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Yates JR. Quantifying conditioned place preference: a review of current analyses and a proposal for a novel approach. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1256764. [PMID: 37693282 PMCID: PMC10484009 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1256764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Conditioned place preference (CPP) is used to measure the conditioned rewarding effects of a stimulus, including food, drugs, and social interaction. Because various analytic approaches can be used to quantify CPP, this can make direct comparisons across studies difficult. Common methods for analyzing CPP involve comparing the time spent in the CS+ compartment (e.g., compartment paired with drug) at posttest to the time spent in the CS+ compartment at pretest or to the CS- compartment (e.g., compartment paired with saline) at posttest. Researchers can analyze the time spent in the compartment(s), or they can calculate a difference score [(CS+post - CS+pre) or (CS+post - CS-post)] or a preference ratio (e.g., CS+post/(CS+post + CS-post)). While each analysis yields results that are, overall, highly correlated, there are situations in which different analyses can lead to discrepant interpretations. The current paper discusses some of the limitations associated with current analytic approaches and proposes a novel method for quantifying CPP, the adjusted CPP score, which can help resolve the limitations associated with current approaches. The adjusted CPP score is applied to both hypothetical and previously published data. Another major topic covered in this paper is methodologies for determining if individual subjects have met criteria for CPP. The paper concludes by highlighting ways in which researchers can increase transparency and replicability in CPP studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Yates
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, United States
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2
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Naveed M, Tallat A, Butt A, Khalid M, Shehzadi M, Bashir N, Malik KKU, Tufail S, Nouroz F. Neuroproteomics in Paving the Pathway for Drug Abuse Research. CURR PROTEOMICS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164616666181127144621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroproteomics, as a sub-discipline of proteomics, has enlightened the pathway for the
study of different complicated diseases and brain disorders. Since four decades, various analytical and
quantitative techniques have been used to cure problems related to brain and memory. Brain has a
complex structure with various cells and cell types, the expressing proteins and suppressing factors too.
Drug addiction is one of the main health concerns as it causes physiological changes in brain and affects
its different parts. Some of these drugs like cocaine, marijuana, nicotine and alcohol not only
affect memory and brain cells but also lead to expression and suppression of unwanted and beneficial
proteins respectively. A variety of techniques involving separation techniques, quantification techniques
and analytical techniques are used along with the combination of bioinformatics and magical
tools for analyzing different aspects of brain parts especially proteome of the brain cells. Moreover,
different animal models preferably those resembling human beings are routinely used in neuroproteomics
to study the effects of different drugs on the brain proteome. Different experiments have already
been performed by the researchers on drug abuse that helped massively in estimating not only the effects
of drug addiction on the brain of highly complex organisms (human beings) but also to propose
different therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Attha Tallat
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Sialkot Sub campus, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Butt
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Sialkot Sub campus, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Maria Khalid
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Sialkot Sub campus, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Marium Shehzadi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Sialkot Sub campus, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Nida Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Sialkot Sub campus, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | | | - Shafia Tufail
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Sialkot Sub campus, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Nouroz
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
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3
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Further delineation between typical and atypical dopamine uptake inhibitors: effects on food-maintained behavior and food consumption. Behav Pharmacol 2016; 28:74-82. [PMID: 27926573 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present studies compared the acute effects of benztropine analogs (4-Cl-BZT, JHW 007, AHN 1-055), which are atypical dopamine uptake inhibitors, with those of the standard dopamine uptake inhibitors GBR 12909 and cocaine, on the reinforcing efficacy of food and food intake in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Repeated drug effects of JHW 007 on food intake were also determined. The number of ratios completed under a progressive-ratio schedule of food delivery was used as an index of reinforcing efficacy. Food intake was determined by measuring powdered laboratory-chow consumption during daily 40 min food-availability time periods. Under the progressive-ratio schedule, cocaine and GBR 12909 dose-dependently increased the number of ratios completed. JHW 007 decreased ratios completed, whereas neither 4-Cl-BZT nor AHN 1-055 increased ratios completed with a magnitude that approximated any of the increases produced by cocaine or GBR 12909. Acute administration of each drug dose-dependently decreased food intake; however, the benztropine analogs were more potent than cocaine and GBR 12909. A reduction in food intake emerged after repeated administration of a low dose of JHW 007. Future studies that compare JHW 007 with standard anorectic drugs (e.g. phentermine) and continue investigation of the repeated drug effects under similar experimental procedures are clearly warranted.
