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Depression-Associated Gene Negr1-Fgfr2 Pathway Is Altered by Antidepressant Treatment. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081818. [PMID: 32751911 PMCID: PMC7464991 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Negr1 gene has been significantly associated with major depression in genetic studies. Negr1 encodes for a cell adhesion molecule cleaved by the protease Adam10, thus activating Fgfr2 and promoting neuronal spine plasticity. We investigated whether antidepressants modulate the expression of genes belonging to Negr1-Fgfr2 pathway in Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats, in a corticosterone-treated mouse model of depression, and in mouse primary neurons. Negr1 and Adam10 were the genes mostly affected by antidepressant treatment, and in opposite directions. Negr1 was down-regulated by escitalopram in the hypothalamus of FSL rats, by fluoxetine in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of corticosterone-treated mice, and by nortriptyline in hippocampal primary neurons. Adam10 mRNA was increased by nortriptyline administration in the hypothalamus, by escitalopram in the hippocampus of FSL rats, and by fluoxetine in mouse dorsal dentate gyrus. Similarly, nortriptyline increased Adam10 expression in hippocampal cultures. Fgfr2 expression was increased by nortriptyline in the hypothalamus of FSL rats and in hippocampal neurons. Lsamp, another IgLON family protein, increased in mouse dentate gyrus after fluoxetine treatment. These findings suggest that Negr1-Fgfr2 pathway plays a role in the modulation of synaptic plasticity induced by antidepressant treatment to promote therapeutic efficacy by rearranging connectivity in corticolimbic circuits impaired in depression.
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Gene expression signature of antidepressant treatment response/non-response in Flinders Sensitive Line rats subjected to maternal separation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 31:69-85. [PMID: 31813757 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurobiological underpinnings of treatment-resistant depression, a debilitating condition associated with significant functional impairment, have not been elucidated. Consequently, the aim of this study was to use animal models of response and resistance to antidepressant treatment, in an attempt to identify differences in associated transcriptional responses. Flinders Sensitive Line rats were subjected to maternal separation (MS) and chronically treated with Escitalopram or Nortriptyline. Antidepressants reduced immobility time in the forced swim test in non-MS rats, while lack of antidepressant behavioural response was observed in MS animals. We developed a novel bioinformatic algorithm that enabled identification of transcriptional signatures in hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex that discriminate vehicle- and antidepressant-treated subjects in both MS and non-MS rats. Functional annotation analysis showed that in antidepressant-responder rats the most enriched pathways included IQGAPs activation, toll-like receptor trafficking, energy metabolism, and regulation of endopeptidase activity. The analysis of interacting proteins implicated synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitter release, ubiquitin regulation, cytoskeleton organisation and carbohydrate metabolism. In contrast, in treatment-resistant MS rats, main expression changes were revealed in ribosomal proteins, inflammatory responses, transcriptional/epigenetic regulation, and small GTPases. Susceptibility signature shared Rtn1, Zdhhc5, Igsf6, and Sim1 genes with the latest depression GWAS meta-analysis, while antidepressant resistance signature shared Ctnnd1, Rbms3, Atp1a3, and Pla2r1 genes. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that distinct transcriptional signatures are associated with behavioural response or non-response to antidepressant treatment. The identification of genes involved in antidepressant response will increase the comprehension of the neurobiological underpinnings of treatment-resistant depression, thus contributing to identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Dong H, Cong W, Guo X, Wang Y, Tong S, Li Q, Li C. β-asarone relieves chronic unpredictable mild stress induced depression by regulating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3767-3774. [PMID: 31616508 PMCID: PMC6781814 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of β-asarone treatment in a rat model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and to further explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. A rat model of depression was established by subjecting rat to CUMS and treated with various concentrations of β-asarone (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg/day) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg/day). Next, behavioral tests, including an open field, sucrose preference and forced swimming tests, were performed. In addition, the apoptosis of hippocampal neuronal cells was determined by flow cytometry, gene expression levels were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and protein levels were determined by western blot assay. The results revealed that β-asarone significantly mitigated CUMS-induced depression-like behavior, evidenced by the increased sucrose intake, crossing and rearing numbers, and decreased immobility time in the forced swimming test. Furthermore, β-asarone significantly decreased the apoptosis rate of hippocampal neuronal cells in rats subjected to CUMS. β-asarone was also found to enhance CREB, BDNF, Trk-B and Bcl-2 levels, and reduce Bad level in the hippocampus of CUMS-treated rats. In addition, the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway inhibited by CUMS was promoted by β-asarone treatment. In conclusion, the present study findings indicated the antidepressant-like effects of β-asarone on CUMS-induced depression in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Dong
- Institute of Pathology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Weiliang Cong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Xiwen Guo
- School of Mental Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- School of Mental Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Shengju Tong
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Chengchong Li
- School of Mental Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
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Reig-Viader R, Sindreu C, Bayés À. Synaptic proteomics as a means to identify the molecular basis of mental illness: Are we getting there? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:353-361. [PMID: 28941771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synapses are centrally involved in many brain disorders, particularly in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental ones. However, our current understanding of the proteomic alterations affecting synaptic performance in the majority of mental illnesses is limited. As a result, novel pharmacotherapies with improved neurological efficacy have been scarce over the past decades. The main goal of synaptic proteomics in the context of mental illnesses is to identify dysregulated molecular mechanisms underlying these conditions. Here we reviewed and performed a meta-analysis of previous neuroproteomic research to identify proteins that may be consistently dysregulated in one or several mental disorders. Notably, we found very few proteins reproducibly altered among independent experiments for any given condition or between conditions, indicating that we are still far from identifying key pathophysiological mechanisms of mental illness. We suggest that future research in the field will require higher levels of standardization and larger-scale experiments to address the challenge posed by biological and methodological variability. We strongly believe that more resources should be placed in this field as the need to identify the molecular roots of mental illnesses is highly pressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Reig-Viader
- Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Mª Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain\
| | - Carlos Sindreu
- Department of Clinical Foundations, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience UB, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Àlex Bayés
- Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Mª Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain\.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a growing interest in the role of kynurenine pathway and tryptophan metabolites in the pathophysiology of depression. In the present study, the metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway was analysed in a rat model of depression. METHODS Kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and frontal cortex (FC) in a rat model of depression, the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) and their controls, the Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats. In addition, KYNA was also measured in hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum. RESULTS KYNA levels were reduced in the PFC of FSL rats compared with FRL rats, but did not differ with regard to the FC, hippocampus, striatum or cerebellum. 3-HK levels in PFC and FC, representing the activity of the microglial branch of the kynurenine pathway, did not differ between the FSL and FRL strains. CONCLUSION Our results suggest an imbalanced metabolism of the kynurenine pathway in the PFC of FSL rats.
