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Bhalla D, Dinesh S, Sharma S, Sathisha GJ. Gut-Brain Axis Modulation of Metabolic Disorders: Exploring the Intertwined Neurohumoral Pathways and Therapeutic Prospects. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:847-871. [PMID: 38244132 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
A significant rise in metabolic disorders, frequently brought on by lifestyle choices, is alarming. A wide range of preliminary studies indicates the significance of the gut-brain axis, which regulates bidirectional signaling between the gastrointestinal tract and the cognitive system, and is crucial for regulating host metabolism and cognition. Intimate connections between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract provide a network of neurohumoral transmission that can transmit in both directions. The gut-brain axis successfully establishes that the wellness of the brain is always correlated with the extent to which the gut operates. Research on the gut-brain axis has historically concentrated on how psychological health affects how well the gastrointestinal system works. The latest studies, however, revealed that the gut microbiota interacts with the brain via the gut-brain axis to control phenotypic changes in the brain and in behavior. This study addresses the significance of the gut microbiota, the role of the gut-brain axis in management of various metabolic disorders, the hormonal and neural signaling pathways and the therapeutic treatments available. Its objective is to establish the significance of the gut-brain axis in metabolic disorders accurately and examine the link between the two while evaluating the therapeutic strategies to be incorporated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Bhalla
- Faculty of Life and Allied Health Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Science, Bangalore, 560048, India
| | - Susha Dinesh
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bangalore, 560043, India
| | - Sameer Sharma
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bangalore, 560043, India.
| | - Gonchigar Jayanna Sathisha
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga, 577451, India
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2
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Athari SZ, Farajdokht F, Keyhanmanesh R, Mohaddes G. AMPK Signaling Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease. Adv Pharm Bull 2024; 14:120-131. [PMID: 38585465 PMCID: PMC10997932 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2024.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Genetic factors, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, cytotoxic factors, and mitochondrial dysfunction are all involved in neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases. The risk of PD can be higher in aging individuals due to decreased mitochondrial function, energy metabolism, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) function. The potential of AMPK to regulate neurodegenerative disorders lies in its ability to enhance antioxidant capacity, reduce oxidative stress, improve mitochondrial function, decrease mitophagy and macroautophagy, and inhibit inflammation. In addition, it has been shown that modulating the catalytic activity of AMPK can protect the nervous system. This article reviews the mechanisms by which AMPK activation can modulate PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Zanyar Athari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rana Keyhanmanesh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biomedical Education, California Health Sciences University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Clovis, CA, USA
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3
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Ruiz-Pozo VA, Tamayo-Trujillo R, Cadena-Ullauri S, Frias-Toral E, Guevara-Ramírez P, Paz-Cruz E, Chapela S, Montalván M, Morales-López T, Simancas-Racines D, Zambrano AK. The Molecular Mechanisms of the Relationship between Insulin Resistance and Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis. Nutrients 2023; 15:3585. [PMID: 37630775 PMCID: PMC10458139 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative condition resulting from the loss of dopaminergic neurons. This neuronal loss leads to motor and non-motor neurological symptoms. Most PD cases are idiopathic, and no cure is available. Recently, it has been proposed that insulin resistance (IR) could be a central factor in PD development. IR has been associated with PD neuropathological features like α-synuclein aggregation, dopaminergic neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and autophagy. These features are related to impaired neurological metabolism, neuronal death, and the aggravation of PD symptoms. Moreover, pharmacological options that involve insulin signaling improvement and dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic strategies have been under development. These drugs could prevent the metabolic pathways involved in neuronal damage. All these approaches could improve PD outcomes. Also, new biomarker identification may allow for an earlier PD diagnosis in high-risk individuals. This review describes the main pathways implicated in PD development involving IR. Also, it presents several therapeutic options that are directed at insulin signaling improvement and could be used in PD treatment. The understanding of IR molecular mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative development could enhance PD therapeutic options and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana A Ruiz-Pozo
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Rafael Tamayo-Trujillo
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Cadena-Ullauri
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Evelyn Frias-Toral
- School of Medicine, Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil 090615, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Guevara-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Elius Paz-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Sebastián Chapela
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1121ABE, Argentina
- Equipo de Soporte Nutricional, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1280AEB, Argentina
| | - Martha Montalván
- School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 091952, Ecuador
| | - Tania Morales-López
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Daniel Simancas-Racines
- Centro de Investigación de Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Ana Karina Zambrano
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
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Glycolysis: The Next Big Breakthrough in Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1707-1717. [PMID: 36152171 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons. Its pathogenesis comprises defects in the physiological pathway of mitophagy and mutations in the genes involved in this process's regulatory mechanism. PD manifests itself with multiple motor and non-motor symptoms, and currently, there are multiple pharmacological treatments, and unconventional non-drug treatments available. The mainstay of Parkinson's disease treatment has centered around directly manipulating neural mechanisms to retain high dopamine levels, either by exogenous administration, increasing intrinsic production, or inhibiting the breakdown of dopamine. In this review, we highlight a new potential biochemical modality of treatment, treating PD through glycolysis. We highlight how terazosin (TZ), via PGK1, increases ATP levels and how enhanced glycolysis serves a neuroprotective role in PD, and compensates for damage caused by mitophagy. We also discuss the role of quercetin, a bioactive flavonoid, in preventing the development of PD, and reversing mitochondrial dysfunction but only so in diabetic patients. Thus, further research should be conducted on glycolysis as a protective target in PD that can serve to not just prevent, but also alleviate the non-dopaminergic signs and symptoms of PD.
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Rahman MM, Wang X, Islam MR, Akash S, Supti FA, Mitu MI, Harun-Or-Rashid M, Aktar MN, Khatun Kali MS, Jahan FI, Singla RK, Shen B, Rauf A, Sharma R. Multifunctional role of natural products for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: At a glance. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:976385. [PMID: 36299886 PMCID: PMC9590378 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.976385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural substances originating from plants have long been used to treat neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). Parkinson's disease (PD) is a ND. The deterioration and subsequent cognitive impairments of the midbrain nigral dopaminergic neurons distinguish by this characteristic. Various pathogenic mechanisms and critical components have been reported, despite the fact that the origin is unknown, such as protein aggregation, iron buildup, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Anti-Parkinson drugs like dopamine (DA) agonists, levodopa, carbidopa, monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors and anticholinergics are used to replace DA in the current treatment model. Surgery is advised in cases where drug therapy is ineffective. Unfortunately, the current conventional treatments for PD have a number of harmful side effects and are expensive. As a result, new therapeutic strategies that control the mechanisms that contribute to neuronal death and dysfunction must be addressed. Natural resources have long been a useful source of possible treatments. PD can be treated with a variety of natural therapies made from medicinal herbs, fruits, and vegetables. In addition to their well-known anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities, these natural products also play inhibitory roles in iron buildup, protein misfolding, the maintenance of proteasomal breakdown, mitochondrial homeostasis, and other neuroprotective processes. The goal of this research is to systematically characterize the currently available medications for Parkinson's and their therapeutic effects, which target diverse pathways. Overall, this analysis looks at the kinds of natural things that could be used in the future to treat PD in new ways or as supplements to existing treatments. We looked at the medicinal plants that can be used to treat PD. The use of natural remedies, especially those derived from plants, to treat PD has been on the rise. This article examines the fundamental characteristics of medicinal plants and the bioactive substances found in them that may be utilized to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Md. Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shopnil Akash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Akter Supti
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohona Islam Mitu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Harun-Or-Rashid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Most. Nazmin Aktar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Most. Sumaiya Khatun Kali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Israt Jahan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajeev K. Singla
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Bairong Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chung LYR, Lin YT, Liu C, Tai YC, Lin HY, Lin CH, Chen CC. Neuroinflammation Upregulated Neuronal Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 to Drive Synucleinopathy in Neurodegeneration. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:845930. [PMID: 35401198 PMCID: PMC8987529 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.845930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by intraneuronal α-synuclein aggregation called Lewy bodies and progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is a major pathway mediating inflammation. The molecular link on how neuroinflammation upregulates neuronal TLRs and induces accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates to drive synucleinopathy remains to be determined. Objective: Despite conditioned medium from microglia and TLR agonists were utilized to study their effects on neuronal cells, a Transwell coculture system, comprising lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia on top and retinoic acid-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells at the bottom more mimicking in vivo neuroinflammation, was employed to elucidate the mechanism of activated microglia on neuronal cells. Methods: Genetic variants of TLRs in PD patients were genotyped and the multiplex cytokines, sRAGE, and HMGB1were assessed. A coculture system was employed to measure α-synuclein aggregates and neurite shortening by confocal microscope. The expression of TLR2/4 and autophagy flux was detected by western blot and immunofluorescence. Results: PD patients showed higher plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines and genetic TLR4 variant, c.896 A > G (p. D299G). Elevated proinflammatory cytokines in coculture medium was also seen. Phosphorylation and aggregation of α-synuclein, shortening of neurite, upregulation of TLR2/4 expression, activation of downstream p38 and JNK, and dampening of autophagic flux were seen in SH-SY5Y cells cocultured with activated microglia. Those were prevented by inhibiting TLR2/4 and p38/JNK signaling. Conclusion: Activated microglia-derived neuroinflammation induced neuronal TLR2/4-p38/JNK activation to perturb autophagy, causing accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates and neurite shortening. Targeting neuronal TLR2/4 pathway might be a mechanistic-based therapy for neurodegenerative disease, such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Yi-Ru Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Tai
- Department of Neurology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yi Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ching-Chow Chen, ; Chin-Hsien Lin,
| | - Ching-Chow Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ching-Chow Chen, ; Chin-Hsien Lin,
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Alpha-Synuclein as a Prominent Actor in the Inflammatory Synaptopathy of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126517. [PMID: 34204581 PMCID: PMC8234932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is considered the most common disorder of synucleinopathy, which is characterised by intracellular inclusions of aggregated and misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) protein in various brain regions, and the loss of dopaminergic neurons. During the early prodromal phase of PD, synaptic alterations happen before cell death, which is linked to the synaptic accumulation of toxic α-syn specifically in the presynaptic terminals, affecting neurotransmitter release. The oligomers and protofibrils of α-syn are the most toxic species, and their overexpression impairs the distribution and activation of synaptic proteins, such as the SNARE complex, preventing neurotransmitter exocytosis and neuronal synaptic communication. In the last few years, the role of the immune system in PD has been increasingly considered. Microglial and astrocyte activation, the gene expression of proinflammatory factors, and the infiltration of immune cells from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS) represent the main features of the inflammatory response. One of the actors of these processes is α-syn accumulation. In light of this, here, we provide a systematic review of PD-related α-syn and inflammation inter-players.