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Baracz SJ, Cornish JL. The neurocircuitry involved in oxytocin modulation of methamphetamine addiction. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 43:1-18. [PMID: 27546878 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of oxytocin in attenuating the abuse of licit and illicit drugs, including the psychostimulant methamphetamine, has been examined with increased ferocity in recent years. This is largely driven by the potential application of oxytocin as a pharmacotherapy. However, the neural mechanisms by which oxytocin modulates methamphetamine abuse are not well understood. Recent research identified an important role for the accumbens core and subthalamic nucleus in this process, which likely involves an interaction with dopamine, glutamate, GABA, and vasopressin. In addition to providing an overview of methamphetamine, the endogenous oxytocin system, and the effects of exogenous oxytocin on drug abuse, we propose a neural circuit through which exogenous oxytocin modulates methamphetamine abuse, focusing on its interaction with neurochemicals within the accumbens core and subthalamic nucleus. A growing understanding of exogenous oxytocin effects at a neurochemical and neurobiological level will assist in its evaluation as a pharmacotherapy for drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Baracz
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Jennifer L Cornish
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
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5
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Lander SS, Linder-Shacham D, Gaisler-Salomon I. Differential effects of social isolation in adolescent and adult mice on behavior and cortical gene expression. Behav Brain Res 2016; 316:245-254. [PMID: 27618762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intact function of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) function relies on proper development of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations and on integral myelination processes. Social isolation (SI) affects behavior and brain circuitry in adulthood, but previous rodent studies typically induced prolonged (post-weaning) exposure and failed to directly compare between the effects of SI in adolescent and adulthood. Here, we assessed the impact of a 3-week SI period, starting in mid-adolescence (around the onset of puberty) or adulthood, on a wide range of behaviors in adult male mice. Additionally, we asked whether adolescent SI would differentially affect the expression of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal markers and myelin-related genes in mPFC. Our findings indicate that mid-adolescent or adult SI increase anxiogenic behavior and locomotor activity. However, SI in adolescence uniquely affects the response to the psychotomimetic drug amphetamine, social and novelty exploration and performance in reversal and attentional set shifting tasks. Furthermore, adolescent but not adult SI increased the expression of glutamate markers in the adult mPFC. Our results imply that adolescent social deprivation is detrimental for normal development and may be particularly relevant to the investigation of developmental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon S Lander
- Haifa University, Psychology Dept., 199 Aba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Donna Linder-Shacham
- Haifa University, Psychology Dept., 199 Aba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Inna Gaisler-Salomon
- Haifa University, Psychology Dept., 199 Aba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; Columbia University, Neuroscience Dept., 1051 Riverside Drive 10032, USA.
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6
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Golovko AI, Bonitenko EY, Ivanov MB, Barinov VA, Zatsepin EP. The neurochemical bases of the pharmacological activity of ligands of monoamine-transport systems. NEUROCHEM J+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712416030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Selective activation of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 decreases cocaine's reinforcing efficacy and prevents cocaine-induced changes in brain reward thresholds. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 63:70-5. [PMID: 26048337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The newly discovered trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) has emerged as a promising target for medication development in stimulant addiction due to its ability to regulate dopamine (DA) function and modulate stimulants' effects. Recent findings indicate that TAAR1 activation blocks some of the abuse-related physiological and behavioral effects of cocaine. However, findings from existing self-administration studies are inconclusive due to the very limited range of cocaine unit doses tested. Here, in order to shed light on the influence of TAAR1 on cocaine's reward and reinforcement, we studied the effects of partial and full activation of TAAR1on (1) the dose-response curve for cocaine self-administration and (2) cocaine-induced changes in intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). In the first experiment, we examined the effects of the selective full and partial TAAR1 agonists, RO5256390 and RO5203648, on self-administration of five unit-injection doses of cocaine (0.03, 0.1, 0.2, 0.45, and 1mg/kg/infusion). Both agonists induced dose-dependent downward shifts in the cocaine dose-response curve, indicating that both partial and full TAAR1 activation decrease cocaine, reinforcing efficacy. In the second experiment, RO5256390 and the partial agonist, RO5263397, dose-dependently prevented cocaine-induced lowering of ICSS thresholds. Taken together, these data demonstrated that TAAR1 stimulation effectively suppresses the rewarding and reinforcing effects of cocaine in self-administration and ICSS models, supporting the candidacy of TAAR1 as a drug discovery target for cocaine addiction.