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Gellén B, Völgyi K, Györffy BA, Darula Z, Hunyadi-Gulyás É, Baracskay P, Czurkó A, Hernádi I, Juhász G, Dobolyi Á, Kékesi KA. Proteomic investigation of the prefrontal cortex in the rat clomipramine model of depression. J Proteomics 2017; 153:53-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Chen J, Wang Z, Zhang S, Ai Q, Chu S, Chen NH. Possible target-related proteins of stress-resistant rats suggested by label-free proteomic analysis. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04212d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress plays a crucial role in the development of major depressive disorder, but the molecular mechanism underlying the susceptibility vs. resilience to stress remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines
- Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines
- Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines
- Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Qidi Ai
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
- Changsha
- China
| | - Shifeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines
- Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Nai-hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines
- Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
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van Zyl PJ, Dimatelis JJ, Russell VA. Behavioural and biochemical changes in maternally separated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to restraint stress. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:121-33. [PMID: 26555398 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Early life adversity has been associated with the development of various neuropsychiatric disorders in adulthood such as depression and anxiety. The aim of this study was to determine if stress during adulthood can exaggerate the depression-/anxiety-like behaviour observed in the widely accepted maternally separated (MS) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model of depression. A further aim was to determine whether the behavioural changes were accompanied by changes in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the protein profile of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Depression-/anxiety-like behaviour was measured in the elevated plus maze, open field and forced swim test (FST) in the MS SD rats exposed to chronic restraint stress in adulthood. As expected, MS increased immobility of SD rats in the FST but restraint stress did not enhance this effect of MS on SD rats. A proteomic analysis of the PFC revealed a decrease in actin-related proteins in MS and non-separated rats subjected to restraint stress as well as a decrease in mitochondrial energy-related proteins in the stressed rat groups. Since MS during early development causes a disruption in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and long-term changes in the response to subsequent stress, it may have prevented restraint stress from exerting its effects on behaviour. Moreover, the decrease in proteins related to mitochondrial energy metabolism in MS rats with or without subsequent restraint stress may be related to stress per se and not depression-like behaviour, because rats subjected to restraint stress displayed similar decreases in energy-related proteins and spent less time immobile in the FST than control rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J van Zyl
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa.
| | - J J Dimatelis
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - V A Russell
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
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Carboni L. The contribution of proteomic studies in humans, animal models, and after antidepressant treatments to investigate the molecular neurobiology of major depression. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:889-98. [PMID: 25488430 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder (MDD) is only partially understood. The proposed hypotheses postulate dysregulations of monoaminergic and other neurotransmitter pathways, impaired stress responses, insufficient neurogenetic and neurotrophic processes generating maladaptive neuroplasticity, inappropriate inflammatory and metabolic responses. Proteomic approaches can provide useful contributions to the investigation of the molecular neurobiology of MDD due to their open-ended nature. Studies performed in brain regions of MDD patients which had received antidepressant (AD) treatment showed that affected proteins mainly belonged to energy pathways, transport of molecules, signaling, and synaptic transmission. Studies performed in animal models offer the advantage of more controlled experimental conditions at the expense of potential loss in relevance. The design of proteomic investigations included experiments carried out in MDD models, in naive animals treated with ADs, and in animal models subjected to AD treatments. A comparison of results suggested an overlap of several modulated pathways between MDD patients and animal models. Examples include the regulation of energy metabolism, especially oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, signal transduction pathways, including calcium-calmodulin kinase II, synaptic proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins. Nevertheless, the paucity of studies performed in human brains requires additional studies to confirm the correspondence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Carboni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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10
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Mallei A, Failler M, Corna S, Racagni G, Mathé AA, Popoli M. Synaptoproteomic analysis of a rat gene-environment model of depression reveals involvement of energy metabolism and cellular remodeling pathways. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu067. [PMID: 25522407 PMCID: PMC4360251 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depression is a severe mental illness that causes heavy social and economic burdens worldwide. A number of studies have shown that interaction between individual genetic vulnerability and environmental risk factors, such as stress, is crucial in psychiatric pathophysiology. In particular, the experience of stressful events in childhood, such as neglect, abuse, or parental loss, was found to increase the risk for development of depression in adult life. Here, to reproduce the gene x environment interaction, we employed an animal model that combines genetic vulnerability with early-life stress. METHODS The Flinders Sensitive Line rats (FSL), a validated genetic animal model of depression, and the Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats, their controls, were subjected to a standard protocol of maternal separation (MS) from postnatal days 2 to 14. A basal comparison between the two lines for the outcome of the environmental manipulation was performed at postnatal day 73, when the rats were into adulthood. We carried out a global proteomic analysis of purified synaptic terminals (synaptosomes), in order to study a subcellular compartment enriched in proteins involved in synaptic function. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), mass spectrometry, and bioinformatic analysis were used to analyze proteins and related functional networks that were modulated by genetic susceptibility (FSL vs. FRL) or by exposure to early-life stress (FRL + MS vs. FRL and FSL + MS vs. FSL) RESULTS We found that, at a synaptic level, mainly proteins and molecular pathways related to energy metabolism and cellular remodeling were dysregulated. CONCLUSIONS The present results, in line with previous works, suggest that dysfunction of energy metabolism and cytoskeleton dynamics at a synaptic level could be features of stress-related pathologies, in particular major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mallei
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Milano, Italy (Drs Mallei, Failler, Corna, Racagni, and Popoli); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Mathé).