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Microglia in Neurodegenerative Events-An Initiator or a Significant Other? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115818. [PMID: 34072307 PMCID: PMC8199265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A change in microglia structure, signaling, or function is commonly associated with neurodegeneration. This is evident in the patient population, animal models, and targeted in vitro assays. While there is a clear association, it is not evident that microglia serve as an initiator of neurodegeneration. Rather, the dynamics imply a close interaction between the various cell types and structures in the brain that orchestrate the injury and repair responses. Communication between microglia and neurons contributes to the physiological phenotype of microglia maintaining cells in a surveillance state and allows the cells to respond to events occurring in their environment. Interactions between microglia and astrocytes is not as well characterized, nor are interactions with other members of the neurovascular unit; however, given the influence of systemic factors on neuroinflammation and disease progression, such interactions likely represent significant contributes to any neurodegenerative process. In addition, they offer multiple target sites/processes by which environmental exposures could contribute to neurodegenerative disease. Thus, microglia at least play a role as a significant other with an equal partnership; however, claiming a role as an initiator of neurodegeneration remains somewhat controversial.
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Enogieru AB, Haylett W, Hiss DC, Ekpo OE. Regulation of AKT/AMPK signaling, autophagy and mitigation of apoptosis in Rutin-pretreated SH-SY5Y cells exposed to MPP . Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:315-326. [PMID: 33146846 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggest that apoptosis, autophagy and dysregulation of signaling pathways are common mechanisms involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis, and thus development of therapeutic agents targeting these mechanisms may be useful for the treatment of this disease. Although rutin (a bioflavonoid) is reported to have pharmacological benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities, there are very few reports on the activity of this compound in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced PD models. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of rutin on apoptosis, autophagy and cell signaling markers (AKT/AMPK) in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to MPP+. Results show reduced changes in nuclear morphology and mitigation of caspase 3/7 and 9 activities in rutin pre-treated cells exposed to MPP+. Likewise, rutin regulated cell signaling pathways (AKT/AMPK) and significantly decreased protein expression levels of cleaved PARP, cytochrome c, LC3-II and p62. Also, rutin significantly increased protein expression levels of full-length caspase 3 in SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP+. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images demonstrated a reduction in autophagosomes in rutin-pretreated SH-SY5Y cells exposed to MPP+. These results provide experimental support for rutin's neuroprotective activity against MPP+-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells, which is as a promising therapeutic agent for clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaze Bijou Enogieru
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - William Haylett
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Donavon Charles Hiss
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Okobi Eko Ekpo
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa.
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Prasad EM, Hung SY. Behavioral Tests in Neurotoxin-Induced Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1007. [PMID: 33081318 PMCID: PMC7602991 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, neurodegenerative diseases are a major cause of disability around the world. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-leading cause of neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. In PD, continuous loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra causes dopamine depletion in the striatum, promotes the primary motor symptoms of resting tremor, bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, and postural instability. The risk factors of PD comprise environmental toxins, drugs, pesticides, brain microtrauma, focal cerebrovascular injury, aging, and hereditary defects. The pathologic features of PD include impaired protein homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, nitric oxide, and neuroinflammation, but the interaction of these factors contributing to PD is not fully understood. In neurotoxin-induced PD models, neurotoxins, for instance, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), paraquat, rotenone, and permethrin mainly impair the mitochondrial respiratory chain, activate microglia, and generate reactive oxygen species to induce autooxidation and dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis. Since no current treatment can cure PD, using a suitable PD animal model to evaluate PD motor symptoms' treatment efficacy and identify therapeutic targets and drugs are still needed. Hence, the present review focuses on the latest scientific developments in different neurotoxin-induced PD animal models with their mechanisms of pathogenesis and evaluation methods of PD motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Maruthi Prasad
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Ya Hung
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
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11
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Loeffler DA, Aasly JO, LeWitt PA, Coffey MP. What Have We Learned from Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies about Biomarkers for Detecting LRRK2 Parkinson's Disease Patients and Healthy Subjects with Parkinson's-Associated LRRK2 Mutations? JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:467-488. [PMID: 31322581 PMCID: PMC6700639 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common known cause of autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD) and sporadic PD (sPD). The clinical presentation of LRRK2 PD is similar to sPD, and except for genetic testing, no biochemical or imaging markers can differentiate LRRK2 PD from sPD. Discovery of such biomarkers could indicate neuropathological mechanisms that are unique to or increased in LRRK2 PD. This review discusses findings in 17 LRRK2 - related CSF studies found on PubMed. Most of these studies compared analyte concentrations between four diagnostic groups: LRRK2 PD patients, sPD patients, asymptomatic control subjects carrying PD-associated LRRK2 mutations (LRRK2 CTL), and healthy control subjects lacking LRRK2 mutations (CTL). Analytes examined in these studies included Aβ1-42, tau, α-synuclein, oxidative stress markers, autophagy-related proteins, pteridines, neurotransmitter metabolites, exosomal LRRK2 protein, RNA species, inflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and intermediary metabolites. FINDINGS: Pteridines, α-synuclein, mtDNA, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, β-D-glucose, lamp2, interleukin-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor were suggested to differentiate LRRK2 PD from sPD patients; 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-isoprostane (8-ISO), 2-hydroxybutyrate, mtDNA, lamp2, and neopterin may differentiate between LRRK2 CTL and LRRK2 PD subjects; and soluble oligomeric α-synuclein, 8-OHdG, and 8-ISO might differentiate LRRK2 CTL from CTL subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The low numbers of investigations of each analyte, small sample sizes, and methodological differences limit conclusions that can be drawn from these studies. Further investigations are indicated to determine the validity of the analytes identified in these studies as possible biomarkers for LRRK2 PD patients and/or LRRK2 CTL subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Loeffler
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital-Royal Oak, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Jan O Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter A LeWitt
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mary P Coffey
- Department of Biostatistics, Beaumont Hospital-Royal Oak, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
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12
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Chen J, Jiang C, Du J, Xie CL. MiR-142-5p Protects Against 6-OHDA-Induced SH-SY5Y Cell Injury by Downregulating BECN1 and Autophagy. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820907016. [PMID: 32127787 PMCID: PMC7036514 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820907016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MiR-142-5p has been demonstrated to hold significant implications in neurological diseases. However, the impact and underlying regulatory mechanism of miR-142-5p in Parkinson's disease (PD) are still ominous. Methods To simulate the PD, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated SH-SY5Y cell model was used in this study. Levels of messenger RNA and protein were tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses, respectively. The direct interaction between miR-142-5p and Beclin 1 (BECN1) was assessed by luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to assess cytotoxicity of SH-SY5Y cell. Results In consequence, a significant decrease of miR-142-5p was observed in 6-OHDA-induced SH-SY5Y cells. Over-/Low-expressed miR-142-5p resulted in a significant enhancement/inhibition on cell vitalities of 6-OHDA-treated SH-SY5Y cells, which might be modulated by repressing cellular autophagy through inhibiting level of BECN1 and LC3 II/LC3 I and elevating P62 level. Luciferase reporter assay showed that the BECN1 was the target gene of miR-142-5p. Additionally, the loss/gain of BECN1 rescued/blocked the effects of miR-142-5p on the viability of 6-OHDA-induced SH-SY5Y cells. Conclusions These results highlight that miR-142-5p functions as a neuroprotective regulator in 6-OHDA-induced neuronal SH-SY5Y cells simulating PD model in vitro via regulating autophagy-related protein BECN1 and autophagy to influence cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Senile Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Center Sterile Supply, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Li Xie
- Department of Neurology, Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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13
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Autophagy in bone homeostasis and the onset of osteoporosis. Bone Res 2019; 7:28. [PMID: 31666998 PMCID: PMC6804951 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular process, in which domestic cellular components are selectively digested for the recycling of nutrients and energy. This process is indispensable for cell homeostasis maintenance and stress responses. Both genetic and functional studies have demonstrated that multiple proteins involved in autophagic activities are critical to the survival, differentiation, and functioning of bone cells, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Dysregulation at the level of autophagic activity consequently disturbs the balance between bone formation and bone resorption and mediates the onset and progression of multiple bone diseases, including osteoporosis. This review aims to introduce the topic of autophagy, summarize the understanding of its relevance in bone physiology, and discuss its role in the onset of osteoporosis and therapeutic potential.
