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Xie H, Linning-Duffy K, Demireva EY, Toh H, Abolibdeh B, Shi J, Zhou B, Iwase S, Yan L. CRISPR-based genome editing of a diurnal rodent, Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus). BMC Biol 2024; 22:144. [PMID: 38956550 PMCID: PMC11218167 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diurnal and nocturnal mammals have evolved distinct pathways to optimize survival for their chronotype-specific lifestyles. Conventional rodent models, being nocturnal, may not sufficiently recapitulate the biology of diurnal humans in health and disease. Although diurnal rodents are potentially advantageous for translational research, until recently, they have not been genetically tractable. The present study aims to address this major limitation by developing experimental procedures necessary for genome editing in a well-established diurnal rodent model, the Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus). RESULTS A superovulation protocol was established, which yielded nearly 30 eggs per female grass rat. Fertilized eggs were cultured in a modified rat 1-cell embryo culture medium (mR1ECM), in which grass rat embryos developed from the 1-cell stage into blastocysts. A CRISPR-based approach was then used for gene editing in vivo and in vitro, targeting Retinoic acid-induced 1 (Rai1), the causal gene for Smith-Magenis Syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder. The CRISPR reagents were delivered in vivo by electroporation using an improved Genome-editing via Oviductal Nucleic Acids Delivery (i-GONAD) method. The in vivo approach produced several edited founder grass rats with Rai1 null mutations, which showed stable transmission of the targeted allele to the next generation. CRISPR reagents were also microinjected into 2-cell embryos in vitro. Large deletion of the Rai1 gene was confirmed in 70% of the embryos injected, demonstrating high-efficiency genome editing in vitro. CONCLUSION We have established a set of methods that enabled the first successful CRISPR-based genome editing in Nile grass rats. The methods developed will guide future genome editing of this and other diurnal rodent species, which will promote greater utility of these models in basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Xie
- Transgenic and Genome Editing Facility, Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Research Technology Support Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | | | - Elena Y Demireva
- Transgenic and Genome Editing Facility, Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Research Technology Support Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Huishi Toh
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Bana Abolibdeh
- Transgenic and Genome Editing Facility, Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Research Technology Support Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jiaming Shi
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Shigeki Iwase
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Lily Yan
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA.
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Korteling D, Musch JLI, Zinkstok JR, Boot E. Psychiatric and neurological manifestations in adults with Smith-Magenis syndrome: A scoping review. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2024; 195:e32956. [PMID: 37584268 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a 17p11.2 deletion or a pathogenic variant of the RAI1 gene, which lies within the 17p11.2 region. Various psychiatric and neurological disorders have been reported in SMS, with most literature focusing on children and adolescents. To provide an overview of the current knowledge on this topic in adults with SMS, we performed a comprehensive scoping review of the relevant literature. Our findings suggest that many manifestations that are common in childhood persist into adulthood. Neuropsychiatric manifestations in adults with SMS include intellectual disability, autism spectrum- and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-related features, self-injurious and physical aggressive behaviors, sleep-wake disorders, and seizures. Findings of this review may facilitate optimization of management strategies in adults with SMS, and may guide future studies exploring late-onset psychiatric and neurological comorbidities in SMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorinde Korteling
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Psychosocial Care, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Janneke R Zinkstok
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Boot
- Advisium, 's Heeren Loo, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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3
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Cipolla C, Sessa L, Rotunno G, Sodero G, Proli F, Veredice C, Giorgio V, Leoni C, Rosati J, Limongelli D, Kuczynska E, Sforza E, Trevisan V, Rigante D, Zampino G, Onesimo R. Metabolic Profile of Patients with Smith-Magenis Syndrome: An Observational Study with Literature Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1451. [PMID: 37761412 PMCID: PMC10527612 DOI: 10.3390/children10091451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Background: Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is caused by either interstitial deletions in the 17p11.2 region or pathogenic variants in the RAI1 gene and is marked by a distinct set of physical, developmental, neurological, and behavioral features. Hypercholesterolemia has been described in SMS, and obesity is also commonly found. Aim: To describe and characterize the metabolic phenotype of a cohort of SMS patients with an age range of 2.9-32.4 years and to evaluate any correlations between their body mass index and serum lipids, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and basal insulin levels. Results: Seven/thirty-five patients had high values of both total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 3/35 had high values of triglycerides; none of the patients with RAI1 variants presented dyslipidemia. No patients had abnormal fasting glucose levels. Three/thirty-five patients had HbA1c in the prediabetes range. Ten/twenty-two patients with 17p11.2 deletion and 2/3 with RAI1 variants had increased insulin basal levels. Three/twenty-three patients with the 17p11.2 deletion had prediabetes. Conclusion: Our investigation suggests that SMS 'deleted' patients may show a dyslipidemic pattern, while SMS 'mutated' patients are more likely to develop early-onset obesity along with hyperinsulinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clelia Cipolla
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy; (C.C.); (G.Z.); (R.O.)
| | - Linda Sessa
- Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Proli
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy; (C.C.); (G.Z.); (R.O.)
| | - Chiara Veredice
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy; (C.C.); (G.Z.); (R.O.)
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Valentina Giorgio
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy; (C.C.); (G.Z.); (R.O.)
- Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defect, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Jessica Rosati
- Unità di Riprogrammazione Cellulare, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | | | - Eliza Kuczynska
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defect, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Sforza
- Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defect, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Valentina Trevisan
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defect, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Donato Rigante
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy; (C.C.); (G.Z.); (R.O.)
- Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defect, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy; (C.C.); (G.Z.); (R.O.)
- Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defect, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Roberta Onesimo
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy; (C.C.); (G.Z.); (R.O.)
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defect, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, RM, Italy
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Xie H, Linning-Duffy K, Demireva EY, Toh H, Abolibdeh B, Shi J, Zhou B, Iwase S, Yan L. CRISPR-based Genome Editing of a Diurnal Rodent, Nile Grass Rat ( Arvicanthis niloticus). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.23.553600. [PMID: 37662225 PMCID: PMC10473663 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.23.553600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal and nocturnal mammals have evolved distinct pathways to optimize survival for their chronotype-specific lifestyles. Conventional rodent models, being nocturnal, may not sufficiently recapitulate the biology of diurnal humans in health and disease. Although diurnal rodents are potentially advantageous for translational research, until recently, they have not been genetically tractable. Here, we address this major limitation by demonstrating the first successful CRISPR genome editing of the Nile grass rat ( Arvicanthis niloticus ), a valuable diurnal rodent. We establish methods for superovulation; embryo development, manipulation, and culture; and pregnancy maintenance to guide future genome editing of this and other diurnal rodent species.
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5
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Garayzábal E, Hidalgo I, Miranda de Souza ALD, da Silva NC, Giacheti CM, Pinato L. Sleep disturbances and behavior in Smith-Magenis syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 128:104286. [PMID: 35779287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) shows a collection of neurodevelopmental problems including mild to moderate intellectual disability, change-related anxiety, impulsivity, speech delay, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADH) and sleep disturbances. Sleep disorders, when present, have been treated in several populations with consecutive improvements in cognitive and behavioral aspects. AIMS To better understand the existing relationships between sleep disturbances and behavioral problems in SMS syndrome this study describes the sleep and behavior problems in the SMS and explores the possible relation between both. METHODS AND PROCEDURES 17 individuals with SMS (50% males; 11.2 ± 4.9 years old) and 12 individuals with typical development (50% male; 11.1 ± 4.4 years old) were investigated using the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children and the Child Behavior Checklist. RESULTS A high percentage (60%) of individuals with SMS have an indication of sleep disorders, being the most frequent disorders the sleep-wake transition disorders, and disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep with sleep latency higher than acceptable and total sleep time below acceptable. More than 94% of the SMS group presented clinical or borderline scores on the total behavioral problems scale. The most common behavioral problems were Externalizing Problems, Thought and Attention, ADH and Aggressive problems. There was a positive correlation between disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, sleep-wake transition disorders, disorders of arousal, disorders of excessive somnolence and behavioral problems. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The worse the sleep disturbances investigated, the more severe the behavioral problems characteristics reinforcing the importance to address the sleep problems in the treatment of SMS individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Garayzábal
- Departamento de Lingüística General, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene Hidalgo
- Departamento de Filología Española, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 45600 Talavera de la Reina, Spain; Centro Universitario de Educación Superior (CUNIMAD), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Nathani Cristina da Silva
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Marilia, SP, Brazil.
| | - Celia Maria Giacheti
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Marilia, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Pinato
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Marilia, SP, Brazil.
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6
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Gur M, Bendelac-Kapon L, Shabtai Y, Pillemer G, Fainsod A. Reduced Retinoic Acid Signaling During Gastrulation Induces Developmental Microcephaly. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:844619. [PMID: 35372345 PMCID: PMC8967241 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.844619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a central signaling molecule regulating multiple developmental decisions during embryogenesis. Excess RA induces head malformations, primarily by expansion of posterior brain structures at the expense of anterior head regions, i.e., hindbrain expansion. Despite this extensively studied RA teratogenic effect, a number of syndromes exhibiting microcephaly, such as DiGeorge, Vitamin A Deficiency, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and others, have been attributed to reduced RA signaling. This causative link suggests a requirement for RA signaling during normal head development in all these syndromes. To characterize this novel RA function, we studied the involvement of RA in the early events leading to head formation in Xenopus embryos. This effect was mapped to the earliest RA biosynthesis in the embryo within the gastrula Spemann-Mangold organizer. Head malformations were observed when reduced RA signaling was induced in the endogenous Spemann-Mangold organizer and in the ectopic organizer of twinned embryos. Two embryonic retinaldehyde dehydrogenases, ALDH1A2 (RALDH2) and ALDH1A3 (RALDH3) are initially expressed in the organizer and subsequently mark the trunk and the migrating leading edge mesendoderm, respectively. Gene-specific knockdowns and CRISPR/Cas9 targeting show that RALDH3 is a key enzyme involved in RA production required for head formation. These observations indicate that in addition to the teratogenic effect of excess RA on head development, RA signaling also has a positive and required regulatory role in the early formation of the head during gastrula stages. These results identify a novel RA activity that concurs with its proposed reduction in syndromes exhibiting microcephaly.
