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Adigun OA, Pham TH, Grapov D, Nadeem M, Jewell LE, Cheema M, Galagedara L, Thomas R. Phyto-oxylipin mediated plant immune response to colonization and infection in the soybean- Phytophthora sojae pathosystem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1141823. [PMID: 37251755 PMCID: PMC10219219 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1141823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Food security is a major challenge to sustainably supply food to meet the demands of the ever-growing global population. Crop loss due to pathogens is a major concern to overcoming this global food security challenge. Soybean root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae results in approximately 20B $US crop loss annually. Phyto-oxylipins are metabolites biosynthesized in the plants by oxidative transformation of polyunsaturated fatty acids through an array of diverging metabolic pathways and play an important role in plant development and defense against pathogen colonization and infection. Lipid mediated plant immunity is a very attractive target for developing long term resistance in many plants' disease pathosystem. However, little is known about the phyto-oxylipin's role in the successful strategies used by tolerant soybean cultivar to mitigate Phytophthora sojae infection. Methods We used scanning electron microscopy to observe the alterations in root morphology and a targeted lipidomics approach using high resolution accurate mass tandem mass spectrometry to assess phyto-oxylipin anabolism at 48 h, 72 h and 96 h post infection. Results and discussion We observed the presence of biogenic crystals and reinforced epidermal walls in the tolerant cultivar suggesting a mechanism for disease tolerance when compared with susceptible cultivar. Similarly, the unequivocally unique biomarkers implicated in oxylipin mediated plant immunity [10(E),12(Z)-13S-hydroxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid, (Z)-12,13-dihydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid, (9Z,11E)-13-Oxo-9,11-octadecadienoic acid, 15(Z)-9-oxo-octadecatrienoic acid, 10(E),12(E)-9-hydroperoxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid, 12-oxophytodienoic acid and (12Z,15Z)-9, 10-dihydroxyoctadeca-12,15-dienoic acid] generated from intact oxidized lipid precursors were upregulated in tolerant soybean cultivar while downregulated in infected susceptible cultivar relative to non-inoculated controls at 48 h, 72 h and 96 h post infection by Phytophthora sojae, suggesting that these molecules may be a critical component of the defense strategies used in tolerant cultivar against Phytophthora sojae infection. Interestingly, microbial originated oxylipins, 12S-hydroperoxy-5(Z),8(Z),10(E),14(Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z)-15-[3-[(Z)-pent-2-enyl]oxiran-2-yl]pentadeca-4,7,10,13-tetraenoic acid were upregulated only in infected susceptible cultivar but downregulated in infected tolerant cultivar. These microbial originated oxylipins are capable of modulating plant immune response to enhance virulence. This study demonstrated novel evidence for phyto-oxylipin metabolism in soybean cultivars during pathogen colonization and infection using the Phytophthora sojae-soybean pathosystem. This evidence may have potential applications in further elucidation and resolution of the role of phyto-oxylipin anabolism in soybean tolerance to Phytophthora sojae colonization and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oludoyin Adeseun Adigun
- School of Science and the Environment, Boreal Ecosystems and Agricultural Sciences, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Thu Huong Pham
- School of Science and the Environment, Boreal Ecosystems and Agricultural Sciences, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Dmitry Grapov
- Creative Data Solution (CDS), Colfax, CA, United States
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- School of Science and the Environment, Boreal Ecosystems and Agricultural Sciences, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Linda Elizabeth Jewell
- St. John’s Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Mumtaz Cheema
- School of Science and the Environment, Boreal Ecosystems and Agricultural Sciences, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Lakshman Galagedara
- School of Science and the Environment, Boreal Ecosystems and Agricultural Sciences, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Raymond Thomas
- School of Science and the Environment, Boreal Ecosystems and Agricultural Sciences, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
- Department of Biology/Biotron Climate Change Experimental Research Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Matthaeus WJ, Schmidt J, White JD, Zechmann B. Novel perspectives on stomatal impressions: Rapid and non-invasive surface characterization of plant leaves by scanning electron microscopy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238589. [PMID: 32881951 PMCID: PMC7470294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is widely used to investigate the surface morphology, and physiological state of plant leaves. Conventionally used methods for sample preparation are invasive, irreversible, require skill and expensive equipment, and are time and labor consuming. This study demonstrates a method to obtain in vivo surface information of plant leaves by imaging replicas with SEM that is rapid and non-invasive. Dental putty was applied to the leaves for 5 minutes and then removed. Replicas were then imaged with SEM and compared to fresh leaves, and leaves that were processed conventionally by chemical fixation, dehydration and critical point drying. The surface structure of leaves was well preserved on the replicas. The outline of epidermal as well as guard cells could be clearly distinguished enabling determination of stomatal density. Comparison of the dimensions of guard cells revealed that replicas did not differ from fresh leaves, while conventional sample preparation induced strong shrinkage (-40% in length and -38% in width) of the cells when compared to guard cells on fresh leaves. Tilting the replicas enabled clear measurement of stomatal aperture dimensions. Summing up, the major advantages of this method are that it is inexpensive, non-toxic, simple to apply, can be performed in the field, and that results on stomatal density and in vivo stomatal dimensions in 3D can be obtained in a few minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Schmidt
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joseph D. White
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