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Darabi S, Noori-Zadeh A, Rajaei F, Abbaszadeh HA, Abdollahifar MA, Bakhtiyari S. Neuroprotective Effects of the Small-Molecule Enhancer of Rapamycin in the Cellular Model of Parkinson’s Disease. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-019-09798-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Piper Species: A Comprehensive Review on Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071364. [PMID: 30959974 PMCID: PMC6479398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Piper species are aromatic plants used as spices in the kitchen, but their secondary metabolites have also shown biological effects on human health. These plants are rich in essential oils, which can be found in their fruits, seeds, leaves, branches, roots and stems. Some Piper species have simple chemical profiles, while others, such as Piper nigrum, Piper betle, and Piper auritum, contain very diverse suites of secondary metabolites. In traditional medicine, Piper species have been used worldwide to treat several diseases such as urological problems, skin, liver and stomach ailments, for wound healing, and as antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, Piper species could be used as natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents in food preservation. The phytochemicals and essential oils of Piper species have shown strong antioxidant activity, in comparison with synthetic antioxidants, and demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal activities against human pathogens. Moreover, Piper species possess therapeutic and preventive potential against several chronic disorders. Among the functional properties of Piper plants/extracts/active components the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and neuropharmacological activities of the extracts and extract-derived bioactive constituents are thought to be key effects for the protection against chronic conditions, based on preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, besides clinical studies. Habitats and cultivation of Piper species are also covered in this review. In this current work, available literature of chemical constituents of the essential oils Piper plants, their use in traditional medicine, their applications as a food preservative, their antiparasitic activities and other important biological activities are reviewed.
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Papagiannakis N, Xilouri M, Koros C, Simitsi AM, Stamelou M, Maniati M, Stefanis L. Autophagy dysfunction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Parkinson's disease patients. Neurosci Lett 2019; 704:112-115. [PMID: 30954606 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-synuclein aggregation is considered one of the main causes of Parkinson's Disease (PD). Malfunction of autophagy-lysosomal pathways is believed to be an underlying mechanism of α-synuclein aggregation. Although such malfunction has been observed in PD brains, it is unclear whether it may also occur in extraneuronal tissues. OBJECTIVES To assess lysosome-mediated protein degradation in cultured Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) of PD patients and healthy controls. METHODS Total protein degradation in cultured PBMCs was measured by labelling the cells with 3H-leucine using pulse-chase experiments. Different inhibitors were used to measure a range of autophagic pathways. RESULTS Protein degradation through the main autophagic pathways is reduced in PD patients (n = 18) compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 18), (macroautophagy, p = .018; Chaperone-Mediated autophagy, p = .04; and total lysosomal function, p = .007). CONCLUSIONS Lysosomal dysfunction is present in cultured PBMCs of PD patients, suggesting that it may reflect a systemic feature of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Papagiannakis
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Xilouri
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Koros
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Simitsi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Stamelou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Maniati
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Liang Z, Liu Z, Sun X, Tao M, Xiao X, Yu G, Wang X. The Effect of Fucoidan on Cellular Oxidative Stress and the CatD-Bax Signaling Axis in MN9D Cells Damaged by 1-Methyl-4-Phenypyridinium. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 10:429. [PMID: 30700973 PMCID: PMC6343539 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of fucoidan (FUC) on the oxidative stress response and lysosomal apoptotic pathways in the Parkinson disease (PD) cell model. Methods: The Dopaminergic nerve precursor cell line(MN9D) cells that served as a PD model in this study underwent damage induced by 100 μM 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine (MPP+). Cell viability was assessed after FUC treatment and intracellular SOD GSH was measured via immunofluorescence assay. Cellular changes in cathepsin D, Autophagy marker Light Chain 3-II (LC3-II), and apoptotic protein Bax were assessed by Western blot. The expression of Cat D, LC3-II, and B cell lymphoma-2-associated x protein (Bax) was also measured after addition of the cathepsin inhibitor, pepstatin A. Results: The results indicated that MN9D cell viability decreased by 50% within 24 h after 100 μM MPP+ induced toxicity. Pretreatment with 100 μM Fucoidan reduced cellular expression of LC3-II and CatD in 3 h and suppressed the induction of Bax protein. After pepstatin A treatment, Bax expression was significantly downregulated.FUC reversed the reduction of superoxide dismutase (SOD) L-Glutathione(GSH), decreased cell viability, and apoptosis induced by MPP+ in 6 h, suggesting that Fucoidan can attenuate damage to MN9D cells induced by MPP+. Conclusions: Fucoidan protected lysosomes, reduced the expression of LC3-II, inhibited the expression of CatD-Bax and the oxidative stress response, suppressed apoptosis, and thus conferred protective effects for dopaminergic neural cells. FUC may have neuroprotective effects on PD and further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liang
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhuli Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xuwen Sun
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Manli Tao
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Guoping Yu
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Brain Major Disease Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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18
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Yang X, Xue P, Liu X, Xu X, Chen Z. HMGB1/autophagy pathway mediates the atrophic effect of TGF-β1 in denervated skeletal muscle. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:97. [PMID: 30526602 PMCID: PMC6286536 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a classical modulator of skeletal muscle and regulates several processes, such as myogenesis, regeneration and muscle function in skeletal muscle diseases. Skeletal muscle atrophy, characterized by the loss of muscle strength and mass, is one of the pathological conditions regulated by TGF-β1, but the underlying mechanism involved in the atrophic effects of TGF-β1 is not fully understood. Methods Mice sciatic nerve transection model was created and gastrocnemius were analysed by western blot, immunofluorescence staining and fibre diameter quantification after 2 weeks. Exogenous TGF-β1 was administrated and high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), autophagy were blocked by siRNA and chloroquine (CQ) respectively to explore the mechanism of the atrophic effect of TGF-β1 in denervated muscle. Similar methods were performed in C2C12 cells. Results We found that TGF-β1 was induced in denervated muscle and it could promote atrophy of skeletal muscle both in vivo and in vitro, up-regulated HMGB1 and increased autophagy activity were also detected in denervated muscle and were further promoted by exogenous TGF-β1. The atrophic effect of TGF-β1 could be inhibited when HMGB1/autophagy pathway was blocked. Conclusions Thus, our data revealed that TGF-β1 is a vital regulatory factor in denervated skeletal muscle in which HMGB1/ autophagy pathway mediates the atrophic effect of TGF-β1. Our findings confirmed a new pathway in denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and it may be a novel therapeutic target for patients with muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0310-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Pingping Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The People's Hospital of Hanchuan, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hanchuan, 432300, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhenbing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Marshall LJ, Willett C. Parkinson's disease research: adopting a more human perspective to accelerate advances. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1950-1961. [PMID: 30240875 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) affects 1% of the population over 60 years old and, with global increases in the aging population, presents huge economic and societal burdens. The etiology of PD remains unknown; most cases are idiopathic, presumed to result from genetic and environmental risk factors. Despite 200 years since the first description of PD, the mechanisms behind initiation and progression of the characteristic neurodegenerative processes are not known. Here, we review progress and limitations of the multiple PD animal models available and identify advances that could be implemented to better understand pathological processes, improve disease outcome, and reduce dependence on animal models. Lessons learned from reducing animal use in PD research could serve as guideposts for wider biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J Marshall
- Humane Society International, The Humane Society of the United States, 700 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Catherine Willett
- Humane Society International, The Humane Society of the United States, 700 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA.
