gaps that need to be explored concerning aspartame consumption, ecotoxicity and microglia-mediated inflammatory cognitive impairment. The study covers a comprehensive analysis of the impact of aspartame consumption on cognitive function, considering both direct and indirect effects, including the involvement of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. We also propose a novel intervention strategy involving tryptophan supplementation to mitigate cognitive decline symptoms in individuals with prolonged aspartame consumption, providing a potential solution to address the adverse effects of aspartame on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Dar
- Translational Neurobiology and Disease Modelling Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Greater Noida, 201314, India.
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Gebremichael B, Lassi ZS, Begum M, Zhou SJ. Effect of perinatal consumption of low-calorie sweetener on maternal health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 63:164-176. [PMID: 38954514 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Evidence regarding perinatal low-calorie (or artificial) sweetener (LCS) consumption and its effect on maternal health outcomes is limited and inconclusive. The primary outcomes of our systematic review and meta-analysis were the effect of preconception and pregnancy LCS exposure on reproductive and pregnancy outcomes. Secondary outcomes included long-term maternal health. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, ProQuest Health and Medical, ClinicalTrials.gov and Google Scholar, was conducted up to 20 November 2023. Primary studies, including clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, which reported any LCS consumption during perinatal period and pregnancy and maternal health outcomes were eligible. A random effects model with restricted maximum likelihood estimation was used for the meta-analysis. We appraised the quality of the included studies using the National Institute of Health study quality appraisal tool and the overall quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tool. RESULTS A total of 19 eligible studies with 203,706 participants were included. LCS consumption during pregnancy was associated with 11% increased risk of preterm birth (RR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07-1.16, I2 = 0.01%) and 42% increased risk of gestational diabetes (RR = 1.42, 95% CI: 0.98-2.04, I2 = 67.60%) compared with no consumption, however, the effect size for gestational diabetes was not precise as the 95% CI indicated that the effect estimate could range from 2% lower risk to 204% (or 2.04 times) higher risk. We found no association between LCS consumption during pregnancy and gestational weight gain (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.04; 95% CI: -0.17 - 0.24, I2 = 41.31%) or gestational age at birth (SMD = 0.00; 95% CI: -0.13 - 0.14, I2 = 80.13%). The effect of LCS consumption on reproductive treatment outcomes were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Based on the evidence available, LCS consumption in pregnancy was associated with increased risk of preterm birth and gestational diabetes. Robust research, such as well-designed randomized trials and large prospective cohort studies, is required to confirm the causal effect of LCS consumption during perinatal period on adverse maternal health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bereket Gebremichael
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Zohra S Lassi
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Mumtaz Begum
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Shao Jia Zhou
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Kearns ML, Reynolds CM. The impact of non-nutritive sweeteners on fertility, maternal and child health outcomes: a review of human and animal studies. Proc Nutr Soc 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38433591 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665124000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
There is significant evidence that an unhealthy diet greatly increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and predisposes offspring to metabolic dysfunction and obesity. While fat intake is typically associated with the onset of obesity and its comorbidities, there is increasing evidence linking sugar, particularly high fructose corn syrup, to the global rise in obesity rates. Furthermore, the detrimental effects of added sugar intake during pregnancy on mother and child have been clearly outlined. Guidelines advising pregnant women to avoid food and beverages with high fat and sugar have led to an increase in consumption of 'diet' or 'light' options. Examination of some human birth cohort studies shows that heavy consumption (at least one beverage a day) of non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) containing beverages has been associated with increased risk of preterm birth and increased weight/BMI in male offspring independent of maternal weight, which appears to be offset by breastfeeding for 6 months. Rodent models have shown that NNS exposure during pregnancy can impact maternal metabolic health, adipose tissue function, gut microbiome profiles and taste preference. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are multifaceted and further research, particularly in a translational setting is required to fully understand the effects of NNS on maternal and infant health during pregnancy. Therefore, this review examines maternal sweetener intakes and their influence on fertility, maternal health outcomes and offspring outcomes in human cohort studies and rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Kearns