| | - Marion Failler
- *Present address: Université Paris Descartes, Inserm U1163, Imagine Institute, Necker Hospital, Paris.
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Caldarone BJ, Zachariou V, King SL. Rodent models of treatment-resistant depression. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 753:51-65. [PMID: 25460020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Major depression is a prevalent and debilitating disorder and a substantial proportion of patients fail to reach remission following standard antidepressant pharmacological treatment. Limited efficacy with currently available antidepressant drugs highlights the need to develop more effective medications for treatment- resistant patients and emphasizes the importance of developing better preclinical models that focus on treatment- resistant populations. This review discusses methods to adapt and refine rodent behavioral models that are predictive of antidepressant efficacy to identify populations that show reduced responsiveness or are resistant to traditional antidepressants. Methods include separating antidepressant responders from non-responders, administering treatments that render animals resistant to traditional pharmacological treatments, and identifying genetic models that show antidepressant resistance. This review also examines pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments regimes that have been effective in refractory patients and how some of these approaches have been used to validate animal models of treatment-resistant depression. The goals in developing rodent models of treatment-resistant depression are to understand the neurobiological mechanisms involved in antidepressant resistance and to develop valid models to test novel therapies that would be effective in patients that do not respond to traditional monoaminergic antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Caldarone
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and NeuroBehavior Laboratory, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Venetia Zachariou
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sarah L King
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, UK
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12
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O'Donovan SM, O'Mara S, Dunn MJ, McLoughlin DM. The persisting effects of electroconvulsive stimulation on the hippocampal proteome. Brain Res 2014; 1593:106-16. [PMID: 25451099 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most acutely effective treatment available for severe depression. However, its mechanism of action is not fully understood. Elucidating the protein changes induced in the brain by ECT will enhance our understanding of this antidepressant therapy. Electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS), the animal analogue of ECT, was administered to rats to determine the proteomic changes induced in the hippocampus, a region of the brain implicated in the biology of depression and its treatment. Two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DiGE) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods were applied to identify differentially expressed proteins following acute (×1 treatment), chronic (×10 treatments) or chronic(+4 weeks) (×10 treatments plus 4 weeks later) ECS. Administration of acute, chronic and chronic(+4 weeks) ECS induced significant changes in multiple DiGE gel protein spots. Interestingly, the largest number of differentially expressed protein spots was identified following chronic(+4 weeks) ECS. Following protein identification by LC-MS/MS, gene ontology analysis primarily implicated proteins with cytoskeletal and metabolism-related roles in the action of ECS. Immunoblotting confirmed the changes in abundance of the cytoskeletal protein actin following chronic(+4 weeks) ECS. Overall, chronic(+4 weeks) ECS was particularly effective at inducing longer-lasting changes in the abundance of hippocampal proteins with cytoskeletal and metabolism roles. These results suggest a role for persisting cytoskeletal-related neuroplastic changes in the action of ECS and may be informative as to the antidepressant mechanisms of ECT in patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead M O'Donovan
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Shane O'Mara
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael J Dunn
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Declan M McLoughlin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St. Patrick׳s University Hospital, James׳s Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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13