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8
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Cotter R, Pei Y, Mus L, Harmeier A, Gainetdinov RR, Hoener MC, Canales JJ. The trace amine-associated receptor 1 modulates methamphetamine's neurochemical and behavioral effects. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:39. [PMID: 25762894 PMCID: PMC4327507 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly discovered trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) has the ability to regulate both dopamine function and psychostimulant action. Here, we tested in rats the ability of RO5203648, a selective TAAR1 partial agonist, to modulate the physiological and behavioral effects of methamphetamine (METH). In experiment 1, RO5203468 dose- and time-dependently altered METH-induced locomotor activity, manifested as an early attenuation followed by a late potentiation of METH's stimulating effects. In experiment 2, rats received a 14-day treatment regimen during which RO5203648 was co-administered with METH. RO5203648 dose-dependently attenuated METH-stimulated hyperactivity, with the effects becoming more apparent as the treatments progressed. After chronic exposure and 3-day withdrawal, rats were tested for locomotor sensitization. RO5203648 administration during the sensitizing phase prevented the development of METH sensitization. However, RO5203648, at the high dose, cross-sensitized with METH. In experiment 3, RO5203648 dose-dependently blocked METH self-administration without affecting operant responding maintained by sucrose, and exhibited lack of reinforcing efficacy when tested as a METH's substitute. Neurochemical data showed that RO5203648 did not affect METH-mediated DA efflux and uptake inhibition in striatal synaptosomes. In vivo, however, RO5203648 was able to transiently inhibit METH-induced accumulation of extracellular DA levels in the nucleus accumbens. Taken together, these data highlight the significant potential of TAAR1 to modulate METH's neurochemical and behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Cotter
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Yue Pei
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand ; Behavioural Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Leicester Leicester, UK
| | - Liudmila Mus
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genoa, Italy
| | - Anja Harmeier
- Neuroscience Research, Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genoa, Italy ; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia ; Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marius C Hoener
- Neuroscience Research, Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juan J Canales
- Behavioural Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Leicester Leicester, UK
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9
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Kohut SJ, Hiranita T, Hong SK, Ebbs AL, Tronci V, Green J, Garcés-Ramírez L, Chun LE, Mereu M, Newman AH, Katz JL, Tanda G. Preference for distinct functional conformations of the dopamine transporter alters the relationship between subjective effects of cocaine and stimulation of mesolimbic dopamine. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:802-9. [PMID: 24853388 PMCID: PMC4353924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective effects of cocaine are mediated primarily by dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) blockade. The present study assessed the hypothesis that different DAT conformational equilibria regulate differences in cocaine-like subjective effects and extracellular DA induced by diverse DA-uptake inhibitors (DUIs). METHODS The relationship between cocaine-like subjective effects and stimulation of mesolimbic DA levels by standard DUIs (cocaine, methylphenidate, WIN35,428) and atypical DUIs (benztropine analogs: AHN1-055, AHN2-005, JHW007) was investigated using cocaine discrimination and DA microdialysis procedures in rats. RESULTS All drugs stimulated DA levels with different maxima and time courses. Standard DUIs, which preferentially bind outward-facing DAT conformations, fully substituted for cocaine, consistently producing cocaine-like subjective effects at DA levels of 100-125% over basal values, regardless of dose or pretreatment time. The atypical DUIs, with DAT binding minimally affected by DAT conformation, produced inconsistent cocaine-like subjective effects. Full effects were obtained, if at all, only at a few doses and pretreatment times and at DA levels 600-700% greater than basal values. Importantly, the linear, time-independent, relationship between cocaine-like subjective effects and DA stimulation obtained with standard DUIs was not obtained with the atypical DUIs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a time-related desensitization process underlying the reduced cocaine subjective effects of atypical DUIs that may be differentially induced by the binding modalities identified using molecular approaches. Since the DAT is the target of several drugs for treating neuropsychiatric disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, these results help to identify safe and effective medications with minimal cocaine-like subjective effects that contribute to abuse liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Kohut
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Soo-Kyung Hong
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Aaron L Ebbs
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Valeria Tronci
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer Green
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Linda Garcés-Ramírez
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Lauren E Chun
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maddalena Mereu
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy H Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Sections, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland; Medications Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan L Katz
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland; Medications Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland.