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science/Conway Institute/Institute of Food and Health/Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clare M Reynolds
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science/Conway Institute/Institute of Food and Health/Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Lalas K, Arvaniti OS, Panagopoulou EI, Thomaidis NS, Mantzavinos D, Frontistis Z. Acesulfame degradation by thermally activated persulfate: Kinetics, transformation products and estimated toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141260. [PMID: 38272137 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The existence of the artificial sweetener acesulfame (ACE) in quantities of significance can negatively impact water quality, and its consumption has been associated with deleterious health effects. The present investigation explores the efficacy of heat-activated sodium persulfate (SPS) for eliminating ACE. The complete degradation of 0.50 mg L-1 of ACE was achieved within 45 min under a reaction temperature of 50 °C and 100 mg L-1 of SPS. The impact of thermal decomposition on ACE at a temperature of 60 °C was negligible. This study considers several factors, such as the SPS and ACE loading, the reaction temperature, the initial pH, and the water matrix of the reactor. The results indicate that the method's efficiency is positively correlated with higher initial concentrations of SPS, whereas it is inversely associated with the initial concentration of ACE. Furthermore, higher reaction temperatures and acidic initial pH levels promote the degradation of acesulfame. At the same time, certain constituents of the water matrix, such as humic acid, chlorides, and bicarbonates, can hinder the degradation process. Additionally, the data from LC-QToF-MS analysis of the samples were used to investigate transformation through suspect and non-target screening approaches. Overall, ACE's eight transformation products (TPs) were detected, and a potential ACE decomposition pathway was proposed. The concentration of TPs followed a volcano curve, decreasing in long treatment times. The ecotoxicity of ACE and its identified TPs was predicted using the ECOSAR software. The majority of TPs exhibited not harmful values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosmas Lalas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, GR-50132, Kozani, Greece
| | - Olga S Arvaniti
- Department of Agricultural Development, Agrofood and Management of Natural Resources, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Psachna, GR-34400, Greece
| | - Eleni I Panagopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, GR 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, GR 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionissios Mantzavinos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Zacharias Frontistis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, GR-50132, Kozani, Greece.
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Gebremichael B, Lassi ZS, Begum M, Mittinty M, Zhou SJ. Patterns and Predictors of Low-Calorie Sweetener Consumption during Pregnancy: Findings from a National Survey. Nutrients 2023; 15:4196. [PMID: 37836480 PMCID: PMC10574556 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the World Health Organization recommended avoiding low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) during pregnancy due to concerns that it may be linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes and offspring wellbeing. This study examined the patterns and predictors of LCS consumption among pregnant women in Australia. A survey was conducted among 422 pregnant women aged 18-50 years. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, dietary intake including LCS consumption, pregnancy-related characteristics, and awareness about the health effects of LCS were assessed. We used latent class analysis and multinomial logistic regression to identify LCS consumption patterns and predictors of consumption patterns, respectively. The mean (SD) age of the women was 30 (4.6) years. Three LCS consumption patterns were identified: infrequent or non-consumers representing 50% of the women, moderate consumers encompassing 40% of the women, and the remaining were habitual consumers. Over two-thirds (71%) of women were not aware of the potential adverse effects of LCS, and only a quarter of them were concerned about the possible adverse effects on their health and their offspring. Increasing age and living with a medical condition decreased the likelihood of moderate consumption by 7% and 55%, respectively. Frequent sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and gestational diabetes predicted habitual LCS consumption. This research suggested widespread LCS consumption among pregnant women in Australia, but lower awareness of its potential adverse health effects. Interventions to increase awareness of potential adverse effects are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bereket Gebremichael
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia;
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia; (Z.S.L.); (M.B.)
- College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa AA 1000, Ethiopia
| | - Zohra S. Lassi
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia; (Z.S.L.); (M.B.)