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Neděla V, Tihlaříková E, Maxa J, Imrichová K, Bučko M, Gemeiner P. Simulation-based optimisation of thermodynamic conditions in the ESEM for dynamical in-situ study of spherical polyelectrolyte complex particles in their native state. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 211:112954. [PMID: 32018072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a complex analysis and optimisation of dynamic conditions in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) to allow in-situ observation of extremely delicate wet bio-polymeric spherical particles in their native state. According to the results of gas flow and heat transfer simulations, we were able to develop an improved procedure leading to thermodynamic equilibrium between the sample and chamber environment. To quantify and hence minimise the extent of any sample deformation during specimen chamber pumping, a strength-stress analysis is used. Monte Carlo simulations of beam-gas, -water, and -sample interactions describe beam scattering, absorbed energy, interaction volume and the emission of signal electrons in the ESEM. Finally, we discuss sample damage as a result of drying and the production of beam-induced free radicals. Based on all experimental and simulation results we introduce a Delicate Sample Observation Strategy for the ESEM. We show how this strategy can be applied to the characterization of polyelectrolyte complex spherical particles containing immobilized recombinant cells E. coli overexpressing cyclohexanone monooxygenase, used as a model biocatalyst. We present the first native-state electron microscopy images of the viscous core of a halved polyelectrolyte complex capsule containing living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilém Neděla
- Environmental electron microscopy group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of ASCR, Královopolská 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Tihlaříková
- Environmental electron microscopy group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of ASCR, Královopolská 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Maxa
- Environmental electron microscopy group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of ASCR, Královopolská 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Imrichová
- Environmental electron microscopy group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of ASCR, Královopolská 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Bučko
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Gemeiner
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Tihlaříková E, Neděla V, Đorđević B. In-situ preparation of plant samples in ESEM for energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis and repetitive observation in SEM and ESEM. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2300. [PMID: 30783188 PMCID: PMC6381206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38835-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Extended Low Temperature Method (ELTM) for the in-situ preparation of plant samples in an environmental scanning electron microscope enables carrying out repetitive topographical and material analysis at a higher resolution in the vacuum conditions of a scanning electron microscope or in the low gas pressure conditions of an environmental scanning electron microscope. The method does not require any chemical intervention and is thus suitable for imaging delicate structures rarely observable with common treatment methods. The method enables both sample stabilization as close to their native state as possible, as well as the transfer of the same sample from a low vacuum to an atmospheric condition for sample storage or later study. It is impossible for wet samples in the environmental scanning electron microscope. Our studies illustrate the high applicability of the ELTM for different types of plant tissue, from imaging of plant waxes at higher resolution, the morphological study of highly susceptible early somatic embryos to the elemental microanalysis of root cells. The method established here provides a very fast, universal and inexpensive solution for plant sample treatment usable in a commercial environmental scanning electron microscope equipped with a cooling Peltier stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tihlaříková
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Vilém Neděla
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Biljana Đorđević
- Department of Plant Biology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
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High-efficiency detector of secondary and backscattered electrons for low-dose imaging in the ESEM. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 184:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Polyelectrolyte Complex Beads by Novel Two-Step Process for Improved Performance of Viable Whole-Cell Baeyer-Villiger Monoxygenase by Immobilization. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Slówko W, Wiatrowski A, Krysztof M. Detection of secondary and backscattered electrons for 3D imaging with multi-detector method in VP/ESEM. Micron 2017; 104:45-60. [PMID: 29080547 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The paper considers some major problems of adapting the multi-detector method for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of wet bio-medical samples in Variable Pressure/Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (VP/ESEM). The described method pertains to "single-view techniques", which to create the 3D surface model utilise a sequence of 2D SEM images captured from a single view point (along the electron beam axis) but illuminated from four directions. The basis of the method and requirements resulting from them are given for the detector systems of secondary (SE) and backscattered electrons (BSE), as well as designs of the systems which could work in variable conditions. The problems of SE detection with application of the Pressure Limiting Aperture (PLA) as the signal collector are discussed with respect to secondary electron backscattering by a gaseous environment. However, the authors' attention is turned mainly to the directional BSE detection, realized in two ways. The high take off angle BSE were captured through PLA with use of the quadruple semiconductor detector placed inside the intermediate chamber, while BSE starting at lower angles were detected by the four-folded ionization device working in the sample chamber environment. The latter relied on a conversion of highly energetic BSE into low energetic SE generated on walls and a gaseous environment of the deep discharge gap oriented along the BSE velocity direction. The converted BSE signal was amplified in an ionising avalanche developed in the electric field arranged transversally to the gap. The detector system operation is illustrated with numerous computer simulations and examples of experiments and 3D images. The latter were conducted in a JSM 840 microscope with its combined detector-vacuum equipment which could extend capabilities of this high vacuum instrument toward elevated pressures (over 1kPa) and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Slówko
