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Gala R, Al Sammarraie M, Padilla RS, Zhou Z, Neely AL, Kinaia BM. Digitally guided root removal and simultaneous implant placement: A case study. Clin Adv Periodontics 2024. [PMID: 38708920 DOI: 10.1002/cap.10292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encountering a retained root tip post-extraction and prior to implant placement is a possible clinical complication. There are numerous approaches for removing retained roots that may be traumatic or atraumatic. Regardless of the approach, careful treatment planning is important to minimize complications, reduce morbidity, and preserve bony structures. The aim of the current case study is to introduce a technique and digitally generated device used for identifying and atraumatically removing a retained root tip and simultaneously placing a stable dental implant. METHODS A 63-year-old female with a history of myocardial infarction, hypertension, and acute pancreatitis presented for implant placement at site #5. Clinical examination revealed adequate interocclusal, mesiodistal, and buccolingual dimensions for implant placement. Radiographic examination using cone beam computed tomography revealed that retained root #5 interfered with implant placement. Digital planning was used to extract the root tip with minimal trauma to maintain adequate bone for simultaneous implant placement with good primary stability. RESULTS The follow-ups at 1, 3, and 6 weeks and 4, 8, and 10 months revealed good bone preservation with an osseointegrated implant. CONCLUSIONS Employment of digital planning to create a palatal window allowed excellent accuracy in removing the retained root while maintaining the bony foundation for a well osseointegrated dental implant. KEY POINTS Pre-planning using cone beam computed tomography scan merged with an intraoral digital scan is necessary for precise location of a retained root and correct implant placement with excellent primary stability. A digitally planned 3D surgical guide is a useful method for extracting retained roots during implant placement to minimize bone damage. Digital planning provides a precise and minimally invasive implant surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roksolana Gala
- Division of Graduate Studies, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Mohammed Al Sammarraie
- Division of Graduate Studies, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Rocio Sanchez Padilla
- Division of Graduate Studies, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Division of Graduate Studies, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Private Practice, Sterling Heights, Michigan, USA
| | - Anthony L Neely
- Division of Graduate Studies, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Private Practice, Southfield, Michigan, USA
| | - Bassam M Kinaia
- Division of Graduate Studies, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Private Practice, Sterling Heights, Michigan, USA
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2
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Xiao L, Guo J, Wang H, He Q, Xu Y, Yuan L, Yi Q, Zhang Q, Wang J, Min S, Zhao M, Xin X, Chen H. Thermal damage and the prognostic evaluation of laser ablation of bone tissue-a review. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:205. [PMID: 37676517 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03868-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of scientists have focused on conducting experiments on laser ablation of bone tissue. The purpose of this study was to summarize the prognosis of tissue and the extent of thermal damage in past hard tissue ablation experiments, and review the evidence for the feasibility of laser osteotomy in surgery. An electronic search of PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Web of Science (WOS) for relevant English-language articles published through June 2023 was conducted. This review includes 48 literature reports on laser ablation of hard tissues from medical and biological perspectives. It summarizes previous studies in which the ideal ablation rate, depth of ablation, and minimal damage to bone tissue and surrounding soft tissues were achieved by changing the laser type, optimizing the laser parameter settings, or adding adjuvant devices. By observing their post-operative healing and inflammatory response, this review aims to provide a better understanding of pulsed laser ablation of hard tissues. Previous studies suggest that laser osteotomy has yielded encouraging results in bone resection procedures. We believe that low or even no thermal damage can be achieved by experimentally selecting a suitable laser type, optimizing laser parameters such as pulse duration and frequency, or adding additional auxiliary cooling devices. However, the lack of clinical studies makes it difficult to conclusively determine whether laser osteotomy is superior in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyi Xiao
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Junli Guo
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209, China
- Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Ophthalmology Department, Eastern Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Qianxiong He
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Ophthalmology Department, Eastern Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
- Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Lu Yuan
- Ophthalmology Department, Eastern Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
- Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Qianya Yi
- Ophthalmology Department, Eastern Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
- Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- West China Forth University Hospital Ophthalmology Department, Chengdu, 610044, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209, China
- Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209, China
| | - Shaokun Min
- Qianjiang Xinhua Middle School, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Menghan Zhao
- Pujiang County People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611630, China
| | - Xiaorong Xin
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
- Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, China.
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection, Chengdu, 610209, China.