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Mumtaz Begum
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia; (Z.S.L.); (M.B.)
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Murthy Mittinty
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Shao-Jia Zhou
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia;
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia; (Z.S.L.); (M.B.)
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Concha F, Sambra V, Cáceres P, López-Arana S, Carvajal B, Gotteland M. Maternal consumption and perinatal exposure to non-nutritive sweeteners: should we be concerned? Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1200990. [PMID: 37377756 PMCID: PMC10291189 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1200990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The context for this review is the rapid increase in the use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) instead of sugar in foods and beverages, a situation so prevalent in some countries that consumers are finding it increasingly challenging to access foods without NNSs. The benefits of consuming NNSs on obesity and diabetes are now being questioned, and studies have shown that they may exert physiological activities, sometimes independently of sweet taste receptor stimulation. Few studies, limited mainly to North American and European countries, have described the consumption of NNSs by pregnant or lactating women and infants. Most focus on beverages rather than foods, but all agree that consumption levels have increased dramatically. Although some studies report a negative impact of NNSs on the risk of preterm birth, increased birth weight and decreased gestational age, the level of evidence is low. Several studies have also reported increased weight gain in infancy, associated with maternal NNS intake. Interestingly, several NNSs have been detected in amniotic fluid and breast milk, usually (but not always) at concentrations below their established detection limit in humans. Unfortunately, the impact of chronic exposure of the fetus/infant to low levels of multiple NNSs is unknown. In conclusion, there is a stark contrast between the galloping increase in the consumption of NNSs and the small number of studies evaluating their impact in at-risk groups such as pregnant and lactating women and infants. Clearly, more studies are needed, especially in Latin America and Asia, to fill these gaps and update recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Concha
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Sambra
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Cáceres
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra López-Arana
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bielka Carvajal
- Department of Women and Newborn’s Health Promotion, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Gotteland
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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López-Arana S, Peralta R, Sambra V, Abrigo K, Prado G, Cáceres P, Carvajal B, Gotteland M. Development and Relative Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Non-Nutritive Sweeteners Intake among Pregnant Women in Santiago, Chile: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112518. [PMID: 37299481 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on the effects of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) among pregnant women are scarce and have produced mixed results. One of the major challenges is to accurately assess NNS intake, especially in countries that have implemented policies to prevent obesity and where many foods and beverages have been progressively reformulated to partially or totally replace sugar with NNSs. This study aimed to develop and assess the relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for use in pregnant women. We developed an FFQ to examine the intake of seven NNSs (acesulfame-k, aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin, sucralose, steviol glycosides, and D-tagatose). This questionnaire was piloted in 29 pregnant women (median age = 31.2 y; 25th-75th percentile: 26.9-34.7) to assess NNS intake over the previous month, compared to 3-day dietary records (3-DR). The validity of this dietary method was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient, Lin´s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and Bland-Altman plots. Spearman's correlations between the FFQ on NNSs and 3-DR ranged from 0.50 for acesulfame K to 0.83 for saccharin. CCC ranged between 0.22 and 0.66. The Bland-Altman plots showed an overestimation of saccharin, sucralose, and steviol glycosides intake by the FFQ on NNSs compared with 3-DR, and an underestimation of acesulfame K and aspartame. Overall, the NNSs most frequently consumed were sucralose, and none of the participants exceeded the acceptable daily intake for any of the NNSs evaluated. The FFQ on NNSs seems to be reasonably valid in the assessment of NNSs among pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra López-Arana
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Rebeca Peralta
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macúl, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Verónica Sambra
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Karen Abrigo
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Gabriel Prado
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Paola Cáceres
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Bielka Carvajal
- Department of Women and Newborn's Health Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Martin Gotteland
