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Hassan HI, Othman SM. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Its Association With Dental Caries Among Adolescents in Erbil, Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e58471. [PMID: 38765400 PMCID: PMC11100997 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sugar-sweetened beverages are one of the most common sources of added sugar in the diet and have been associated with an increased risk of dental caries, obesity, major chronic diseases, and possibly cancer. Dental caries is a diet-related, highly prevalent, and preventable oral disease. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and its association with dental caries in adolescents in Erbil, Iraq. Methods This is a cross-sectional study that invited 11- to 16-year-old intermediate school students (n=380) in Erbil, Iraq. Data collection comprised a validated questionnaire and a clinical examination. In addition, dietary data were collected by using two non-consecutive 24-hour recalls. The mean of the daily consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages over a two-day period was calculated. Dental caries was diagnosed based on World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and was reported as a decayed, missing, and filled permanent tooth (DMFT). A multiple regression model was used to assess the influence of sugar-sweetened beverages on dental caries experience (DMFT). SPSS version 26 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) was used to analyze the data at the 5% significance level. Results Of the 380 students interviewed, one participant was excluded because of incomplete data. The participant's mean age and standard deviation (SD) were 13.3±1.2. A total of 54.1% of the students were female. The mean daily intake of sugar-sweetened beverages was 686.71±197.50 mL per day. Male students consumed more beverages than female students (p<0.001). The most frequently consumed sugar-sweetened beverages were sweetened tea and coffee, and the least frequently consumed beverages were milk and dairy products. The mean decayed, missing, and filled permanent tooth (DMFT) was 94.58±2.73. Results of multiple regression analysis showed that caries experience (DMFT) was associated with insufficient toothbrushing (p<0.001), plaque-affected sextants (p=0.001), and male sex (p=0.016). The model also showed a significant association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and dental caries experience (DMFT) (regression coefficient=0.008, CI: 0.006-0.009, p<0.001). Conclusions Adolescents in Erbil, Iraq, consumed sugar-sweetened beverages on a frequent basis, and male students consumed more sugary beverages than females. The higher frequency of these beverage consumptions was associated with a higher dental caries experience. Consequently, reducing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption could have a significant positive public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heran I Hassan
- Orthodontics, Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, IRQ
| | - Samir M Othman
- Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, IRQ
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Jiang K, Zhang Y, Xie C, Wang T, Zhao L, Zhao W, Shi Z, Sharma M, Zhao Y. Association between body weight misperception and snacking patterns among adolescents: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2550. [PMID: 38129799 PMCID: PMC10734079 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unhealthy snacking behaviors and body weight misperception are both significant concerns in adolescent health. Weight misperception are common among youth and may influence their motivation to engage in health-related behaviors, however, the effect on snacking patterns choice remains unclear. Our study aimed to examine the relationship between body weight misperception and snacking pattern choice among school adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey platform. Body weight misperception was defined based on perceived body weight and true weight. Snack intake was measured using a qualitative food-frequency questionnaire. Factor analysis was used to identify snacking patterns, and multiple linear regression was employed to examine the association between body weight misperception and snacking patterns. RESULTS 190,296 students with the average age of 13.3 ± 1.0 years was included, and 44.5% of students misperceived their weight. Overestimation was more prevalent than underestimation. Two snacking patterns, namely a high-calorie snacking pattern and a healthy snacking pattern, were identified with eigenvalues > 1. Weight underestimation was positively linked to high-calorie snacking pattern scores for both normal weight students (β: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.21) and students with overweight/obesity (β: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.52), and to healthy snacking scores for students with overweight/obesity (β: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.33), but negatively linked to healthy snacking pattern scores for normal weight students (β: -0.12, 95% CI: -0.15, -0.09). Conversely, weight overestimation was negatively linked to both high-calorie and healthy snacking pattern scores for normal weight students (β: -0.07, 95% CI: -0.11, -0.04 and β: -0.13, 95% CI: -0.15, -0.10), but positively linked to healthy snacking scores for underweight students (β: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.21). Interactions were found between sex, grade, accommodation, only child, primary guardians, parental education level and weight misperception to snacking patterns. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with normal weight and overweight/obesity who misperceived their weight exhibited less healthy snacking patterns, whereas underweight students who misperceived their weight displayed healthier snacking patterns. Comprehensive programs are crucial to educate and guide adolescents in understanding their weight status and making healthier snack choices, involving families, schools, and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jiang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changxiao Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Tiankun Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingxi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zumin Shi
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Dohe, Qatar
| | - Manoj Sharma
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China.