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7
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Rinaldi B, Villa R, Sironi A, Garavelli L, Finelli P, Bedeschi MF. Smith-Magenis Syndrome—Clinical Review, Biological Background and Related Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020335. [PMID: 35205380 PMCID: PMC8872351 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a complex genetic disorder characterized by distinctive physical features, developmental delay, cognitive impairment, and a typical behavioral phenotype. SMS is caused by interstitial 17p11.2 deletions (90%), encompassing multiple genes and including the retinoic acid-induced 1 gene (RAI1), or by pathogenic variants in RAI1 itself (10%). RAI1 is a dosage-sensitive gene expressed in many tissues and acting as transcriptional regulator. The majority of individuals exhibit a mild-to-moderate range of intellectual disability. The behavioral phenotype includes significant sleep disturbance, stereotypes, maladaptive and self-injurious behaviors. In this review, we summarize current clinical knowledge and therapeutic approaches. We further discuss the common biological background shared with other conditions commonly retained in differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berardo Rinaldi
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (B.R.); (R.V.)
| | - Roberta Villa
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (B.R.); (R.V.)
| | - Alessandra Sironi
- Experimental Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20145 Milan, Italy; (A.S.); (P.F.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Palma Finelli
- Experimental Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20145 Milan, Italy; (A.S.); (P.F.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Bedeschi
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (B.R.); (R.V.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Müller AR, Zinkstok JR, Rommelse NNJ, van de Ven PM, Roes KCB, Wijburg FA, de Rooij-Askes E, Linders C, Boot E, van Eeghen AM. Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in patients with Smith-Magenis syndrome: protocol for a series of N-of-1 trials. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:380. [PMID: 34496899 PMCID: PMC8424817 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability and severe behavioural and sleep disturbances. Often, patients with SMS are diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the effectiveness of methylphenidate (MPH), the first-line pharmacological treatment for ADHD, in patients with SMS is unclear. Our objective is to examine the effectiveness of MPH for ADHD symptoms in individuals with SMS, proposing an alternative trial design as traditional randomized controlled trials are complex in these rare and heterogeneous patient populations. Methods and analysis We will initiate an N-of-1 series of double-blind randomized and placebo-controlled multiple crossover trials in six patients aged ≥ 6 years with a genetically confirmed SMS diagnosis and a multidisciplinary established ADHD diagnosis, according to a power analysis based on a summary measures analysis of the treatment effect. Each N-of-1 trial consists of a baseline period, dose titration phase, three cycles each including randomized intervention, placebo and washout periods, and follow-up. The intervention includes twice daily MPH (doses based on age and body weight). The primary outcome measure will be the subscale hyperactivity/inattention of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), rated daily. Secondary outcome measures are the shortened version of the Emotion Dysregulation Inventory (EDI) reactivity index, Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS), and the personal questionnaire (PQ). Statistical analysis will include a mixed model analysis. All subjects will receive an assessment of their individual treatment effect and data will be aggregated to investigate the effectiveness of MPH for ADHD in SMS at a population level. Conclusions This study will provide information on the effectiveness of MPH for ADHD in SMS, incorporating personalized outcome measures. This protocol presents the first properly powered N-of-1 study in a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder, providing a much-needed bridge between science and practice to optimize evidence-based and personalized care. Trial registration This study is registered in the Netherlands Trial Register (NTR9125).
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Müller
- Advisium, 's Heeren Loo, Amersfoort, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J R Zinkstok
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N N J Rommelse
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P M van de Ven
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K C B Roes
- Department of Health Evidence, Biostatistics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F A Wijburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - C Linders
- Advisium, 's Heeren Loo, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - E Boot
- Advisium, 's Heeren Loo, Amersfoort, the Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,The Dalglish Family 22Q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A M van Eeghen
- Advisium, 's Heeren Loo, Amersfoort, the Netherlands. .,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Garay PM, Chen A, Tsukahara T, Rodríguez Díaz JC, Kohen R, Althaus JC, Wallner MA, Giger RJ, Jones KS, Sutton MA, Iwase S. RAI1 Regulates Activity-Dependent Nascent Transcription and Synaptic Scaling. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108002. [PMID: 32783930 PMCID: PMC7418709 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity such as synaptic scaling are critically dependent on transcription. Activity-dependent transcriptional dynamics in neurons, however, remain incompletely characterized because most previous efforts relied on measurement of steady-state mRNAs. Here, we use nascent RNA sequencing to profile transcriptional dynamics of primary neuron cultures undergoing network activity shifts. We find pervasive transcriptional changes, in which ∼45% of expressed genes respond to network activity shifts. We further link retinoic acid-induced 1 (RAI1), the Smith-Magenis syndrome gene, to the transcriptional program driven by reduced network activity. Remarkable agreement among nascent transcriptomes, dynamic chromatin occupancy of RAI1, and electrophysiological properties of Rai1-deficient neurons demonstrates the essential roles of RAI1 in suppressing synaptic upscaling in the naive network, while promoting upscaling triggered by activity silencing. These results highlight the utility of bona fide transcription profiling to discover mechanisms of activity-dependent chromatin remodeling that underlie normal and pathological synaptic plasticity. BrU-seq reveals nascent transcription during synaptic up- or downscaling Smith-Magenis syndrome protein RAI1 regulates upscaling-associated transcription RAI1 departs chromatin in response to network activity shifts RAI1 blocks upscaling in naive networks and promotes inactivity-induced upscaling
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Garay
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alex Chen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Takao Tsukahara
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Rafi Kohen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J Christian Althaus
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Margarete A Wallner
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Roman J Giger
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kevin S Jones
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael A Sutton
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Shigeki Iwase