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Macúl, Santiago 7830490, Chile
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Newborns from Mothers Who Intensely Consumed Sucralose during Pregnancy Are Heavier and Exhibit Markers of Metabolic Alteration and Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation: A Cross-Sectional, Prospective Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030650. [PMID: 36979631 PMCID: PMC10045555 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust data in animals show that sucralose intake during gestation can predispose the offspring to weight gain, metabolic disturbances, and low-grade systemic inflammation; however, concluding information remains elusive in humans. In this cross-sectional, prospective study, we examined the birth weight, glucose and insulin cord blood levels, monocyte subsets, and inflammatory cytokine profile in 292 neonates at term from mothers with light sucralose ingestion (LSI) of less than 60 mg sucralose/week or heavy sucralose intake (HSI) of more than 36 mg sucralose/day during pregnancy. Mothers in the LSI (n = 205) or HSI (n = 87) groups showed no differences in age, pregestational body mass index, blood pressure, and glucose tolerance. Although there were no differences in glucose, infants from HSI mothers displayed significant increases in birth weight and insulin compared to newborns from LSI mothers. Newborns from HSI mothers showed a substantial increase in the percentage of inflammatory nonclassical monocytes compared to neonates from LSI mothers. Umbilical cord tissue of infants from HSI mothers exhibited higher IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha with lower IL-10 expression than that found in newborns from LSI mothers. Present results demonstrate that heavy sucralose ingestion during pregnancy affects neonates’ anthropometric, metabolic, and inflammatory features.
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Consumption of Non-Nutritive Sweetener during Pregnancy and Weight Gain in Offspring: Evidence from Human Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235098. [PMID: 36501127 PMCID: PMC9739060 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the consumption of maternal non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) during pregnancy and the risk of obesity in offspring remains inconsistent. We aimed to systematically evaluate and clarify the relationship between NNS intake during pregnancy and weight gain in offspring based on evidence from population and clinical research. Databases including PubMed (via Medline), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for eligible human studies. The primary outcome was the differences in body mass index (BMI) z-scores between offspring at 1 year of age who were with and without NNS intake during pregnancy or between offspring with different NNS intake levels during pregnancy. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted for data synthesis to calculate the weighted mean difference (WMD). A total of six prospective cohort studies were eligible for inclusion, among which three were used for pooled analysis of the BMI z-score. A significant increase was found in an offspring's weight at 1 year of age in the NNS group when compared with the control group: WMD in BMI z-score = 0.19 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.31), p-value = 0.002. Results from the dose-response analysis showed a linear relationship between NNS intake during pregnancy and WMD at 1 year of age: beta = 0.02 (95% CI: 0.001, 0.04) for per serving/week increase in NNS consumption. The whole body of evidence for the review was rated as low quality. In summary, maternal NNS intake during pregnancy was found to be associated with increased weight gain in offspring based on evidence from human studies. Further well-designed and adequately powered studies are needed to confirm this relationship.
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Richardson IL, Frese SA. Non-nutritive sweeteners and their impacts on the gut microbiome and host physiology. Front Nutr 2022; 9:988144. [PMID: 36091255 PMCID: PMC9453245 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.988144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are broadly incorporated into foods, especially those representing a growing share of the beverage market. NNS are viewed as a noncaloric and desirable alternative to sugar-based sweeteners and are thought to contribute to reducing overall caloric intake. While these compounds have been studied extensively and have long been considered inert, new research has presented a different view and raises new questions about the effects of NNS on human physiology. Namely, the influence on glucose responses, the gastrointestinal epithelium, and the gut microbiome. As the gut microbiome is now recognized as a major mediator of human health and perturbations to this community are generally associated with negative health trajectories or overt disease, interactions between NNS and the gut microbiome are of increasing interest to clinicians and researchers. Several NNS compounds are now hypothesized to affect human physiology by modulating the gut microbiome, though the mechanism for this action remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to discuss the history and current knowledge of NNS, their reported utility and effects on host physiology and the gut microbiome, and describes a model for investigating the underlying mechanism behind reported effects of NNS on the gut microbiome.