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10
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Hamilton J, Lee J, Canales JJ. Chronic unilateral stimulation of the nucleus accumbens at high or low frequencies attenuates relapse to cocaine seeking in an animal model. Brain Stimul 2014; 8:57-63. [PMID: 25457212 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a form of neurosurgical intervention that is used to modulate the electrophysiological activity of specific brain areas, has emerged as a form of therapy for severe cases of treatment-refractory addiction. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Recent research suggests that the nucleus accumbens (NAC) is a promising target area for DBS in addiction. The current experiments were designed to determine optimal parameters of stimulation and long-term efficacy of NAC DBS in an animal model of cocaine addiction. METHODS Rats were implanted with a stimulating electrode in the right NAC and exposed to chronic cocaine self-administration (0.5 mg/kg/infusion). Rats underwent drug seeking tests by exposing them to the self-administration context paired with cocaine challenge (5 mg/kg i.p.) on days 1, 15 and 30 after withdrawal from cocaine self-administration. Low-frequency (LF, 20 Hz) or high-frequency (HF, 160 Hz) DBS was applied for 30 min daily for 14 consecutive days starting one day after drug withdrawal. RESULTS Rats exhibited robust drug-seeking 1, 15 and 30 days after withdrawal from cocaine self-administration, with responding being highest on day 15. Both LF and HF attenuated cocaine seeking on day 15 post-withdrawal by 36 and 48%, respectively. Both forms of stimulation were ineffective on the tests conducted on days 1 and 30. CONCLUSION The present data showed that unilateral DBS of the NAC effectively attenuated cocaine relapse after 15 days of drug withdrawal, with therapeutic-like effects seemingly diminishing after DBS discontinuation. This evidence provides support for DBS as a promising intervention in intractable cases of stimulant addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J J Canales
- School of Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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11
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Velázquez-Sánchez C, Ferragud A, Moore CF, Everitt BJ, Sabino V, Cottone P. High trait impulsivity predicts food addiction-like behavior in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2463-72. [PMID: 24776685 PMCID: PMC4138758 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity is a behavioral trait frequently seen not only in drug-addicted individuals but also in individuals who pathologically overeat. However, whether impulsivity predates the development of uncontrollable feeding is unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that a high impulsivity trait precedes and confers vulnerability for food addiction-like behavior. For this purpose, we trained ad libitum-fed male Wistar rats in a differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) task to select Low- and High-impulsive rats. Then, we allowed Low- and High-impulsive rats to self-administer a highly palatable diet (Palatable group) or a regular chow diet (Chow group) in 1-h daily sessions, under fixed ratio (FR) 1, FR3, FR5, and under a progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement. In addition, we tested the compulsiveness for food in Low- and High-impulsive rats by measuring the food eaten in the aversive, open compartment of a light/dark conflict test. Finally, we measured the expression of the transcription factor ΔFosB in the shell and the core of the nucleus accumbens, which is a marker for neuroadaptive changes following addictive drug exposure. The data we obtained demonstrate that impulsivity is a trait that predicts the development of food addiction-like behaviors, including: (i) excessive intake, (ii) heightened motivation for food, and (iii) compulsive-like eating, when rats are given access to highly palatable food. In addition, we show that the food addiction phenotype in high impulsive subjects is characterized by an increased expression of the transcription factor ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens shell. These results reveal that impulsivity confers an increased propensity to develop uncontrollable overeating of palatable food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Velázquez-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio Ferragud
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine F Moore
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barry J Everitt
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valentina Sabino
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pietro Cottone
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord Street, R-618, Boston, MA 02118, USA, Tel: +1 617 638 5662, E-mail:
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12