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Effect of the Piezoelectric Device on Intraoperative Hemorrhage Control and Quality of Life after Endodontic Microsurgery: A Randomized Clinical Study. J Endod 2021; 47:1052-1060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Naderi A, Zhang B, Belgodere JA, Sunder K, Palardy G. Improved Biocompatible, Flexible Mesh Composites for Implant Applications via Hydroxyapatite Coating with Potential for 3-Dimensional Extracellular Matrix Network and Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:26824-26840. [PMID: 34097380 PMCID: PMC8289173 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated metals are biocompatible composites, which have potential for various applications for bone replacement and regeneration in the human body. In this study, we proposed the design of biocompatible, flexible composite implants by using a metal mesh as substrate and HA coating as bone regenerative stimulant derived from a simple sol-gel method. Experiments were performed to understand the effect of coating method (dip-coating and drop casting), substrate material (titanium and stainless steel) and substrate mesh characteristics (mesh size, weave pattern) on implant's performance. HA-coated samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, transmission electron microscope, field-emission scanning electron microscope, nanoindenter, polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and biocompatibility test. Pure or biphasic nanorod HA coating was obtained on mesh substrates with thicknesses varying from 4.0 to 7.9 μm. Different coating procedures and number of layers did not affect crystal structure, shape, or most intense plane reflections of the HA coating. Moduli of elasticity below 18.5 GPa were reported for HA-coated samples, falling within the range of natural skull bone. Coated samples led to at least 90% cell viability and up to 99.5% extracellular matrix coverage into a 3-dimensional network (16.4% to 76.5% higher than bare substrates). Fluorescent imaging showed no antagonistic effect of the coatings on osteogenic differentiation. Finer mesh size enhanced coating coverage and adhesion, but a low number of HA layers was preferable to maintain open mesh areas promoting extracellular matrix formation. Finally, electrochemical behavior studies revealed that, although corrosion protection for HA-coated samples was generally higher than bare samples, galvanic corrosion occurred on some samples. Overall, the results indicated that while HA-coated titanium grade 1 showed the best performance as a potential implant, HA-coated stainless steel 316 with the finest mesh size constitutes an adequate, lower cost alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armaghan Naderi
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jorge A. Belgodere
- Department
of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Kaushik Sunder
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Genevieve Palardy
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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Gabrić D, Aumiler D, Vuletić M, Gjorgievska E, Blašković M, Mladenov M, Pavlić V. Thermal Evaluation by Infrared Thermography Measurement of Osteotomies Performed with Er:YAG Laser, Piezosurgery and Surgical Drill-An Animal Study. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113051. [PMID: 34205094 PMCID: PMC8199930 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The bone healing process following osteotomy may vary according to the type of surgical instrumentation. The aim of the present in vivo study was to determine thermal changes of the bone tissue following osteotomies performed by Er:YAG laser ablation in contact and non-contact modes, piezoelectric surgery, and surgical drill using an infrared thermographic camera. For each measurement, the temperature before the osteotomy-baseline (Tbase) and the maximal temperature measured during osteotomy (Tmax) were determined. Mean temperature (ΔT) values were calculated for each osteotomy technique. The significance of the difference of the registered temperature between groups was assessed by the ANOVA test for repeated measures. Mean baseline temperature (Tbase) was 27.9 ± 0.3 °C for contact Er:YAG laser, 29.9 ± 0.3 °C for non-contact Er:YAG laser, 29.4 ± 0.3 °C for piezosurgery, and 28.3 ± 0.3 °C for surgical drill. Mean maximum temperature (Tmax) was 29.9 ± 0.5 °C (ΔT = 1.9 ± 0.3 °C) for contact Er:YAG laser, 79.1 ± 4.6 °C (ΔT = 49.1 ± 4.4 °C) for non-contact Er:YAG laser, 29.1 ± 0.2 °C (ΔT = −0.2 ± 0.3 °C) for piezosurgery, and 27.3 ± 0.4 °C (ΔT = −0.9 ± 0.4 °C) for surgical drill. Statistically significant temperature changes were observed for the non-contact laser. The results of the study showed beneficial effects of the osteotomy performed by the Er:YAG laser used in the contact mode of working as well as for piezosurgery, reducing the potential overheating of the bone tissue as determined by means of infrared thermography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Gabrić
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Center, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | | | - Marko Vuletić
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Center, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Elizabeta Gjorgievska
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Marko Blašković
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Center, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Mitko Mladenov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Verica Pavlić
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
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Zhang J, Guan K, Zhang Z, Guan Y. In vitro evaluation of ultrafast laser drilling large-size holes on sheepshank bone. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:25528-25544. [PMID: 32907071 DOI: 10.1364/oe.396727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bone drilling has been widely used in medical surgeries such as repair and fixation in orthopedics. Traditional drilling method using drill-bits inevitably causes significant thermal and mechanical trauma in the adjacent bone tissues. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of femtosecond laser drilling in vitro large-size holes on the sheepshank bone with high efficiency and minimal collateral damage. A Yb:KGW femtosecond laser was utilized to drill millimeter-scale holes on the bone under different cooling conditions including gas- and water-assisted processes. Scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and infrared thermographic imaging system were used to investigate the residual debris, removal rate, bone temperature variation and hole morphology. Histological examination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were employed to study thermal damage. Results show that a 4 mm hole with smooth and clean surface was successfully drilled on the bone, and the highest removal rate of 0.99 mm3/s was achieved, which was twenty times higher than the previous study of 0.05 mm3/s. Moreover, bone and bone marrow were distinguished by real-time monitoring system during laser drilling. This work demonstrates the potential for clinical applications using an ultrafast laser to produce crack-free large-size bone holes.