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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10
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Onesimo R, Versacci P, Delogu AB, De Rosa G, Pugnaloni F, Blandino R, Leoni C, Calcagni G, Digilio MC, Zollino M, Marino B, Zampino G. Smith-Magenis syndrome: Report of morphological and new functional cardiac findings with review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2003-2011. [PMID: 33811726 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a genetic disorder characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, sleep disturbance, behavioral impairment, and intellectual disability. Its genetic cause has been defined as an alteration in the Retinoic Acid-Induced 1 gene. Cardiac anomalies have been reported since the first description of this condition in patients with 17p11.2 deletion. Variable cardiac defects, including ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, tricuspid stenosis, mitral stenosis, tricuspid and mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, tetralogy of Fallot, and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, have been anecdotally reported and systematic case series are still lacking. Herein, we define the spectrum of the cardiac phenotype and describe for the first time the cardiac function in a large cohort of pediatric patients with SMS. Revision of the literature and correlations between genotype and cardiac phenotype was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Onesimo
- Rare Diseases Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Pediatric Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Versacci
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella De Rosa
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Pugnaloni
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Blandino
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Rare Diseases Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Pediatric Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Calcagni
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria C Digilio
- Medical Genetics Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Zollino
- Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Marino
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Rare Diseases Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Pediatric Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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11
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Finucane B, Savatt JM, Shimelis H, Girirajan S, Myers SM. Birt-Hogg-Dubé symptoms in Smith-Magenis syndrome include pediatric-onset pneumothorax. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1922-1924. [PMID: 33666332 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Finucane
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Juliann M Savatt
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hermela Shimelis
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott M Myers
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Rive Le Gouard N, Jacquinet A, Ruaud L, Deleersnyder H, Ageorges F, Gallard J, Lacombe D, Odent S, Mikaty M, Manouvrier-Hanu S, Ghoumid J, Geneviève D, Lehman N, Philip N, Edery P, Héron D, Rastel C, Chancenotte S, Thauvin-Robinet C, Faivre L, Perrin L, Verloes A. Smith-Magenis syndrome: Clinical and behavioral characteristics in a large retrospective cohort. Clin Genet 2021; 99:519-528. [PMID: 33368193 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), characterized by dysmorphic features, neurodevelopmental disorder, and sleep disturbance, is due to an interstitial deletion of chromosome 17p11.2 (90%) or to point mutations in the RAI1 gene. In this retrospective cohort, we studied the clinical, cognitive, and behavioral profile of 47 European patients with SMS caused by a 17p11.2 deletion. We update the clinical and neurobehavioral profile of SMS. Intrauterine growth was normal in most patients. Prenatal anomalies were reported in 15%. 60% of our patients older than 10 years were overweight. Prevalence of heart defects (6.5% tetralogy of Fallot, 6.5% pulmonary stenosis), ophthalmological problems (89%), scoliosis (43%), or deafness (32%) were consistent with previous reports. Epilepsy was uncommon (2%). We identified a high prevalence of obstipation (45%). All patients had learning difficulties and developmental delay, but ID range was wide and 10% of patients had IQ in the normal range. Behavioral problems included temper tantrums and other difficult behaviors (84%) and night-time awakenings (86%). Optimal care of SMS children is multidisciplinary and requires important parental involvement. In our series, half of patients were able to follow adapted schooling, but 70% of parents had to adapt their working time, illustrating the medical, social, educative, and familial impact of having a child with SMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rive Le Gouard
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Jacquinet
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France.,Department of Genetics, Sart Tilman University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Lyse Ruaud
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Deleersnyder
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Faustine Ageorges
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Gallard
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Department of Genetics, Bordeaux, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Department of Genetics, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Myriam Mikaty
- Department of Genetics, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | | | - Jamal Ghoumid
- Department of Genetics, Lille Jeanne de Flandre, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - David Geneviève
- Department of Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Natacha Lehman
- Department of Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Department of Genetics, la Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Edery
- Department of Genetics, Femme-Mère-Enfant University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- Department of Genetics, APHP Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Coralie Rastel
- Department of Genetics, APHP Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Department of Genetics, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
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13
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Composite Sleep Problems Observed Across Smith-Magenis Syndrome, MBD5-Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome, and ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:1852-1865. [PMID: 32845423 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Caregivers of preschool and elementary school age children with Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), MBD5-associated neurodevelopmental disorder (MAND), and Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) were surveyed to assess sleep disturbance and to identify disorder-specific sleep problems. Because of overlapping features of these rare genetic neurodevelopmental syndromes, data were compared to reports of sleep disturbance in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While similarities were observed with ASD, specific concerns between disorders differed, including mean nighttime sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, night wakings, parasomnias, restless sleep, and bedwetting. Overall, sleep disturbance in PTHS is significant but less severe than in SMS and MAND. The complexity of these conditions and the challenges of underlying sleep disturbance indicate the need for more support, education, and ongoing management of sleep for these individuals.