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Ruffle JK. Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2014; 40:428-37. [PMID: 25083822 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2014.933840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor ΔFosB is upregulated in numerous brain regions following repeated drug exposure. This induction is likely to, at least in part, be responsible for the mechanisms underlying addiction, a disorder in which the regulation of gene expression is thought to be essential. In this review, we describe and discuss the proposed role of ΔFosB as well as the implications of recent findings. The expression of ΔFosB displays variability dependent on the administered substance, showing region-specificity for different drug stimuli. This transcription factor is understood to act via interaction with Jun family proteins and the formation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) complexes. Once AP-1 complexes are formed, a multitude of molecular pathways are initiated, causing genetic, molecular and structural alterations. Many of these molecular changes identified are now directly linked to the physiological and behavioral changes observed following chronic drug exposure. In addition, ΔFosB induction is being considered as a biomarker for the evaluation of potential therapeutic interventions for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Ruffle
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
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13
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Ferragud A, Velázquez-Sánchez C, Canales JJ. Modulation of methamphetamine's locomotor stimulation and self-administration by JHW 007, an atypical dopamine reuptake blocker. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 731:73-9. [PMID: 24675149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
JHW 007 [N-(n-butil)-3α-[bis(4'-fluorophenil)methoxi]-tropane] belongs to the family of N-substituted benztropine (BZT) analogs, atypical dopamine transporter (DAT) blockers that are able to strongly modulate cocaine- and amphetamine-related behavior. In the present study, we tested in rats the ability of JHW 007 to alter the stimulant and reinforcing properties of methamphetamine (METH) using locomotor activity, fixed ratio and progressive ratio (PR) self-administration tests. The results showed that JHW 007 attenuated METH-induced locomotor stimulation in a dose-dependent manner and had no stimulant effects when administered alone. The BZT analog, given as a pre-treatment, attenuated METH self-administration without affecting responding for sucrose. In the PR tests JHW 007 produced an increase of the breaking point achieved for both METH- and sucrose self-administration, suggesting that the ability of the BZT analog to reduce self-administration may be linked to its ability to enhance the reinforcing properties of METH. Taken together, these data suggest that DAT inhibition with a high affinity blocker such as JHW 007 can exert differential effects on METH-associated behaviors, reducing METH-induced motor stimulation but augmenting METH׳s reinforcing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ferragud
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - C Velázquez-Sánchez
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J J Canales
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Engelmann AJ, Aparicio MB, Kim A, Sobieraj JC, Yuan CJ, Grant Y, Mandyam CD. Chronic wheel running reduces maladaptive patterns of methamphetamine intake: regulation by attenuation of methamphetamine-induced neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 219:657-72. [PMID: 23443965 PMCID: PMC3702684 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether prior exposure to chronic wheel running (WR) alters maladaptive patterns of excessive and escalating methamphetamine intake under extended access conditions, and intravenous methamphetamine self-administration-induced neurotoxicity. Adult rats were given access to WR or no wheel (sedentary) in their home cage for 6 weeks. A set of WR rats were injected with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to determine WR-induced changes in proliferation (2-h old) and survival (28-day old) of hippocampal progenitors. Another set of WR rats were withdrawn (WRw) or continued (WRc) to have access to running wheels in their home cages during self-administration days. Following self-administration [6 h/day], rats were tested on the progressive ratio (PR) schedule. Following PR, BrdU was injected to determine levels of proliferating progenitors (2-h old). WRc rats self-administered significantly less methamphetamine than sedentary rats during acquisition and escalation sessions, and demonstrated reduced motivation for methamphetamine seeking. Methamphetamine reduced daily running activity of WRc rats compared with that of pre-methamphetamine days. WRw rats self-administered significantly more methamphetamine than sedentary rats during