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20
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Fellner L, Buchinger E, Brueck D, Irschick R, Wenning GK, Stefanova N. Limited effects of dysfunctional macroautophagy on the accumulation of extracellularly derived α-synuclein in oligodendroglia: implications for MSA pathogenesis. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:32. [PMID: 29783943 PMCID: PMC5963177 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The progressive neurodegenerative disorder multiple system atrophy (MSA) is characterized by α-synuclein-positive (oligodendro-) glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). A connection between the abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in GCIs and disease initiation and progression has been postulated. Mechanisms involved in the formation of GCIs are unclear. Abnormal uptake of α-synuclein from extracellular space, oligodendroglial overexpression of α-synuclein, and/or dysfunctional protein degradation including macroautophagy have all been discussed. In the current study, we investigated whether dysfunctional macroautophagy aggravates accumulation of extracellular α-synuclein in the oligodendroglia. Results We show that oligodendroglia uptake monomeric and fibrillar extracellular α-synuclein. Blocking macroautophagy through bafilomycin A1 treatment or genetic knockdown of LC3B does not consistently change the level of incorporated α-synuclein in oligodendroglia exposed to extracellular soluble/monomeric or fibrillar α-synuclein, however leads to higher oxidative stress in combination with fibrillar α-synuclein treatment. Finally, we detected no evidence for GCI-like formation resulting from dysfunctional macroautophagy in oligodendroglia using confocal microscopy. Conclusion In summary, isolated dysfunctional macroautophagy is not sufficient to enhance abnormal accumulation of uptaken α-synuclein in vitro, but may lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species in the presence of fibrillar α-synuclein. Multiple complementary pathways are likely to contribute to GCI formation in MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fellner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, G2, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Edith Buchinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, G2, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Brueck
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, G2, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Regina Irschick
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, G2, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, G2, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Liu J, Chen M, Wang X, Wang Y, Duan C, Gao G, Lu L, Wu X, Wang X, Yang H. Piperine induces autophagy by enhancing protein phosphotase 2A activity in a rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease model. Oncotarget 2018; 7:60823-60843. [PMID: 27572322 PMCID: PMC5308619 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, but there are few treatments currently available. The autophagy pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PD; modulating this pathway is considered to be a promising treatment strategy. Piperine (PIP) is a Chinese medicine with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of PIP on rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in SK-N-SH cells, primary rat cortical neurons, and in a mouse model. Mice were administered rotenone (10mg/kg) for 6 weeks; PIP (25mg/kg, 50mg/kg) was subsequently administered for 4 weeks. We found that PIP treatment attenuated rotenone-induced motor deficits, and rescued the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. PIP increased cell viability and restored mitochondrial functioning in SK-N-SH cells and primary neurons. In addition, PIP induced autophagy by inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1) via activation of protein phosphotase 2A (PP2A). However, inhibiting PP2A activity with okadaic acid reduced these protective effects, suggesting that PP2A is a target of PIP. These findings demonstrate that PIP exerts neuroprotective effects in PD models via induction of autophagy, and may be an effective agent for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Curry DW, Stutz B, Andrews ZB, Elsworth JD. Targeting AMPK Signaling as a Neuroprotective Strategy in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2018; 8:161-181. [PMID: 29614701 PMCID: PMC6004921 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized by the accumulation of intracellular α-synuclein aggregates and the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. While no treatment strategy has been proven to slow or halt the progression of the disease, there is mounting evidence from preclinical PD models that activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may have broad neuroprotective effects. Numerous dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals (e.g., metformin) that increase AMPK activity are available for use in humans, but clinical studies of their effects in PD patients are limited. AMPK is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that is activated by falling energy levels and functions to restore cellular energy balance. However, in response to certain cellular stressors, AMPK activation may exacerbate neuronal atrophy and cell death. This review describes the regulation and functions of AMPK, evaluates the controversies in the field, and assesses the potential of targeting AMPK signaling as a neuroprotective treatment for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Curry
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bernardo Stutz
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - John D Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Recent advances in discovery and development of natural products as source for anti-Parkinson's disease lead compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:257-272. [PMID: 29031072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system. Although the cause remains unknown, several pathological processes and central factors such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial injury, inflammatory reactions, abnormal deposition of α-synuclein, and cell apoptosis have been reported. Currently, anti-PD drugs are classified into two major groups: drugs that affect dopaminergic neurons and anti-cholinergic drugs. Unfortunately, the existing conventional strategies against PD are with numerous side effects, and cannot fundamentally improve the degenerative process of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches which have a novel structure, high efficiency, and fewer side effects are needed. For many years, natural products have provided an efficient resource for the discovery of potential therapeutic agents. Among them, many natural products possess anti-PD properties as a result of not only their wellrecognized anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities but also their inhibitory roles regarding protein misfolding and the regulatory effects of PD related pathways. Indeed, with the steady improvement in the technologies for the isolation and purification of natural products and the in-depth studies on the pathogenic mechanisms of PD, many monomer components of natural products that have anti-PD effects have been gradually discovered. In this article, we reviewed the research status of 37 natural products that have been discovered to have significant anti-PD effects as well as their mode of action. Overall, this review may guide the design of novel therapeutic drugs in PD.
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Lakatos A, Goldberg NRS, Blurton-Jones M. Integrated analysis of genetic, behavioral, and biochemical data implicates neural stem cell-induced changes in immunity, neurotransmission and mitochondrial function in Dementia with Lewy Body mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:21. [PMID: 28283027 PMCID: PMC5345195 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that transplantation of murine neural stem cells (NSCs) can improve motor and cognitive function in a transgenic model of Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). These benefits occurred without changes in human α-synuclein pathology and were mediated in part by stem cell-induced elevation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, instrastriatal NSC transplantation likely alters the brain microenvironment via multiple mechanisms that may synergize to promote cognitive and motor recovery. The underlying neurobiology that mediates such restoration no doubt involves numerous genes acting in concert to modulate signaling within and between host brain cells and transplanted NSCs. In order to identify functionally connected gene networks and additional mechanisms that may contribute to stem cell-induced benefits, we performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) on striatal tissue isolated from NSC- and vehicle-injected wild-type and DLB mice. Combining continuous behavioral and biochemical data with genome wide expression via network analysis proved to be a powerful approach; revealing significant alterations in immune response, neurotransmission, and mitochondria function. Taken together, these data shed further light on the gene network and biological processes that underlie the therapeutic effects of NSC transplantation on α-synuclein induced cognitive and motor impairments, thereby highlighting additional therapeutic targets for synucleinopathies.