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14
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Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion involving the retinoic acid-induced 1 (RAI1) gene that maps on the short arm of chromosome 17p11.2 or a pathogenic mutation of RAI1. Smith-Magenis syndrome affects patients through numerous congenital anomalies, intellectual disabilities, behavioral challenges, and sleep disturbances. The sleep abnormalities associated with Smith-Magenis syndrome can include frequent nocturnal arousals, early morning awakenings, and sleep attacks during the day. The sleep problems associated with Smith-Magenis syndrome are attributed to haploinsufficiency of the RAI1 gene. One consequence of reduced function of RAI1, and characteristic of Smith-Magenis syndrome, is an inversion of melatonin secretion resulting in a diurnal rather than nocturnal pattern. Treatment of sleep problems in people with Smith-Magenis syndrome generally involves a combination of sleep hygiene techniques, supplemental melatonin, and/or other medications, such as melatonin receptor agonists, β1-adrenergic antagonists, and stimulant medications, to improve sleep outcomes. Improvement in sleep has been shown to improve behavioral outcomes, which in turn improves the quality of life for both patients and their caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Section of Pediatric Pulmonary at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Section of Sleep Medicine at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Sarah H Elsea
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lorraine Potocki
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Fainsod A, Bendelac-Kapon L, Shabtai Y. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Embryogenesis Under Reduced Retinoic Acid Signaling Conditions. Subcell Biochem 2020; 95:197-225. [PMID: 32297301 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42282-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a complex set of developmental malformations, neurobehavioral anomalies and mental disabilities induced by exposing human embryos to alcohol during fetal development. Several experimental models and a series of developmental and biochemical approaches have established a strong link between FASD and reduced retinoic acid (RA) signaling. RA signaling is involved in the regulation of numerous developmental decisions from patterning of the anterior-posterior axis, starting at gastrulation, to the differentiation of specific cell types within developing organs, to adult tissue homeostasis. Being such an important regulatory signal during embryonic development, mutations or environmental perturbations that affect the level, timing or location of the RA signal can induce multiple and severe developmental malformations. The evidence connecting human syndromes to reduced RA signaling is presented here and the resulting phenotypes are compared to FASD. Available data suggest that competition between ethanol clearance and RA biosynthesis is a major etiological component in FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Fainsod
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem, POB 12271, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Liat Bendelac-Kapon
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem, POB 12271, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shabtai
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem, POB 12271, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
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16
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Bertolini F, Servin B, Talenti A, Rochat E, Kim ES, Oget C, Palhière I, Crisà A, Catillo G, Steri R, Amills M, Colli L, Marras G, Milanesi M, Nicolazzi E, Rosen BD, Van Tassell CP, Guldbrandtsen B, Sonstegard TS, Tosser-Klopp G, Stella A, Rothschild MF, Joost S, Crepaldi P. Signatures of selection and environmental adaptation across the goat genome post-domestication. Genet Sel Evol 2018; 50:57. [PMID: 30449276 PMCID: PMC6240954 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-018-0421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since goat was domesticated 10,000 years ago, many factors have contributed to the differentiation of goat breeds and these are classified mainly into two types: (i) adaptation to different breeding systems and/or purposes and (ii) adaptation to different environments. As a result, approximately 600 goat breeds have developed worldwide; they differ considerably from one another in terms of phenotypic characteristics and are adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions. In this work, we analyzed the AdaptMap goat dataset, which is composed of data from more than 3000 animals collected worldwide and genotyped with the CaprineSNP50 BeadChip. These animals were partitioned into groups based on geographical area, production uses, available records on solid coat color and environmental variables including the sampling geographical coordinates, to investigate the role of natural and/or artificial selection in shaping the genome of goat breeds. RESULTS Several signatures of selection on different chromosomal regions were detected across the different breeds, sub-geographical clusters, phenotypic and climatic groups. These regions contain genes that are involved in important biological processes, such as milk-, meat- or fiber-related production, coat color, glucose pathway, oxidative stress response, size, and circadian clock differences. Our results confirm previous findings in other species on adaptation to extreme environments and human purposes and provide new genes that could explain some of the differences between goat breeds according to their geographical distribution and adaptation to different environments. CONCLUSIONS These analyses of signatures of selection provide a comprehensive first picture of the global domestication process and adaptation of goat breeds and highlight possible genes that may have contributed to the differentiation of this species worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bertolini
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bertrand Servin
- GenPhySE, INRA, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Andrea Talenti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Estelle Rochat
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Claire Oget
- GenPhySE, INRA, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Isabelle Palhière
- GenPhySE, INRA, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Alessandra Crisà
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA) - Research Centre for Animal Production and Acquaculture, 00015 Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
| | - Gennaro Catillo
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA) - Research Centre for Animal Production and Acquaculture, 00015 Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Steri
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA) - Research Centre for Animal Production and Acquaculture, 00015 Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
| | - Marcel Amills
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Licia Colli
- DIANA Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
- BioDNA Centro di Ricerca sulla Biodiversità e sul DNA Antico, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gabriele Marras
- Fondazione Parco Tecnologico Padano (PTP), 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Marco Milanesi
- DIANA Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | | | - Benjamin D. Rosen
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, ARS USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | | | - Bernt Guldbrandtsen
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Gwenola Tosser-Klopp
- GenPhySE, INRA, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Alessandra Stella
- BioDNA Centro di Ricerca sulla Biodiversità e sul DNA Antico, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Max F. Rothschild
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Stéphane Joost
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Crepaldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - the AdaptMap consortium
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
- GenPhySE, INRA, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Recombinetics Inc, St Paul, 55104 MN USA
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA) - Research Centre for Animal Production and Acquaculture, 00015 Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- DIANA Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
- BioDNA Centro di Ricerca sulla Biodiversità e sul DNA Antico, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
- Fondazione Parco Tecnologico Padano (PTP), 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, ARS USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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17
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Larizza L, Finelli P. Developmental disorders with intellectual disability driven by chromatin dysregulation: Clinical overlaps and molecular mechanisms. Clin Genet 2018; 95:231-240. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Larizza
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Istituto Auxologico Italiano; Milan Italy
| | - P. Finelli
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Istituto Auxologico Italiano; Milan Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
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18