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Heath, Children 's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Liu CH, Wong TC, Chung M, Bai CH, Chen YC. Sugar labeling information and online marketing strategies for hand-shaken tea drinks in northern Taiwan. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1273713. [PMID: 38035354 PMCID: PMC10682441 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1273713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are the main cause of excessive sugar intake and increased health risks. Food companies usually use social media to market SSBs in order to increase consumers' purchase intentions. To reduce excessive added sugar consumption from hand-shaken tea drinks, Taiwan has implemented a mandatory policy requiring clear sugar content labeling. This study aimed to investigate the sugar label information and online marketing strategies for hand-shaken tea drinks in northern Taiwan. Methods In this cross-sectional study, content analysis was employed to investigate the sugar labeling information and the current situation of online marketing in hand-shaken tea drink brands based in northern Taiwan. Seventy-two hand-shaken tea drink brands' stores were visited to record their sugar labeling presentation methods, with brands lacking labeling, presenting incomplete labeling, or not offering customized sugar levels being excluded, resulting in 60 brands being chosen for the subsequent data collection process. The sugar and energy contents in 1,581 hand-shaken tea drinks were recorded and calculated. Subsequently, the sugar contents were assessed in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) sugar recommendations (25 g/day), warning label criteria, and Taiwan's regulations for low-sugar packaged beverages. Seven brands that had high online impressions were further selected and their marketing strategies in 560 Facebook posts were analyzed. Results The presentation methods of labeling varied among the 60 brands, and only 42 brands had obvious and easily accessible labeling. The most common labeling presentation method was posters (n = 28). After converting the sugar content of half-sugar and low-sugar hand-shaken tea drinks, it was found that 60.2% of half-sugar beverages and 13.0% of low-sugar beverages exceeded 25 g of sugar per cup. Over 90% of brands had Facebook and Instagram accounts. The top marketing strategies for tea drink brands on Facebook were specific beverage information, brand information, and nutrition and health marketing. Most posts promoted sugar-sweetened beverages. Conclusion Not all hand-shaken tea drink brands in this study followed Taiwan's labeling regulations. Moreover, high sugar contents in hand-shaken tea drinks labeled as half-sugar and low-sugar could potentially lead people to unconsciously consume excessive amounts of sugar. Future research should explore the impact of online marketing strategies on SSBs consumption behavior and ways to mitigate it among the Taiwanese public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsuan Liu
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chih Wong
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei Chung
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Chyi-Huey Bai
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kuo CT, Chen DR, Chan CC, Yeh YP, Chen HH. Sex differences in the association between sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and metabolic risks among the working-age population in Taiwan. Public Health Nutr 2022; 26:1-19. [PMID: 35851091 PMCID: PMC9989700 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980022001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are linked to increased metabolic risk. However, the sex differences in the relationship between SSB intake and adverse health effects remain unclear. Therefore, the present study examined the association between SSB consumption and metabolic risks among working-age males and females from Taiwanese communities. DESIGN A community-based study utilized data from a comprehensive health screening project conducted by the Public Health Bureau in Changhua County, Taiwan. Metabolic risks included waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and fasting glucose level using serum tests. SETTING Participants were recruited in Changhua County, Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS Between 2005 and 2014, 92,724 citizens participated in the health screening; our data analysis included 75,278 respondents between 30 and 64. RESULTS The results showed that the frequency of SSB consumption was associated with abnormal waist circumference and elevated total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and glucose in both men and women. Increased SSB consumption frequency was associated with elevated glucose and hypertension in women. Even a slight increase in SSB intake frequency was related to raising the metabolic risks. Similar patterns were evident when models included body mass index (BMI); however, the associations were attenuated. In the BMI-stratified subgroup analysis, the relationship between SSB consumption and metabolic risks was more pronounced in participants without obesity. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that SSB consumption carries metabolic risk among working-age Taiwanese, particularly women and those without obesity. Health promotion programs should raise awareness of the health hazards associated with SSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tung Kuo
- Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xuzhou Road, Room 636, Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Duan-Rung Chen
- Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xuzhou Road, Room 636, Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Po Yeh
- Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Changhua County Public Health Bureau, Changhua County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hsi Chen
- Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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