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Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor alleviated 6-OHDA-induced cell damage via ROS-AMPK/mTOR mediated autophagic inhibition. Exp Gerontol 2017; 89:45-56. [PMID: 28099881 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are commonly involved in the dopaminergic neuron damage in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Recently, the autophagy pathway is thought to be critical to the process of PD. Therefore, the regulation of autophagy may be a potential strategy for PD treatment. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) has been reported to have neuroprotective effects through anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in PD. In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy system in MANF-mediated neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity. Our results showed that MANF protected SH-SY5Y cells against 6-OHDA-induced cell viability decrease and apoptosis by inhibiting autophagy. Mitochondrion damage and energetic dysfunction triggered by reactive oxidative stress (ROS) accumulation were also alleviated by MANF treatment. Furthermore, MANF downregulated phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a cellular energy sensor and regulator, but upregulated phosphorylation of Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) under energy depletion conditions, indicating AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway is involved in the autophagic inhibition of MANF. These results suggest that autophagic inhibition provides protective mechanism of MANF in 6-OHDA-induced SH-SY5Y cell death and this inhibition is associated with AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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Su LY, Li H, Lv L, Feng YM, Li GD, Luo R, Zhou HJ, Lei XG, Ma L, Li JL, Xu L, Hu XT, Yao YG. Melatonin attenuates MPTP-induced neurotoxicity via preventing CDK5-mediated autophagy and SNCA/α-synuclein aggregation. Autophagy 2016; 11:1745-59. [PMID: 26292069 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1082020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson disease (PD). However, little is known about the regulation of autophagy in neurodegenerative process. In this study, we characterized aberrant activation of autophagy induced by neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and demonstrated that melatonin has a protective effect on neurotoxicity. We found an excessive activation of autophagy in monkey brain tissues and C6 cells, induced by MPTP, which is mediated by CDK5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5). MPTP treatment significantly reduced total dendritic length and dendritic complexity of cultured primary cortical neurons and melatonin could reverse this effect. Decreased TH (tyrosine hydroxylase)-positive cells and dendrites of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) were observed in MPTP-treated monkeys and mice. Along with decreased TH protein level, we observed an upregulation of CDK5 and enhanced autophagic activity in the striatum of mice with MPTP injection. These changes could be salvaged by melatonin treatment or knockdown of CDK5. Importantly, melatonin or knockdown of CDK5 reduced MPTP-induced SNCA/α-synuclein aggregation in mice, which is widely thought to trigger the pathogenesis of PD. Finally, melatonin or knockdown of CDK5 counteracted the PD phenotype in mice induced by MPTP. Our findings uncover a potent role of CDK5-mediated autophagy in the pathogenesis of PD, and suggest that control of autophagic pathways may provide an important clue for exploring potential target for novel therapeutics of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yan Su
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology ; Kunming, Yunnan , China.,b Kunming College of Life Science; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Hao Li
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology ; Kunming, Yunnan , China.,b Kunming College of Life Science; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Li Lv
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology ; Kunming, Yunnan , China.,b Kunming College of Life Science; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Yue-Mei Feng
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology ; Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Guo-Dong Li
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology ; Kunming, Yunnan , China.,b Kunming College of Life Science; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Kunming, Yunnan , China.,d School of Life Science; Anhui University ; Hefei, Anhui , China
| | - Rongcan Luo
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology ; Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - He-Jiang Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology ; Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Xiao-Guang Lei
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology ; Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Liang Ma
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology ; Kunming, Yunnan , China.,b Kunming College of Life Science; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Jia-Li Li
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology ; Kunming, Yunnan , China.,c Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Lin Xu
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology ; Kunming, Yunnan , China.,e CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Shanghai , China
| | - Xin-Tian Hu
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology ; Kunming, Yunnan , China.,c Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Kunming, Yunnan , China.,e CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Shanghai , China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology ; Kunming, Yunnan , China.,b Kunming College of Life Science; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Kunming, Yunnan , China.,c Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Kunming, Yunnan , China.,e CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Shanghai , China
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Toni M, Cioni C, De Angelis F, di Patti MCB. Synuclein expression in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2016; 202:577-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-016-1108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Catalan-Figueroa J, Palma-Florez S, Alvarez G, Fritz HF, Jara MO, Morales JO. Nanomedicine and nanotoxicology: the pros and cons for neurodegeneration and brain cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 11:171-87. [PMID: 26653284 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current strategies for brain diseases are mostly symptomatic and noncurative. Nanotechnology has the potential to facilitate the transport of drugs across the blood-brain barrier and to enhance their pharmacokinetic profile. However, to reach clinical application, an understanding of nanoneurotoxicity in terms of oxidative stress and inflammation is required. Emerging evidence has also shown that nanoparticles have the ability to alter autophagy, which can induce inflammation and oxidative stress, or vice versa. These effects may increase neurodegenerative processes damage, but on the other hand, they may have benefits for brain cancer therapies. In this review, we emphasize how nanomaterials may induce neurotoxic effects focusing on neurodegeneration, and how these effects could be exploited toward brain cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Catalan-Figueroa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile.,Laboratory of Neuroplasticity & Neurogenetics, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | | | - Gonzalo Alvarez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Hans F Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Miguel O Jara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Javier O Morales
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380494, Chile
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Wang JD, Cao YL, Li Q, Yang YP, Jin M, Chen D, Wang F, Wang GH, Qin ZH, Hu LF, Liu CF. A pivotal role of FOS-mediated BECN1/Beclin 1 upregulation in dopamine D2 and D3 receptor agonist-induced autophagy activation. Autophagy 2015; 11:2057-2073. [PMID: 26649942 PMCID: PMC4824582 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). BECN1/Beclin 1 acts as a critical regulator of autophagy and other cellular processes; yet, little is known about the function and regulation of BECN1 in PD. In this study, we report that dopamine D2 and D3 receptor (DRD2 and DRD3) activation by pramipexole and quinpirole could enhance BECN1 transcription and promote autophagy activation in several cell lines, including PC12, MES23.5 and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, and also in tyrosine hydroxylase positive primary midbrain neurons. Moreover, we identified a novel FOS (FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog) binding sequence (5′-TGCCTCA-3′) in the rat and human Becn1/BECN1 promoter and uncovered an essential role of FOS binding in the enhancement of Becn1 transcription in PC12 cells in response to the dopamine agonist(s). In addition, we demonstrated a critical role of intracellular Ca2+ elevation, followed by the enhanced phosphorylation of CAMK4 (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV) and CREB (cAMP responsive element binding protein) in the increases of FOS expression and autophagy activity. More importantly, pramipexole treatment ameliorated the SNCA/α-synuclein accumulation in rotenone-treated PC12 cells that overexpress wild-type or A53T mutant SNCA by promoting autophagy flux. This effect was also demonstrated in the substantia nigra and the striatum of SNCAA53T transgenic mice. The inhibition of SNCA accumulation by pramipexole was attenuated by cotreatment with the DRD2 and DRD3 antagonists and Becn1 siRNAs. Thus, our findings suggest that DRD2 and DRD3 agonist(s) may induce autophagy activation via a BECN1-dependent pathway and have the potential to reduce SNCA accumulation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Da Wang
- a Department of Neurology ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China.,b Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China.,c Department of Pediatrics ; Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University ; Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Yu-Lan Cao
- a Department of Neurology ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China.,b Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China
| | - Qian Li
- b Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China.,d Department of Pharmacology ; Soochow University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Suzhou , China
| | - Ya-Ping Yang
- a Department of Neurology ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China
| | - Mengmeng Jin
- a Department of Neurology ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China
| | - Dong Chen
- d Department of Pharmacology ; Soochow University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Suzhou , China
| | - Fen Wang
- b Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China
| | - Guang-Hui Wang
- d Department of Pharmacology ; Soochow University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Suzhou , China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- d Department of Pharmacology ; Soochow University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Suzhou , China
| | - Li-Fang Hu
- b Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China.,d Department of Pharmacology ; Soochow University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Suzhou , China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- a Department of Neurology ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China.,b Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University ; Suzhou , China
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Autophagy-related protein expression in the substantia nigra and eldepryl intervention in rat models of Parkinson׳s disease. Brain Res 2015; 1625:180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Synucleins (syns) are a family of proteins involved in several human neurodegenerative diseases and tumors. Since the first syn discovery in the brain of the electric ray Torpedo californica, members of the same family have been identified in all vertebrates and comparative studies have indicated that syn proteins are evolutionary conserved. No counterparts of syns were found in invertebrates suggesting that they are vertebrate-specific proteins. Molecular studies showed that the number of syn members varies among vertebrates. Three genes encode for α-, β- and γ-syn in mammals and birds. However, a variable number of syn genes and encoded proteins is expressed or predicted in fish depending on the species. Among biologically verified sequences, four syn genes were identified in fugu, encoding for α, β and two γ (γ1 and γ2) isoforms, whereas only three genes are expressed in zebrafish, which lacks α-syn gene. The list of “non verified” sequences is much longer and is often found in sequence databases. In this review we provide an overview of published papers and known syn sequences in agnathans and fish that are likely to impact future studies in this field. Indeed, fish models may play a key role in elucidating some of the molecular mechanisms involved in physiological and pathological functions of syn proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Toni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Carla Cioni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, Rome 00161, Italy.