acquisition, an effect that was not observed during escalation and PR sessions. WR-induced beneficial effects on methamphetamine self-administration were not attributable to neuroplasticity effects in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, but were attributable to WR-induced inhibition of methamphetamine-induced increases in the number of neuronal nitric oxide synthase expressing neurons and apoptosis in the nucleus accumbens shell. Our results demonstrate that WR prevents methamphetamine-induced damage to forebrain neurons to provide a beneficial effect on drug-taking behavior. Importantly, WR-induced neuroprotective effects are transient and continued WR activity is necessary to prevent compulsive methamphetamine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Engelmann
- Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark B. Aparicio
- Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Airee Kim
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery C. Sobieraj
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Clara J. Yuan
- Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yanabel Grant
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chitra D. Mandyam
- Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Baracz SJ, Cornish JL. Oxytocin modulates dopamine-mediated reward in the rat subthalamic nucleus. Horm Behav 2013; 63:370-5. [PMID: 23238104 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STh) is increasingly recognized as an important region involved in the motivation for drug reward. It is not yet known if dopamine, the neurotransmitter primarily responsible for reward signaling, is also involved in mediating reward-related activity in the STh. The neuropeptide oxytocin acts within the STh to reduce the rewarding effects of the psychostimulant methamphetamine, through a proposed interaction with dopamine. However, the mechanisms of this interaction are unclear. The current study aimed to determine whether (i) dopamine microinjected into the STh would result in a significant place preference following a single-trial conditioning session, (ii) co-administered dopamine receptor antagonist would block the formation of a conditioned place preference (CPP) for dopamine, (iii) co-administered oxytocin would prevent CPP for dopamine and (iv) whether the selective oxytocin antagonist desGly-NH(2),d(CH(2))(5)[D-Tyr(2),Thr(4)]OVT, when co-administered with oxytocin and dopamine, would reverse the effects of oxytocin and result in a CPP for dopamine. Results showed that male Sprague Dawley rats i) formed a preference for the context paired with dopamine (100 nmol/side) administration into the STh, which was prevented by co-administration of ii) the mixed dopamine receptor antagonist fluphenazine (10 nmol/side) or iii) oxytocin (0.6 pmol/side), [corrected] with the oxytocin effect on dopamine CPP reversed by the co-administration of the oxytocin receptor antagonist (3 nmol/side). These data suggest that dopamine neurotransmission in the STh produces rewarding effects that can be reduced by activation of local oxytocin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Baracz
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
As a widely used intravenous short-acting anesthetic, propofol is recently indicated by clinical and animal studies for its abuse potential, but the mechanism underlying propofol abuse is largely unknown. This study examined the contribution of dopamine receptor subtype (D1 and D2 receptors) and neuroanatomical locus (i.e. nuclear accumbens) in the maintenance of propofol self-administration in rats. After the acquisition and maintenance of self-administration of propofol (1.7 mg/kg/infusion) under a fixed ratio (FR1) schedule of reinforcement over 14 days, rats were treated by either intraperitoneal injection or intra-nucleus accumbens (NAc) injection of D1 receptor antagonist (SCH23390) or D2 receptor antagonists (spiperone and eticlopride) 10 min prior to the subsequent propofol self-administration. We demonstrated (i) systemic administration of SCH23390 (10, 30, 100 μg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently decreased the rate of propofol-maintained self-administration, suggesting a critical role of the D1 receptor in mediating propofol self-administration; (ii) the blockade of the propofol self-administration by SCH23390 was specific since spiperone and eticlopride did not affect propofol self-administration and SCH23390 at these doses did not affect food-maintained responding under an FR5 schedule; (iii) intra-accumbenal injection of SCH23390 (2.5 μg/site) but not eticopride (3.0 μg/site) attenuated the propofol self-administration, localizing nuclear accumbal D1 receptors as a critical locus in the reinforcement of propofol. Together, these findings provide the first direct evidence that D1 receptors in nuclear accumbens play an important role in the maintenance of propofol self-administration.
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