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Fainsod A, Kot-Leibovich H. Xenopus embryos to study fetal alcohol syndrome, a model for environmental teratogenesis. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:77-87. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate model systems are central to characterize the outcomes of ethanol exposure and the etiology of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), taking advantage of their genetic and morphological closeness and similarity to humans. We discuss the contribution of amphibian embryos to FASD research, focusing on Xenopus embryos. The Xenopus experimental system is characterized by external development and accessibility throughout embryogenesis, large clutch sizes, gene and protein activity manipulation, transgenesis and genome editing, convenient chemical treatment, explants and conjugates, and many other experimental approaches. Taking advantage of these methods, many insights regarding FASD have been obtained. These studies characterized the malformations induced by ethanol including quantitative analysis of craniofacial malformations, induction of fetal growth restriction, delay in gut maturation, and defects in the differentiation of the neural crest. Mechanistic, biochemical, and molecular studies in Xenopus embryos identified early gastrula as the high alcohol sensitivity window, targeting the embryonic organizer and inducing a delay in gastrulation movements. Frog embryos have also served to demonstrate the involvement of reduced retinoic acid production and an increase in reactive oxygen species in FASD. Amphibian embryos have helped pave the way for our mechanistic, molecular, and biochemical understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Fainsod
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel–Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel–Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Hadas Kot-Leibovich
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel–Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel–Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
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19
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Acetaldehyde inhibits retinoic acid biosynthesis to mediate alcohol teratogenicity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:347. [PMID: 29321611 PMCID: PMC5762763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy induces Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), which has been proposed to arise from competitive inhibition of retinoic acid (RA) biosynthesis. We provide biochemical and developmental evidence identifying acetaldehyde as responsible for this inhibition. In the embryo, RA production by RALDH2 (ALDH1A2), the main retinaldehyde dehydrogenase expressed at that stage, is inhibited by ethanol exposure. Pharmacological inhibition of the embryonic alcohol dehydrogenase activity, prevents the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde that in turn functions as a RALDH2 inhibitor. Acetaldehyde-mediated reduction of RA can be rescued by RALDH2 or retinaldehyde supplementation. Enzymatic kinetic analysis of human RALDH2 shows a preference for acetaldehyde as a substrate over retinaldehyde. RA production by hRALDH2 is efficiently inhibited by acetaldehyde but not by ethanol itself. We conclude that acetaldehyde is the teratogenic derivative of ethanol responsible for the reduction in RA signaling and induction of the developmental malformations characteristic of FASD. This competitive mechanism will affect tissues requiring RA signaling when exposed to ethanol throughout life.
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20
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MYT1L mutations cause intellectual disability and variable obesity by dysregulating gene expression and development of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006957. [PMID: 28859103 PMCID: PMC5597252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletions at chromosome 2p25.3 are associated with a syndrome consisting of intellectual disability and obesity. The smallest region of overlap for deletions at 2p25.3 contains PXDN and MYT1L. MYT1L is expressed only within the brain in humans. We hypothesized that single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in MYT1L would cause a phenotype resembling deletion at 2p25.3. To examine this we sought MYT1L SNVs in exome sequencing data from 4, 296 parent-child trios. Further variants were identified through a genematcher-facilitated collaboration. We report 9 patients with MYT1L SNVs (4 loss of function and 5 missense). The phenotype of SNV carriers overlapped with that of 2p25.3 deletion carriers. To identify the transcriptomic consequences of MYT1L loss of function we used CRISPR-Cas9 to create a knockout cell line. Gene Ontology analysis in knockout cells demonstrated altered expression of genes that regulate gene expression and that are localized to the nucleus. These differentially expressed genes were enriched for OMIM disease ontology terms "mental retardation". To study the developmental effects of MYT1L loss of function we created a zebrafish knockdown using morpholinos. Knockdown zebrafish manifested loss of oxytocin expression in the preoptic neuroendocrine area. This study demonstrates that MYT1L variants are associated with syndromic obesity in humans. The mechanism is related to dysregulated expression of neurodevelopmental genes and altered development of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus.
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21
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Mullegama SV, Alaimo JT, Fountain MD, Burns B, Balog AH, Chen L, Elsea SH. RAI1 Overexpression Promotes Altered Circadian Gene Expression and Dyssomnia in Potocki-Lupski Syndrome. J Pediatr Genet 2017; 6:155-164. [PMID: 28794907 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1599147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid induced 1 ( RAI1 ) encodes a dosage-sensitive gene that when haploinsufficient results in Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) and when overexpressed results in Potocki-Lupski syndrome (PTLS). Phenotypic and molecular evidence illustrates that haploinsufficiency of RAI1 disrupts circadian rhythm through the dysregulation of the master circadian regulator, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput ( CLOCK) , and other core circadian components, contributing to prominent sleep disturbances in SMS. However, the phenotypic and molecular characterization of sleep features in PTLS has not been elucidated. Using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), caregivers of 15 school-aged children with PTLS reported difficulties in initiating sleep. Indeed, more than 70% of individuals manifested moderate to severe sleep latency, as defined by the PSQI. Moreover, these individuals manifested difficulties in sleep maintenance, with middle of the night and early morning awakenings. When assessing daytime sleepiness through the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, approximately 21% of the individuals manifested excessive daytime somnolence. This indicates that mild dyssomnia characterizes the majority of the sleep phenotype, with occasionally problematic daytime somnolence, a phenotype different than that expressed by individuals with SMS, where daytime sleepiness is a chronic problem. Gene expression analysis of the core circadian machinery in the hypothalamus of the PTLS mouse model ( Rai1 -Tg) found significant dysregulation of the transcriptional activators, Clock and Arntl , and the transcriptional repressors, Per1-3 and Cry1/2 , during both light and dark phases. These findings suggest a partial loss of circadian entrainment typically evoked by environmental photic cues. Examination of circadian clock gene expression in the Rai1- Tg mouse heart, liver, and kidney found unchanged expression of Clock and most of its downstream targets during both light and dark phases, suggesting an asynchronized circadian rhythm. Furthermore, examination of circadian gene expression in synchronized PTLS lymphoblasts revealed reduced transcripts of the Period ( PER1-3 ) family and normal expression of CRY1/2 . The finding that central circadian gene expression was altered while many peripheral circadian components were intact suggests a tissue-specific circadian uncoupling of the circadian machinery due to Rai1 overexpression. Overall, our results demonstrate that overexpression of RAI1 results in sleep deficiencies in individuals with PTLS due to a lack of properly regulated circadian machinery gene expression and highlight the importance of evaluating sleep concerns in individuals with PTLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureni V Mullegama
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Joseph T Alaimo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Michael D Fountain
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Brooke Burns
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Amanda Hebert Balog
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States.,Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sarah H Elsea
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Craniofacial disorders are among the most common human birth defects and present an enormous health care and social burden. The development of animal models has been instrumental to investigate fundamental questions in craniofacial biology and this knowledge is critical to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of these disorders. RECENT FINDINGS The vast majority of craniofacial disorders arise from abnormal development of the neural crest, a multipotent and migratory cell population. Therefore, defining the pathogenesis of these conditions starts with a deep understanding of the mechanisms that preside over neural crest formation and its role in craniofacial development. SUMMARY This review discusses several studies using Xenopus embryos to model human craniofacial conditions, and emphasizes the strength of this system to inform important biological processes as they relate to human craniofacial development and disease.