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Kraemer MVDS, Fernandes AC, Chaddad MCC, Uggioni PL, Rodrigues VM, Bernardo GL, Proença RPDC. Food additives in childhood: a review on consumption and health consequences. Rev Saude Publica 2022; 56:32. [PMID: 35544885 PMCID: PMC9060765 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056004060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the context of scientific publications on the consumption of food additives by children and the possible health consequences in this age group. METHODS A literature review, with a search carried out between April 2020 and April 2021 in the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar databases, as well as in websites of Brazilian and foreign official bodies. Official documents and studies published since 2000 were selected. Keywords related to food additives, children, food consumption, and health were used for the search. RESULTS Food additives are substances intentionally added to foods for technological purposes. Processed foods are the main sources of additives in food and their consumption occurs since childhood. It is observed, however, that there are limitations inherent to the scientific method regarding the analysis of consumption and toxicity of food additives in humans, causing scarcity of data in the scientific literature. Additionally, existing data suggest that the additives have a higher toxic potential in children, considering that the body weight in this age group is lower than in adults. This context emphasizes the need to observe the precautionary principle, according to which risks of harm must be prevented. CONCLUSIONS This is a scenario in which the literature points to a risk to people's health and, in particular, to children, about whom the duty of protection must be even greater, with absolute priority. Thus, the relevance of an expanded technical-scientific debate regarding the establishment of specific and stricter parameters for children is considered, regarding the consumption and toxicity of additives, as well as the different sources of exposure to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vieira dos Santos Kraemer
- Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaNúcleo de Pesquisa de Nutrição em Produção de RefeiçõesPrograma de Pós-Graduação em NutriçãoFlorianópolisSCBrasilUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Núcleo de Pesquisa de Nutrição em Produção de Refeições. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaNúcleo de Pesquisa de Nutrição em Produção de RefeiçõesPrograma de Pós-Graduação em NutriçãoFlorianópolisSCBrasilUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Núcleo de Pesquisa de Nutrição em Produção de Refeições. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Maria Cecília Cury Chaddad
- Pontifícia Universidade CatólicaFaculdade de DireitoSão PauloSPBrasilPontifícia Universidade Católica. Faculdade de Direito. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Movimento Põe no RótuloSão PauloSPBrasilMovimento Põe no Rótulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Paula Lazzarin Uggioni
- Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaNúcleo de Pesquisa de Nutrição em Produção de RefeiçõesPrograma de Pós-Graduação em NutriçãoFlorianópolisSCBrasilUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Núcleo de Pesquisa de Nutrição em Produção de Refeições. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Mello Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaNúcleo de Pesquisa de Nutrição em Produção de RefeiçõesPrograma de Pós-Graduação em NutriçãoFlorianópolisSCBrasilUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Núcleo de Pesquisa de Nutrição em Produção de Refeições. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Greyce Luci Bernardo
- Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaNúcleo de Pesquisa de Nutrição em Produção de RefeiçõesPrograma de Pós-Graduação em NutriçãoFlorianópolisSCBrasilUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Núcleo de Pesquisa de Nutrição em Produção de Refeições. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Rossana Pacheco da Costa Proença
- Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaNúcleo de Pesquisa de Nutrição em Produção de RefeiçõesPrograma de Pós-Graduação em NutriçãoFlorianópolisSCBrasilUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Núcleo de Pesquisa de Nutrição em Produção de Refeições. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
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Bovbjerg ML, Horan H. Current Resources for Evidence-Based Practice, January 2022. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2021; 51:101-112. [PMID: 34921766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive review of new resources to support the provision of evidence-based care for women and infants. The current column includes a discussion of breastfeeding while employed and commentaries on reviews focused on mammography test characteristics and sexual health for gynecologic cancer survivors. It also includes a quick update on a USPSTF review for aspirin as pre-eclampsia prophylaxis.
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