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7
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Bone microRNA-21 as surgical stress parameter is associated with third molar postoperative discomfort. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:319-328. [PMID: 32495225 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate an association between bone levels of inflammation/oxidative stress mediators and postoperative discomfort after third molar conventional or piezosurgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-six subjects with bilaterally impacted mandibular third molars, who underwent either piezo or conventional surgery, were included in a split-mouth design study. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) expression, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) proteins, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in alveolar bone, were evaluated. Pain intensity, the first pain appearance, analgesic first use and total dose taken, trismus, and swelling were clinically recorded. RESULTS MiR-21 expression was higher while VEGF protein was lower in piezosurgery vs. conventional groups. The differences in IL-1β protein and SOD activity were not significant between groups. The pain intensity on the first day was significantly decreased in piezosurgery group. The first pain appearance and the first analgesic taken were reported sooner in conventional vs. piezosurgical group. Significantly pronounced trismus on the third day following conventional surgery was found. In conventional group, significantly increased trismus was observed on the third compared to the first postoperative day. MiR-21 showed significant correlation with the first pain appearance. CONCLUSION Delayed onset of less pronounced postoperative pain after piezosurgical vs. conventional extraction of impacted lower third molar was significantly associated with expression of bone miR-21. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Alveolar bone miR-21 may reflect surgical stress and is associated with third molar postoperative pain onset.
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8
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Pantawane MV, Ho YH, Robertson WB, Khan RJK, Fick DP, Dahotre NB. Thermal Assessment of Ex Vivo Laser Ablation of Cortical Bone. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2415-2426. [PMID: 33455309 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a potential osteotomy tool, laser ablation is expected to provide rapid machining of bone, while generating minimal thermal damage (carbonization) and physical attributes within the machined region conducive to healing. As these characteristics vary with laser parameters and modes of laser operation, the clinical trials and in vivo studies render it difficult to explore these aspects for optimization of the laser machining parameters. In light of this, the current work explores various thermal and microstructural aspects of laser-ablated cortical bone in ex vivo study to understand the fundamentals of laser-bone interaction using computational modeling. The study employs the Yb-fiber Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1064 nm) in the continuous wave mode to machine the femur section of bovine bone by a three-dimensional machining approach. The examination involved thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry, phase analysis using X-ray diffractometry, qualitative analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and microstructural and semiquantitative analysis using scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive spectrometry. The mechanism of efficient bone ablation using the Nd:YAG laser was evaluated using the computational thermokinetics outcome. The use of high laser fluence (10.61 J/mm2) was observed to be efficient to reduce the residual amorphous carbon in the heat-affected zone while achieving removal of the desired volume of the bone material at a rapid rate. Minimal thermal effects were predicted through computational simulation and were validated with the experimental outcome. In addition, this work reveals the in situ formation of a scaffold-like structure in the laser-machined region which can be conducive during healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangesh V Pantawane
- Laboratory for Laser Aided Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing, Virtual Center for Advanced Orthopedics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle-305310, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Yee-Hsien Ho
- Laboratory for Laser Aided Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing, Virtual Center for Advanced Orthopedics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle-305310, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - William B Robertson
- Laboratory for Laser Aided Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing, Virtual Center for Advanced Orthopedics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle-305310, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States.,Australian Institute of Robotics Orthopedics, 2 Centro Avenue, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia.,Department of Computing School of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Riaz J K Khan
- Laboratory for Laser Aided Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing, Virtual Center for Advanced Orthopedics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle-305310, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States.,Australian Institute of Robotics Orthopedics, 2 Centro Avenue, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia.,Department of Computing School of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.,The Joint Studio, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Daniel P Fick
- Laboratory for Laser Aided Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing, Virtual Center for Advanced Orthopedics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle-305310, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States.,Australian Institute of Robotics Orthopedics, 2 Centro Avenue, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia.,Department of Computing School of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.,The Joint Studio, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Narendra B Dahotre