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McGlinchey RP, Lee JC. Cysteine cathepsins are essential in lysosomal degradation of α-synuclein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:9322-7. [PMID: 26170293 PMCID: PMC4522768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500937112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A cellular feature of Parkinson's disease is cytosolic accumulation and amyloid formation of α-synuclein (α-syn), implicating a misregulation or impairment of protein degradation pathways involving the proteasome and lysosome. Within lysosomes, cathepsin D (CtsD), an aspartyl protease, is suggested to be the main protease for α-syn clearance; however, the protease alone only generates amyloidogenic C terminal-truncated species (e.g., 1-94, 5-94), implying that other proteases and/or environmental factors are needed to facilitate degradation and to avoid α-syn aggregation in vivo. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, to our knowledge, we report the first peptide cleavage map of the lysosomal degradation process of α-syn. Studies of purified mouse brain and liver lysosomal extracts and individual human cathepsins demonstrate a direct involvement of cysteine cathepsin B (CtsB) and L (CtsL). Both CtsB and CtsL cleave α-syn within its amyloid region and circumvent fibril formation. For CtsD, only in the presence of anionic phospholipids can this protease cleave throughout the α-syn sequence, suggesting that phospholipids are crucial for its activity. Taken together, an interplay exists between α-syn conformation and cathepsin activity with CtsL as the most efficient under the conditions examined. Notably, we discovered that CtsL efficiently degrades α-syn amyloid fibrils, which by definition are resistant to broad spectrum proteases. This work implicates CtsB and CtsL as essential in α-syn lysosomal degradation, establishing groundwork to explore mechanisms to enhance their cellular activity and levels as a potential strategy for clearance of α-syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P McGlinchey
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Pukaß K, Richter-Landsberg C. Inhibition of UCH-L1 in oligodendroglial cells results in microtubule stabilization and prevents α-synuclein aggregate formation by activating the autophagic pathway: implications for multiple system atrophy. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:163. [PMID: 25999815 PMCID: PMC4419839 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) positive glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCI) originating in oligodendrocytes (ODC) are a characteristic hallmark in multiple system atrophy (MSA). Their occurrence may be linked to a failure of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) or the autophagic pathway. For proteasomal degradation, proteins need to be covalently modified by ubiquitin, and deubiquitinated by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) before proteolytic degradation is performed. The DUB ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) is a component of the UPS, it is abundantly expressed in neuronal brain cells and has been connected to Parkinson’s disease (PD). It interacts with α-syn and tubulin. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether UCH-L1 is a constituent of ODC, the myelin forming cells of the CNS, and is associated with GCIs in MSA. Furthermore, LDN-57444 (LDN), a specific UCH-L1 inhibitor, was used to analyze its effects on cell morphology, microtubule (MT) organization and the proteolytic degradation system. Towards this an oligodendroglial cell line (OLN cells), stably transfected with α-syn or with α-syn and GFP-LC3, to monitor the autophagic flux, was used. The data show that UCH-L1 is expressed in ODC derived from the brains of newborn rats and colocalizes with α-syn in GCIs of MSA brain sections. LDN treatment had a direct impact on the MT network by affecting tubulin posttranslational modifications, i.e., acetylation and tyrosination. An increase in α-tubulin detyrosination was observed and detyrosinated MT were abundantly recruited to the cellular extensions. Furthermore, small α-syn aggregates, which are constitutively expressed in OLN cells overexpressing α-syn, were abolished, and LDN caused the upregulation of the autophagic pathway. Our data add to the knowledge that the UPS and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway are tightly balanced, and that UCH-L1 and its regulation may play a role in neurodegenerative diseases with oligodendroglia pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Pukaß
- Department of Neuroscience, Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
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Brück D, Wenning GK, Stefanova N, Fellner L. Glia and alpha-synuclein in neurodegeneration: A complex interaction. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:262-274. [PMID: 25766679 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synucleinopathies (ASP) comprise adult-onset, progressive neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) that are characterized by α-synuclein (AS) aggregates in neurons or glia. PD and DLB feature neuronal AS-positive inclusions termed Lewy bodies (LB) whereas glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs, Papp-Lantos bodies) are recognized as the defining hallmark of MSA. Furthermore, AS-positive cytoplasmic aggregates may also be seen in astroglial cells of PD/DLB and MSA brains. The glial AS-inclusions appear to trigger reduced trophic support resulting in neuronal loss. Moreover, microgliosis and astrogliosis can be found throughout the neurodegenerative brain and both are key players in the initiation and progression of ASP. In this review, we will highlight AS-dependent alterations of glial function and their impact on neuronal vulnerability thereby providing a detailed summary on the multifaceted role of glia in ASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Brück
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Fellner
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Huang LP, Deng MZ, He YP, Fang YQ. β-asarone and levodopa co-administration protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced damage in parkinsonian rat mesencephalon by regulating autophagy: down-expression Beclin-1 and light chain 3B and up-expression P62. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:269-77. [PMID: 25424835 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Huang
- Experimental Center; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Min-Zhen Deng
- Experimental Center; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Yu-Ping He
- Experimental Center; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Yong-Qi Fang
- Experimental Center; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
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Betzer C, Movius AJ, Shi M, Gai WP, Zhang J, Jensen PH. Identification of synaptosomal proteins binding to monomeric and oligomeric α-synuclein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116473. [PMID: 25659148 PMCID: PMC4319895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monomeric α-synuclein (αSN) species are abundant in nerve terminals where they are hypothesized to play a physiological role related to synaptic vesicle turn-over. In Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy body (DLB), αSN accumulates as aggregated soluble oligomers in terminals, axons and the somatodendritic compartment and insoluble filaments in Lewy inclusions and Lewy neurites. The autosomal dominant heritability associated to mutations in the αSN gene suggest a gain of function associated to aggregated αSN. We have conducted a proteomic screen to identify the αSN interactome in brain synaptosomes. Porcine brain synaptosomes were fractionated, solubilized in non-denaturing detergent and subjected to co-immunoprecipitation using purified recombinant human αSN monomers or oligomers as bait. The isolated αSN binding proteins were identified with LC-LTQ-orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry and quantified by peak area using Windows client application, Skyline Targeted Proteomic Environment. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001462. To quantify the preferential binding an average fold increase was calculated by comparing binding to monomer and oligomer. We identified 10 proteins preferentially binding monomer, and 76 binding preferentially to oligomer and a group of 92 proteins not displaying any preferred conformation of αSN. The proteomic data were validated by immunoprecipitation in both human and porcine brain extracts using antibodies against monomer αSN interactors: Abl interactor 1, and myelin proteolipid protein, and oligomer interactors: glutamate decarboxylase 2, synapsin 1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and VAMP-2. We demonstrate the existence of αSN conformation selective ligands and present lists of proteins, whose identity and functions will be useful for modeling normal and pathological αSN dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Betzer
- University of Aarhus, DANDRITE—Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience & Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A. James Movius
- Flinders University School of Medicine, Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Min Shi
- Flinders University School of Medicine, Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Wei-Ping Gai
- Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Jing Zhang
- Flinders University School of Medicine, Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- University of Aarhus, DANDRITE—Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience & Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Osellame LD, Duchen MR. Quality control gone wrong: mitochondria, lysosomal storage disorders and neurodegeneration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1958-72. [PMID: 24116849 PMCID: PMC3976615 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell possesses specialized pathways to turn over and degrade redundant proteins and organelles. Each pathway is unique and responsible for degradation of distinctive cytosolic material. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy (chaperone-mediated, macro, micro and organelle specific) act synergistically to maintain proteostasis. Defects in this equilibrium can be deleterious at cellular and organism level, giving rise to various disease states. Dysfunction of quality control pathways are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and appear particularly important in Parkinson's disease and the lysosomal storage disorders. Neurodegeneration resulting from impaired degradation of ubiquitinated proteins and α-synuclein is often accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria have evolved to control a diverse number of processes, including cellular energy production, calcium signalling and apoptosis, and like every other organelle within the cell, they must be ‘recycled.’ Failure to do so is potentially lethal as these once indispensible organelles become destructive, leaking reactive oxygen species and activating the intrinsic cell death pathway. This process is paramount in neurons which have an absolute dependence on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation as they cannot up-regulate glycolysis. As such, mitochondrial bioenergetic failure can underpin neural death and neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we discuss the links between cellular quality control and neurodegenerative diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, with particular attention to the emerging links between Parkinson's and Gaucher diseases in which defective quality control is a defining factor. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Energy, Injury & Beyond. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-8
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Osellame
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, UK