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Garay PM, Wallner MA, Iwase S. Yin-yang actions of histone methylation regulatory complexes in the brain. Epigenomics 2016; 8:1689-1708. [PMID: 27855486 PMCID: PMC5289040 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of histone methylation has emerged as a major driver of neurodevelopmental disorders including intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorders. Histone methyl writer and eraser enzymes generally act within multisubunit complexes rather than in isolation. However, it remains largely elusive how such complexes cooperate to achieve the precise spatiotemporal gene expression in the developing brain. Histone H3K4 methylation (H3K4me) is a chromatin signature associated with active gene-regulatory elements. We review a body of literature that supports a model in which the RAI1-containing H3K4me writer complex counterbalances the LSD1-containing H3K4me eraser complex to ensure normal brain development. This model predicts H3K4me as the nexus of previously unrelated neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Marie Garay
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Shigeki Iwase
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Сhurbanov AY, Karafet TM, Morozov IV, Mikhalskaia VY, Zytsar MV, Bondar AA, Posukh OL. Whole Exome Sequencing Reveals Homozygous Mutations in RAI1, OTOF, and SLC26A4 Genes Associated with Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss in Altaian Families (South Siberia). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153841. [PMID: 27082237 PMCID: PMC4833413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss (HL) is one of the most common sensorineural disorders and several dozen genes contribute to its pathogenesis. Establishing a genetic diagnosis of HL is of great importance for clinical evaluation of deaf patients and for estimating recurrence risks for their families. Efforts to identify genes responsible for HL have been challenged by high genetic heterogeneity and different ethnic-specific prevalence of inherited deafness. Here we present the utility of whole exome sequencing (WES) for identifying candidate causal variants for previously unexplained nonsyndromic HL of seven patients from four unrelated Altaian families (the Altai Republic, South Siberia). The WES analysis revealed homozygous missense mutations in three genes associated with HL. Mutation c.2168A>G (SLC26A4) was found in one family, a novel mutation c.1111G>C (OTOF) was revealed in another family, and mutation c.5254G>A (RAI1) was found in two families. Sanger sequencing was applied for screening of identified variants in an ethnically diverse cohort of other patients with HL (n = 116) and in Altaian controls (n = 120). Identified variants were found only in patients of Altaian ethnicity (n = 93). Several lines of evidences support the association of homozygosity for discovered variants c.5254G>A (RAI1), c.1111C>G (OTOF), and c.2168A>G (SLC26A4) with HL in Altaian patients. Local prevalence of identified variants implies possible founder effect in significant number of HL cases in indigenous population of the Altai region. Notably, this is the first reported instance of patients with RAI1 missense mutation whose HL is not accompanied by specific traits typical for Smith-Magenis syndrome. Presumed association of RAI1 gene variant c.5254G>A with isolated HL needs to be proved by further experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y. Сhurbanov
- Arizona Research Laboratories, Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tatiana M. Karafet
- Arizona Research Laboratories, Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Igor V. Morozov
- SB RAS Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Valeriia Yu. Mikhalskaia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Marina V. Zytsar
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander A. Bondar
- SB RAS Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga L. Posukh
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
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25
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Dickinson AJG. Using frogs faces to dissect the mechanisms underlying human orofacial defects. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 51:54-63. [PMID: 26778163 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review I discuss how Xenopus laevis is an effective model to dissect the mechanisms underlying orofacial defects. This species has been particularly useful in studying the understudied structures of the developing face including the embryonic mouth and primary palate. The embryonic mouth is the first opening between the foregut and the environment and is critical for adult mouth development. The final step in embryonic mouth formation is the perforation of a thin layer of tissue covering the digestive tube called the buccopharyngeal membrane. When this tissue does not perforate in humans it can pose serious health risks for the fetus and child. The primary palate forms just dorsal to the embryonic mouth and in non-amniotes it functions as the roof of the adult mouth. Defects in the primary palate result in a median oral cleft that appears similar across the vertebrates. In humans, these median clefts are often severe and surgically difficult to repair. Xenopus has several qualities that make it advantageous for craniofacial research. The free living embryo has an easily accessible face and we have also developed several new tools to analyze the development of the region. Further, Xenopus is readily amenable to chemical screens allowing us to uncover novel gene-environment interactions during orofacial development, as well as to define underlying mechanisms governing such interactions. In conclusion, we are utilizing Xenopus in new and innovative ways to contribute to craniofacial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J G Dickinson
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Main St., Richmond, VA 23284, United States.