- Laboratory for Laser Aided Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing, Virtual Center for Advanced Orthopedics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle-305310, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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Evolution of surface morphology of Er:YAG laser-machined human bone. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 35:1477-1485. [PMID: 31828574 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02927-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The extensive research on the laser machining of the bone has been, so far, restricted to drilling and cutting that is one- and two-dimensional machining, respectively. In addition, the surface morphology of the laser machined region has rarely been explored in detail. In view of this, the current work employed three-dimensional laser machining of human bone and reports the distinct surface morphology produced within a laser machined region of human bone. Three-dimensional laser machining was carried out using multiple partially overlapped pulses and laser tracks with a separation of 0.3 mm between the centers of consecutive laser tracks to remove a bulk volume of the bone. In this study, a diode-pumped pulse Er:YAG laser (λ = 2940 nm) was employed with continuously sprayed chilled water at the irradiation site. The resulting surface morphology evolved within the laser-machined region of the bone was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray micro-computed tomography. The distinct surface morphology involved cellular/channeled scaffold structure characterized by interconnected pores surrounded by solid ridges, produced within a laser machined region of human structural bone. Underlying physical phenomena responsible for evolution of such morphology have been proposed and explained with the help of a thermokinetic model.
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Shah FA, Ruscsák K, Palmquist A. 50 years of scanning electron microscopy of bone-a comprehensive overview of the important discoveries made and insights gained into bone material properties in health, disease, and taphonomy. Bone Res 2019; 7:15. [PMID: 31123620 PMCID: PMC6531483 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is an architecturally complex system that constantly undergoes structural and functional optimisation through renewal and repair. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is among the most frequently used instruments for examining bone. It offers the key advantage of very high spatial resolution coupled with a large depth of field and wide field of view. Interactions between incident electrons and atoms on the sample surface generate backscattered electrons, secondary electrons, and various other signals including X-rays that relay compositional and topographical information. Through selective removal or preservation of specific tissue components (organic, inorganic, cellular, vascular), their individual contribution(s) to the overall functional competence can be elucidated. With few restrictions on sample geometry and a variety of applicable sample-processing routes, a given sample may be conveniently adapted for multiple analytical methods. While a conventional SEM operates at high vacuum conditions that demand clean, dry, and electrically conductive samples, non-conductive materials (e.g., bone) can be imaged without significant modification from the natural state using an environmental scanning electron microscope. This review highlights important insights gained into bone microstructure and pathophysiology, bone response to implanted biomaterials, elemental analysis, SEM in paleoarchaeology, 3D imaging using focused ion beam techniques, correlative microscopy and in situ experiments. The capacity to image seamlessly across multiple length scales within the meso-micro-nano-continuum, the SEM lends itself to many unique and diverse applications, which attest to the versatility and user-friendly nature of this instrument for studying bone. Significant technological developments are anticipated for analysing bone using the SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furqan A. Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Krisztina Ruscsák
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmquist
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Gürkan A, Tekdal GP, Bostancı N, Belibasakis GN. Cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor levels in peri‐implant sulcus during wound healing and osseointegration after piezosurgical versus conventional implant site preparation: Randomized, controlled, split‐mouth trial. J Periodontol 2018; 90:616-626. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gürkan
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of Dentistry, Ege University Izmir Turkey
| | - Gözde Peker Tekdal
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of Dentistry, Ege University Izmir Turkey
- Department of PeriodontologyKarşıyaka Oral and Dental Health Center Izmir Turkey
| | - Nagihan Bostancı
- Division of Oral DiseasesDepartment of Dental MedicineKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Center of Dental MedicineUniversity of Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Georgios N. Belibasakis
- Division of Oral DiseasesDepartment of Dental MedicineKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Center of Dental MedicineUniversity of Zürich Zürich Switzerland
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12
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Troedhan A, Mahmoud ZT, Wainwright M, Khamis MM. Cutting bone with drills, burs, lasers and piezotomes: A comprehensive systematic review and recommendations for the clinician. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.17352/2455-4634.000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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