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Artur Wiatrowski
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Krysztof
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland
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Progress in emerging techniques for characterization of immobilized viable whole-cell biocatalysts. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Vlašínová H, Neděla V, Đorđević B, Havel L. Bottlenecks in bog pine multiplication by somatic embryogenesis and their visualization with the environmental scanning electron microscope. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1487-1497. [PMID: 27783182 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an important biotechnological technique used for the propagation of many pine species in vitro. However, in bog pine, one of the most endangered tree species in the Czech Republic, limitations were observed, which negatively influenced the development and further germination of somatic embryos. Although initiation frequency was very low-0.95 %, all obtained cell lines were subjected to maturation. The best responding cell line (BC1) was used and subjected to six different variants of the maturation media. The media on which the highest number of early-precotyledonary/cotyledonary somatic embryos was formed was supplemented with 121 μM abscisic acid (ABA) and with 6 % maltose. In the end of maturation experiments, different abnormalities in formation of somatic embryos were observed. For visualization and identification of abnormalities in meristem development during proliferation and maturation processes, the environmental scanning electron microscope was used. In comparison to the classical light microscope, the non-commercial environmental scanning electron microscope AQUASEM II has been found as a very useful tool for the quick recognition of apical meristem disruption and abnormal development. To our knowledge, this is the first report discussing somatic embryogenesis in bog pine. Based on this observation, the cultivation procedure could be enhanced and the method for SE of bog pine optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Vlašínová
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vilem Neděla
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 147, Brno, 61264, Czech Republic
| | - Biljana Đorđević
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Ladislav Havel
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
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Neděla V, Hřib J, Havel L, Hudec J, Runštuk J. Imaging of Norway spruce early somatic embryos with the ESEM, Cryo-SEM and laser scanning microscope. Micron 2016; 84:67-71. [PMID: 26954464 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the surface structure of Norway spruce early somatic embryos (ESEs) as a typical culture with asynchronous development. The microstructure of extracellular matrix covering ESEs were observed using the environmental scanning electron microscope as a primary tool and using the scanning electron microscope with cryo attachment and laser electron microscope as a complementary tool allowing our results to be proven independently. The fresh samples were observed in conditions of the air environment of the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) with the pressure from 550Pa to 690Pa and the low temperature of the sample from -18°C to -22°C. The samples were studied using two different types of detector to allow studying either the thin surface structure or material composition. The scanning electron microscope with cryo attachment was used for imaging frozen extracellular matrix microstructure with higher resolution. The combination of both electron microscopy methods was suitable for observation of "native" plant samples, allowing correct evaluation of our results, free of error and artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilém Neděla
- Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Hřib
- Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Havel
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hudec
- Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Runštuk
- Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
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Bertóková A, Vikartovská A, Bučko M, Gemeiner P, Tkáč J, Chorvát D, Štefuca V, Neděla V. Biooxidation of 2-phenylethanol to phenylacetic acid by whole-cellGluconobacter oxydansbiocatalyst immobilized in polyelectrolyte complex capsules. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2015.1053470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Neděla V, Tihlaříková E, Hřib J. The low-temperature method for study of coniferous tissues in the environmental scanning electron microscope. Microsc Res Tech 2014; 78:13-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vilém Neděla
- ASCR, Institute of Scientific Instruments; Kralovopolska 147 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tihlaříková
- ASCR, Institute of Scientific Instruments; Kralovopolska 147 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hřib
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry; Zemedelska 1 613 00 Brno Czech Republic
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Physical and Bioengineering Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol Lens-Shaped Particles Versus Spherical Polyelectrolyte Complex Microcapsules as Immobilisation Matrices for a Whole-Cell Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:1834-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Krausko J, Runštuk J, Neděla V, Klán P, Heger D. Observation of a brine layer on an ice surface with an environmental scanning electron microscope at higher pressures and temperatures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:5441-5447. [PMID: 24761934 DOI: 10.1021/la500334e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Observation of a uranyl-salt brine layer on an ice surface using backscattered electron detection and ice surface morphology using secondary-electron detection under equilibrium conditions was facilitated using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) at temperatures above 250 K and pressures of hundreds of Pa. The micrographs of a brine layer over ice grains prepared by either slow or shock freezing provided a complementary picture of the contaminated ice grain boundaries. Fluorescence spectroscopy of the uranyl ions in the brine layer confirmed that the species exists predominately in the solvated state under experimental conditions of ESEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Krausko
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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