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Shrestha SS, Pine DS, Luckenbaugh DA, Varnäs K, Henter ID, Innis RB, Mathé AA, Svenningsson P. Antidepressant effects on serotonin 1A/1B receptors in the rat brain using a gene x environment model. Neurosci Lett 2013; 559:163-8. [PMID: 24287374 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A gene-environment (GxE) interaction is implicated in both the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). This study modeled the effects of genetic vulnerability by using the Flinders sensitive line (FSL), a rat model of depression and its control counterpart-the Flinders resistant line (FRL). The effects of environmental vulnerability (e.g., early-life stress) were modeled by using maternal separation. Rats (n=105) were drawn from four groups reflecting experimental crossing of strain (FSL vs. FRL) and early-life stress (high vs. low) to assess the effects of two antidepressants (escitalopram or nortriptyline) compared to vehicle. Quantitative in vitro autoradiography was performed using [(125)I]MPPI (5-HT1A) and [(125)I]CYP (5-HT1B) in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. Stringent, Bonferroni-corrected statistical analyses showed significant strain-by-rearing-by-treatment (three-way) interactions in PFC 5-HT1A and hippocampal 5-HT1B receptors. Either vulnerability reduced serotonergic binding; no additive effects were associated with the two vulnerabilities. Both antidepressants increased hippocampal 5-HT1B receptor binding; however, only nortriptyline selectively increased PFC 5-HT1A receptor binding. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that antidepressant effects on the serotonergic system are shaped by a GxE interaction that depends on antidepressant class and brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stal Saurav Shrestha
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David A Luckenbaugh
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katarina Varnäs
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioline D Henter
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aleksander A Mathé
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Sandoval M, Luarte A, Herrera-Molina R, Varas-Godoy M, Santibáñez M, Rubio FJ, Smit AB, Gundelfinger ED, Li KW, Smalla KH, Wyneken U. The glycolytic enzyme aldolase C is up-regulated in rat forebrain microsomes and in the cerebrospinal fluid after repetitive fluoxetine treatment. Brain Res 2013; 1520:1-14. [PMID: 23688545 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is widely used for the treatment of a broad range of psychiatric disorders. Its mechanism of action is thought to involve cellular adaptations that are induced with a slow time course after initiation of treatment. To gain insight into the signaling pathways underlying such changes, the expression levels of proteins in a microsomal sub-fraction enriched in intracellular membranes from the rat forebrain was analyzed after two weeks of treatment with fluoxetine. Proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and the differentially regulated protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry. Protein network analysis suggested that most of the identified proteins could potentially be regulated by the insulin family of proteins. Among them, Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C (AldoC), a glycolytic/gluconeogenic enzyme primarily expressed in forebrain astrocytes, was up-regulated 7.6-fold. An immunohistochemical analysis of the dorsal hippocampus revealed a robust decrease (43±2%) in the co-localization of AldoC and the astrocyte marker GFAP and a diffuse staining pattern, compatible with AldoC secretion into the extracellular space. Consistently, AldoC, contained in an exosome-like fraction in astrocyte conditioned medium, increased significantly in the cerebrospinal fluid. Our findings strongly favor a non-canonic signaling role for AldoC in cellular adaptations induced by repetitive fluoxetine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Malki K, Campbell J, Davies M, Keers R, Uher R, Ward M, Paya-Cano J, Aitchinson KJ, Binder E, Sluyter F, Kuhn K, Selzer S, Craig I, McGuffin P, Schalkwyk LC. Pharmacoproteomic investigation into antidepressant response in two mouse inbred strains. Proteomics 2013; 12:2355-65. [PMID: 22696452 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present a pharmacoproteomic investigation of response to antidepressants two inbred strains. Our aim was to uncover molecular mechanisms underlying antidepressant action and identify new biomarkers to determine therapeutic response to two antidepressants with proven efficacy in the treatment of depression but divergent mechanisms of action. Mice were treated with the pro-noradrenergic drug nortriptyline, the pro-serotonergic drug escitalopram or saline. Quantitative proteomic analyses were undertaken on hippocampal tissue from a study design that used two inbred mouse strains, two depressogenic protocols and a control condition, (maternal separation, chronic mild stress, control), two antidepressant drugs and two dosing protocols. The proteomic analysis was aimed at the identification of specific drug-response markers. Complementary approaches, 2DE and isobaric tandem mass tagging (TMT), were applied to the selected experimental groups. To investigate the relationship between proteomic profiles, depressogenic protocols and drug response, 2DE and TMT data sets were analysed using multivariate methods. The results highlighted significant strain- and stress-related differences across both 2DE and TMT data sets and identified the three gene products involved in serotonergic (PXBD5, YHWAB, SLC25A4) and one in noradrenergic antidepressant action (PXBD6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Malki