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Leyk J, Goldbaum O, Noack M, Richter-Landsberg C. Inhibition of HDAC6 modifies tau inclusion body formation and impairs autophagic clearance. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:1031-46. [PMID: 25434725 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteinaceous inclusions in nerve cells and glia are a defining neuropathological hallmark in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Their occurrence may be related to malfunctions of the proteolytic degradation systems. In cultured oligodendrocytes, proteasomal inhibition leads to protein aggregate formation resembling coiled bodies, which are characteristic for PSP and CBD. Large protein aggregates are excluded from the proteasome and can only be degraded by autophagy, a lysosomal pathway. Autophagy is a highly selective process, which requires a variety of receptor proteins for ubiquitinated proteins, such as p62 and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). HDAC6 is mainly localized in the cytoplasm, and alpha-tubulin is its major substrate. HDAC6 is considered as a sensor of proteasomal stress; it is involved in the autophagosomal pathway and can mediate the retrograde transport of ubiquitinated proteins along the microtubules. As we have shown recently, HDAC6 is present in oligodendrocytes and its inhibition leads to morphological alterations, microtubule bundling, modulation of acetylation, and phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether HDAC6 is involved in protein aggregate formation in oligodendrocytes and whether its inhibition modifies the consequences of MG-132-induced inhibition of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). The data show that HDAC6 and acetylated tau are recruited to protein aggregates after proteasomal inhibition. Pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6 by the selective inhibitor tubastatin A (TST) and its small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated downregulation alters the assembly of MG-132-induced compact protein aggregates. After TST treatment, they appear more diffusely dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. This is not a protective means but promotes the onset of apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, the heat shock response is altered, and TST suppresses the MG-132-stimulated induction of HSP70. To test whether the alteration of protein aggregate formation is related to the influence of HDAC6 on the autophagic degradation system, an oligodendroglial cell line, i.e., OLN-93 cells stably expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-microtubule associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and tau, was used. During autophagosome formation, endogenous LC3 is processed to LC3-I, which is then converted to LC3-II. An increase of LC3-II is used as a reliable marker for autophagosome formation and abundance. It is demonstrated that inhibition of HDAC6 leads to the accumulation of LC3-positive autophagosomal vacuoles and an increase in LC3-II immunoreactivity, but the autophagic flux is rather impaired. Hence, the inhibition or dysregulation of HDAC6 contributes to stress responses and pathological processes in oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Leyk
- Department of Neurosciences, Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, POB 2503, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
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Noack M, Richter-Landsberg C. Activation of autophagy by rapamycin does not protect oligodendrocytes against protein aggregate formation and cell death induced by proteasomal inhibition. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:99-108. [PMID: 25069858 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathological protein inclusions containing the microtubule-associated protein tau, ubiquitin, and a variety of heat shock proteins, originating in oligodendrocytes, are consistent features observed in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Defects in the proteolytic degradation systems have been associated with protein aggregate formation. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are critically involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and their activities need to be carefully balanced. A genuine crosstalk exists between the UPS and the autophagosomal system, and when the UPS is impaired, autophagy might act as a compensatory mechanism. Autophagy represents a lysosomal degradation system for degrading long-lived proteins and organelles, including damaged mitochondria. As we have shown before, proteasomal impairment by the reversible proteasomal inhibitor MG-132 (carbobenzoxy-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal) in oligodendrocytes leads to protein aggregate formation and apoptotic cell death, caused by activation of caspases and the mitochondrial pathway. The present study was undertaken to elucidate whether upregulation of the autophagic pathway by rapamycin can protect oligodendrocytes and ameliorate the consequences of MG-132-induced protein aggregate formation. The data show that rapamycin attenuated the formation of dense protein aggregates, but did not enhance the survival capability of oligodendrocytes after proteasomal inhibition. After activation of the autophagic pathway in combination with proteasomal inhibition, caspase 3 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 cleavage were even more pronounced than after proteasomal inhibition alone. Furthermore, rapamycin augmented MG-132-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, which are involved in the regulation of cell death and survival. In summary, depending on the cellular context and system, rapamycin may promote cell survival or, under other conditions in concert with apoptosis, may augment cell death, which seems to be the case in oligodendrocytes. Its therapeutic use for neurodegenerative disorders is most likely limited, since long-term administration may impair neuronal survival and specifically damage the myelin forming cells of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Noack
- Department of Neurosciences, Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, POB 2503, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Richter-Landsberg
- Department of Neurosciences, Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, POB 2503, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.
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van Veen S, Sørensen DM, Holemans T, Holen HW, Palmgren MG, Vangheluwe P. Cellular function and pathological role of ATP13A2 and related P-type transport ATPases in Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:48. [PMID: 24904274 PMCID: PMC4033846 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ATP13A2 lead to Kufor-Rakeb syndrome, a parkinsonism with dementia. ATP13A2 belongs to the P-type transport ATPases, a large family of primary active transporters that exert vital cellular functions. However, the cellular function and transported substrate of ATP13A2 remain unknown. To discuss the role of ATP13A2 in neurodegeneration, we first provide a short description of the architecture and transport mechanism of P-type transport ATPases. Then, we briefly highlight key P-type ATPases involved in neuronal disorders such as the copper transporters ATP7A (Menkes disease), ATP7B (Wilson disease), the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPases ATP1A2 (familial hemiplegic migraine) and ATP1A3 (rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism). Finally, we review the recent literature of ATP13A2 and discuss ATP13A2's putative cellular function in the light of what is known concerning the functions of other, better-studied P-type ATPases. We critically review the available data concerning the role of ATP13A2 in heavy metal transport and propose a possible alternative hypothesis that ATP13A2 might be a flippase. As a flippase, ATP13A2 may transport an organic molecule, such as a lipid or a peptide, from one membrane leaflet to the other. A flippase might control local lipid dynamics during vesicle formation and membrane fusion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah van Veen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Danny M Sørensen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tine Holemans
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Henrik W Holen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease - PUMPkin, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michael G Palmgren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease - PUMPkin, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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Yan JQ, Yuan YH, Gao YN, Huang JY, Ma KL, Gao Y, Zhang WQ, Guo XF, Chen NH. Overexpression of human E46K mutant α-synuclein impairs macroautophagy via inactivation of JNK1-Bcl-2 pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:685-701. [PMID: 24833599 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is pathologically characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain and the existence of intracellular protein inclusions termed Lewy bodies, largely composed of α-synuclein. Genetic studies have revealed that rare point mutations in the gene encoding α-synuclein including A30P, A53T, and E46K are associated with familial forms of PD, indicating a pathological role for mutant α-synuclein in PD etiology. However, the mechanisms underlying the neuronal toxicity of mutant α-synuclein are still to be elucidated. Growing evidence has suggested a deleterious effect of mutant α-synuclein on the autophagy-lysosome pathway. In this study, we discovered that overexpression of human E46K mutant α-synuclein impaired macroautophagy in mammalian cells. Our data showed that overexpression of E46K mutant α-synuclein impaired autophagy at an early stage of autophagosome formation via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1)-Bcl-2 but not the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Overexpressed E46K mutant α-synuclein inhibited JNK1 activation, leading to a reduced Bcl-2 phosphorylation and increased association between Bcl-2 and Beclin1, further disrupting the formation of Beclin1/hVps34 complex, which is essential for autophagy initiation. Furthermore, overexpression of E46K mutant α-synuclein increased the vulnerability of differentiated PC12 cells to rotenone treatment, which would be partly due to its inhibitory effects on autophagy. Our findings may shed light on the potential roles of mutant α-synuclein in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, I Xiannongtan Street, Xicheng District, 100050, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Alberio T, Bondi H, Colombo F, Alloggio I, Pieroni L, Urbani A, Fasano M. Mitochondrial proteomics investigation of a cellular model of impaired dopamine homeostasis, an early step in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1332-44. [PMID: 24675778 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70611g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Impaired dopamine homeostasis is an early event in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species consequent to dopamine oxidation leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and eventually cell death. Alterations in the mitochondrial proteome due to dopamine exposure were investigated in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. The combination of two orthogonal proteomic approaches, two-dimensional electrophoresis and shotgun proteomics (proteomeXchange dataset PXD000838), was used to highlight the specific pathways perturbed by the increase of intracellular dopamine, in comparison with those perturbed by a specific mitochondrial toxin (4-methylphenylpyridinium, MPP(+)), a neurotoxin causing Parkinsonism-like symptoms in animal models. Proteins altered by MPP(+) did not completely overlap with those affected by dopamine treatment. In particular, the MPP(+) target complex I component NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3 was not affected by dopamine together with 26 other proteins. The comparison of proteomics approaches highlighted the fragmentation of some mitochondrial proteins, suggesting an alteration of the mitochondrial protease activity. Pathway and disease association analysis of the proteins affected by dopamine revealed the overrepresentation of the Parkinson's disease and the parkin-ubiquitin proteasomal system pathways and of gene ontologies associated with generation of precursor metabolites and energy, response to topologically incorrect proteins and programmed cell death. These alterations may be globally interpreted in part as the result of a direct effect of dopamine on mitochondria (e.g. alteration of the mitochondrial protease activity) and in part as the effect on mitochondria of a general activation of cellular processes (e.g. regulation of programmed cell death).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Alberio
- Biomedical Research Division, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Italy.
