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Abstract
Gandharan art developed in the Himalayan area in the early centuries CE. It has been investigated mostly from an iconographic point of view, missing, until very recently, a systematic technical investigation of materials and techniques. Recently our team began performing chemical analyses of the traces of the polychromy originally covering statues, reliefs and architectural decorations, to discover the ancient painting techniques and artistic technologies. This paper presents the results of the analytical investigation (optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry) of pigments, ground layers and binders of a new group of samples taken from stucco architectural decorations (2nd–3rd/4th centuries CE). The samples were collected directly at an archaeological site in the Swat Valley, ensuring the exact knowledge of their stratigraphic provenance, as well as the absence of any restoration treatment applied prior sampling. The results are discussed in the wider context of Gandharan polychromy investigated so far by our team, as found in sculptures and architectural decorations preserved in museums (in Italy and France) and in archaeological excavations in Pakistan. The aim of this research is to shed light on the materials and techniques of this Buddhist ancient art from this region and on the influences exerted on it from Eastern and Western artistic traditions.
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Li Q, Zhu C, Deng B, Ma W, Zheng H, Zhou Y, Peng Z, Hu Z, Wang B. Development of Immunochromatographic Strip Assays Based on a Tailored Monoclonal Antibody for the on-Site Characterization of Ancient Silk. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1843173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengyu Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bozhi Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hailing Zheng
- Key Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqin Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwen Hu
- Institute of Conservation Materials, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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Wu M, Zou X, Zhang B, Zhao F, Xie Z. Immunological Methods for the Detection of Binders in Ancient Tibetan Murals. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:822-829. [PMID: 31023391 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tibetan mural samples from the Jiazhaer mountain cave were studied using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM). Samples containing protein binders were first identified using ELISA, and then IFM was used to determine the location of protein binders. Using these methods, we discovered gelatin and casein in samples from wall murals, distributed in both red and black pigments. We excluded the possibility of contamination by conducting further experiments where simulated samples were spiked with milk. We conclude that both gelatin and casein were used as binders in the pigments of the Tibetan Buddhist murals in the Jiazhaer (Transliteration from Tibetan) mountain cave. This is the first evidence of casein being used as a binder in Chinese mural pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- Department of Chemistry,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,China
| | - Xinhui Zou
- Department of Chemistry,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,China
| | - Bingjian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Sichuan Provincial Institute of Antiquity and Archaeology,Chengdu 310014,China
| | - Zhenbin Xie
- Sichuan Provincial Institute of Antiquity and Archaeology,Chengdu 310014,China
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Wang B, Gu J, Chen B, Xu C, Zheng H, Peng Z, Zhou Y, Hu Z. Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Gold-Labelled Immunochromatographic Strip Assay for the Detection of Ancient Wool. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:2641624. [PMID: 29967710 PMCID: PMC6008753 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2641624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of ancient wool is of great importance in archaeology. Despite lots of meaningful information can be achieved by conventional detection methods, that is, light and electron microscopy, spectroscopy, and chromatography, the efficacy is likely to be limited in the detection of ancient samples with contamination or severe degradation. In this work, an immunoassay was proposed and performed for the identification of ancient wool. First, a specific antibody, which has the benefits of low cost, easy operation, and extensive applicability, was developed directly through immunizing rabbits with complete antigen (keratin). Then, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a colloidal gold-labelled immunochromatographic strip (ICS) were developed to qualitatively identify the corresponding protein in ancient wool samples unearthed from Kazakhstan and China. The anti-keratin antibody exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for the identification of modern and ancient wool. The limit of detection (LOD) of the ELISA method was 10 ng/mL, and no cross-reactions with other interfering antigens have been noted. It is concluded that the immunoassays are reliable methods for the identification of ancient wool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jincui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Boyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chengfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hailing Zheng
- Key Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - Zhiqin Peng
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - Zhiwen Hu
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Wu M, Zhang B, Sun G, Jiang L. Determination of lacquer contained in samples of cultural relics by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00831g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As an environmentally friendly natural polymer material, lacquer is durable, anti-bacterial, corrosion-resistant and decorative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Bingjian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
- Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology
| | - Guoping Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Antiquity and Archaeology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Leping Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Antiquity and Archaeology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
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Liu Y, Li Y, Chang R, Zheng H, Li M, Hu Z, Zhou Y, Wang B. Identification of Proteinaceous Binders in Ancient Tripitaka by the Use of an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:735-40. [PMID: 27396653 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteinaceous materials, such as ovabumin and collagen, were commonly used as binding media, and as adhesives and protective coatings. However, the identification of ancient proteinaceous binders is a great challenge for archaeologists, due to their limited sample size, complex combinations of various ingredients and reduced availability of the binder during the process of protein degradation. In this paper, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) provides to be a particularly promising method for the detection of proteinaceous binding materials in ancient relics. The present work focused on the specific identification of proteins in archaeological binders, which was brushed on the Tripitaka. Two samples, the adhesion area (S1) and the ink area (S2), were tested by ELISA. The results showed that both S1 and S2 reacted positively when treated with an anti-collagen-I antibody. It proved the existence of proteinaceous binders in Ancient Tripitaka, and the percentage of collagen in S1 and S2 was 61.44 and 15.4%, respectively. Compared with other conventional techniques, ELISA has advantages of high specificity, sensitivity, rapidity and low cost, making it especially suitable for the protein detection in the archaeological field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
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