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
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Overstreet DH, Wegener G. The Flinders Sensitive Line Rat Model of Depression—25 Years and Still Producing. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:143-55. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Ladurelle N, Gabriel C, Viggiano A, Mocaër E, Baulieu EE, Bianchi M. Agomelatine (S20098) modulates the expression of cytoskeletal microtubular proteins, synaptic markers and BDNF in the rat hippocampus, amygdala and PFC. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:493-509. [PMID: 22160164 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Agomelatine is described as a novel and clinical effective antidepressant drug with melatonergic (MT(1)/MT(2)) agonist and 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonist properties. Previous studies suggest that modulation of neuronal plasticity and microtubule dynamics may be involved in the treatment of depression. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the effects of agomelatine on microtubular, synaptic and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) proteins in selected rat brain regions. METHODS Adult male rats received agomelatine (40 mg/kg i.p.) once a day for 22 days. The pro-cognitive effect of agomelatine was tested in the novel object recognition task and antidepressant activity in the forced swimming test. Microtubule dynamics markers, microtubule-associated protein type 2 (MAP-2), phosphorylated MAP-2, synaptic markers [synaptophysin, postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) and spinophilin] and BDNF were measured by Western blot in the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC). RESULTS Agomelatine exerted pro-cognitive and antidepressant activity and induced molecular changes in the brain areas examined. Agomelatine enhanced microtubule dynamics in the hippocampus and to a higher magnitude in the amygdala. By contrast, in the PFC, a decrease in microtubule dynamics was observed. Spinophilin (dendritic spines marker) was decreased, and BDNF increased in the hippocampus. Synaptophysin (presynaptic) and spinophilin were increased in the PFC and amygdala, while PSD-95 (postsynaptic marker) was increased in the amygdala, consistent with the phenomena of synaptic remodelling. CONCLUSIONS Agomelatine modulates cytoskeletal microtubule dynamics and synaptic markers. This may play a role in its pharmacological behavioural effects and may result from the melatonergic agonist and 5-HT(2C) antagonist properties of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Ladurelle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-UMR788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Abstract
The rapid increase in the number of proposed animal models of depression reflects the dissatisfaction with our current state of knowledge on neurobiology of depression and unsuccessful drug development. Results obtained with even the best validated models can be difficult to compare. Because evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that depression occurs in biologically predisposed subjects under the impact of adverse life events, increasing attempts have been made to use the diathesis-stress concept in animal models. In this way, factors underpinning vulnerability to depression have been identified by measuring behavioural traits analogous to facets of human personality, or created by inducing neurochemical lesions. Stressful interventions administered prenatally, in early life or in adulthood have been combined with other vulnerability factors including genetic changes. As a result, several putative animal models of endophenotypes of depression or depression vulnerability have been proposed. Diathesis-stress models may aid in separating adaptive and maladaptive strategies in coping with stress, and understanding the relevant neurobiology. Studies comparing effects of stress on males and females should reveal to which extent the pathogenetic processes leading to depression can be specific to sex/gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanus Harro
- Unit of Psychophysiology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia.
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Regulation of cytoskeleton machinery, neurogenesis and energy metabolism pathways in a rat gene-environment model of depression revealed by proteomic analysis. Neuroscience 2011; 176:349-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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