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43
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Hung KC, Huang HJ, Lin MW, Lei YP, Lin AMY. Roles of autophagy in MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in vivo: the involvement of mitochondria and α-synuclein aggregation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91074. [PMID: 24646838 PMCID: PMC3960112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (also known as autophagy) is an intracellular self-eating mechanism and has been proposed as both neuroprotective and neurodestructive in the central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, the role of autophagy involving mitochondria and α-synuclein was investigated in MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium)-induced oxidative injury in chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats in vivo. The oxidative mechanism underlying MPP+-induced neurotoxicity was identified by elevated lipid peroxidation and heme oxygenase-1 levels, a redox-regulated protein in MPP+-infused substantia nigra (SN). At the same time, MPP+ significantly increased LC3-II levels, a hallmark protein of autophagy. To block MPP+-induced autophagy in rat brain, Atg7siRNA was intranigrally infused 4 d prior to MPP+ infusion. Western blot assay showed that in vivo Atg7siRNA transfection not only reduced Atg7 levels in the MPP+-infused SN but attenuated MPP+-induced elevation in LC3-II levels, activation of caspase 9 and reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase levels, indicating that autophagy is pro-death. The immunostaining study demonstrated co-localization of LC3 and succinate dehydrogenase (a mitochondrial complex II) as well as LC3 and α-synuclein, suggesting that autophagy may engulf mitochondria and α-synuclein. Indeed, in vivo Atg7siRNA transfection mitigated MPP+-induced reduction in cytochrome c oxidase. In addition, MPP+-induced autophagy differentially altered the α-synuclein aggregates in the infused SN. In conclusion, autophagy plays a prodeath role in the MPP+-induced oxidative injury by sequestering mitochondria in the rat brain. Moreover, our data suggest that the benefits of autophagy depend on the levels of α-synuclein aggregates in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system of the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chih Hung
- Department of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Huang
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Lin
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ping Lei
- Department of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anya Maan-yuh Lin
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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44
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Alteration in Autophagic-lysosomal Potential During Aging and Neurological Diseases: The microRNA Perspective. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Dulovic M, Jovanovic M, Xilouri M, Stefanis L, Harhaji-Trajkovic L, Kravic-Stevovic T, Paunovic V, Ardah MT, El-Agnaf OMA, Kostic V, Markovic I, Trajkovic V. The protective role of AMP-activated protein kinase in alpha-synuclein neurotoxicity in vitro. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 63:1-11. [PMID: 24269733 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the role of the main intracellular energy sensor, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), in the in vitro neurotoxicity of α-synuclein (ASYN), one of the key culprits in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. The loss of viability in retinoic acid-differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells inducibly overexpressing wild-type ASYN was associated with the reduced activation of AMPK and its activator LKB1, as well as AMPK target Raptor. ASYN-overexpressing rat primary neurons also displayed lower activity of LKB1/AMPK/Raptor pathway. Restoration of AMPK activity by metformin or AICAR reduced the in vitro neurotoxicity of ASYN overexpression, acting independently of the prosurvival kinase Akt or the induction of autophagic response. The conditioned medium from ASYN-overexpressing cells, containing secreted ASYN, as well as dopamine-modified or nitrated recombinant ASYN oligomers, all inhibited AMPK activation in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and reduced their viability, but not in the presence of metformin or AICAR. The RNA interference-mediated knockdown of AMPK increased the sensitivity of SH-SY5Y cells to the harmful effects of secreted ASYN. AMPK-dependent protection from extracellular ASYN was also observed in rat neuron-like pheochromocytoma cell line PC12. These data demonstrate the protective role of AMPK against the toxicity of both intracellular and extracellular ASYN, suggesting that modulation of AMPK activity may be a promising therapeutic strategy in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Dulovic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Jovanovic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maria Xilouri
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Second Department of Neurology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Tamara Kravic-Stevovic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica Paunovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mustafa T Ardah
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Omar M A El-Agnaf
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir Kostic
- Clinic for Neurology CCS, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivanka Markovic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Lu H, Li G, Liu L, Feng L, Wang X, Jin H. Regulation and function of mitophagy in development and cancer. Autophagy 2013; 9:1720-36. [PMID: 24091872 DOI: 10.4161/auto.26550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond its role in recycling intracellular components nonselectively to sustain survival in response to metabolic stresses, autophagy can also selectively degrade specific cargoes such as damaged or dysfunctional organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis. Mitochondria, known as the power plant of cells, are the critical and dynamic organelles playing a fundamental role in cellular metabolism. Mitophagy, the selective autophagic elimination of mitochondria, has been identified both in yeast and in mammalian cells. Moreover, defects in mitophagy may contribute to a variety of human disorders such as neurodegeneration and myopathies. However, the role of mitophagy in development and cancer remains largely unclear. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the regulation and function of mitophagy in development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Lu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Institute of Clinical Science; Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, Zhejiang China; Department of Medical Oncology; Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; Zhejiang China
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47
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Tovilovic G, Zogovic N, Soskic V, Schrattenholz A, Kostic-Rajacic S, Misirkic-Marjanovic M, Janjetovic K, Vucicevic L, Arsikin K, Harhaji-Trajkovic L, Trajkovic V. Arylpiperazine-mediated activation of Akt protects SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptotic and autophagic death. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:224-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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48
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Feng D, Liu L, Zhu Y, Chen Q. Molecular signaling toward mitophagy and its physiological significance. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1697-1705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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49
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Nelson CJ, Li L, Jacoby RP, Millar AH. Degradation Rate of Mitochondrial Proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana Cells. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:3449-59. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400304r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clark J. Nelson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology & Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks, M316, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lei Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology & Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks, M316, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Richard P. Jacoby
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology & Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks, M316, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - A. Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology & Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks, M316, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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50
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Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are molecular chaperones and have been implicated in longevity and aging in many species. Their major functions include chaperoning misfolded or newly synthesised polypeptides, protecting cells from proteotoxic stress, and processing of immunogenic agents. These proteins are expressed constitutively and can be induced by stresses such as heat, oxidative stress and many more. The induction of HSP in aging could potentially maintain protein homeostasis and longevity by refolding the damaged proteins which accumulate during aging and are toxic to cells. HSP are shown to increase life span in model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans and decrease aging-related proteotoxicity. Thus, decrease in HSP in aging is associated with disruption of cellular homeostasis which causes diseases such as cancer, cell senescence and neurodegeneration. HSP levels are decreased with aging in most organs including neurons. Aging also causes attenuation or alteration of many signalling pathways as well as the expression of transcription factors such as heat shock factor (HSF). The alteration in regulation and synthesis of Forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a) family of transcription factors as well as major antioxidant enzymes (manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase) are also seen in aging. Among many signalling mechanisms involved in altering longevity and aging, the insulin/IGF-1 pathway and the Sir2 deacetylase are highly significant. This review enquires into the role of some of these pathways in longevity/aging along with HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Murshid
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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