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Evidence for genetic regulation of mRNA expression of the dosage-sensitive gene retinoic acid induced-1 (RAI1) in human brain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19010. [PMID: 26743651 PMCID: PMC4705554 DOI: 10.1038/srep19010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RAI1 (retinoic acid induced-1) is a dosage-sensitive gene that causes Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) when mutated or deleted and Potocki-Lupski Syndrome (PTLS) when duplicated, with psychiatric features commonly observed in both syndromes. How common genetic variants regulate this gene, however, is unknown. In this study, we found that RAI1 mRNA expression in Chinese prefrontal and temporal cortex correlate with genotypes of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the RAI1 5′-upstream region. Using genotype imputation, “R2-Δ2” analysis, and data from the RegulomeDB database, we identified SNPs rs4925102 and rs9907986 as possible regulatory variants, accounting for approximately 30–40% of the variance in RAI1 mRNA expression in both brain regions. Specifically, rs4925102 and rs9907986 are predicted to disrupt the binding of retinoic acid RXR-RAR receptors and the transcription factor DEAF1 (Deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor-1), respectively. Consistent with these predictions, we observed binding of RXRα and RARα to the predicted RAI1 target in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Retinoic acid is crucial for early development of the central neural system, and DEAF1 is associated with intellectual disability. The observation that a significant portion of RAI1 mRNA expression is genetically controlled raises the possibility that common RAI1 5′-region regulatory variants contribute more generally to psychiatric disorders.
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Nijim Y, Adawi A, Bisharat B, Bowirrat A. First Case Report of Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS) Among the Arab Community in Nazareth: View and Overview. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2362. [PMID: 26817868 PMCID: PMC4998242 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS0) is a complex and rare genetic multisystem disorder characterized by a variable pattern of cognitive deficits accompanied by a1 distinctive behavioral phenotype. SMS is characterized by subtle facial dysmorphology, short stature, sleep disturbances, and neurobehavioral abnormalities. Little is known about the manifestation of his unique case among Arab population and its strategic treatment.This study comes to present a case of SMS in an Arab newborn male who was born in spontaneous delivery on June 29, 2015, with tachypnea, tracheomalacia, and mild hypotonia. The newborn was admitted on the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and various laboratory examinations and clinical examinations were performed.Throughout his hospitalization, feeding difficulties appeared and thus a peripheral venous catheter was inserted in the left leg.After 22 days of follow-up and hospitalizations, the patient status improved and he was discharged with recommendations to be in follow up in pediatric outpatient clinic.However, notwithstanding the different investigations, intermittent tachypnea continued at a rate of 72 to 77 breaths/min. Search for diagnosis begin intensively owing to persistence of tachypnia, mild hypotonia, feeding difficulties, sleep disturbances, and mild dysmorphic facial features. Suspicions of genetic abnormalities were considered and blood samples were sent for chromosome analysis and for fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) testing.The genetic results revealed the following: cytogenetic findings: 46, XY, del(17)(p11.2) and the FISH results: del(17)(p11.2p11.2) (D17S29). The chromosome diagnosis revealed an interstitial deletion of 17p11.2 and the diagnosis of the SMS was confirmed.Accurate clinical diagnosis, therapeutic assessments and a holistic management plans, including multidiscipline therapeutic strategies, periodic neuro-developmental assessments, and an early intervention programs, are recommended.However, cytogenetic analysis or FISH using an RAI1-specific probe is the most frequently used technique for DS. Sleep and behavioral disturbances treatment include a combination of the daytime dose of acebutolol with an evening oral dose of melatonin. Melatonin as chronobiotic, antioxidant, and analgesic agent showed to be effective in different primary sleep disorders and in those associated with neurobehavioral disorders. Based on the beneficial effect of melatonin, it will be useful to use serum levels of melatonin as a follow-up test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousif Nijim
- From the Head of Pediatric and Neonatal Department (YN); Pediatric and Neonatal Department, EMMS Nazareth-The Nazareth Hospital, Nazareth (AA); Director of EMMS Nazareth Hospital, Galilee Medical School - Bar Ilan University (BB); and Clinical Neuroscience and Population Genetics-EMMS, Nazareth Hospital, Nazareth, Israel (AB)
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Alaimo JT, Barton LV, Mullegama SV, Wills RD, Foster RH, Elsea SH. Individuals with Smith-Magenis syndrome display profound neurodevelopmental behavioral deficiencies and exhibit food-related behaviors equivalent to Prader-Willi syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 47:27-38. [PMID: 26323055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with intellectual disability, sleep disturbances, early onset obesity and vast behavioral deficits. We used the Behavior Problems Inventory-01 to categorize the frequency and severity of behavioral abnormalities in a SMS cohort relative to individuals with intellectual disability of heterogeneous etiology. Self-injurious, stereotyped, and aggressive/destructive behavioral scores indicated that both frequency and severity were significantly higher among individuals with SMS relative to those with intellectual disability. Next, we categorized food behaviors in our SMS cohort across age using the Food Related Problems Questionnaire (FRPQ) and found that problems began to occur in SMS children as early as 5-11 years old, but children 12-18 years old and adults manifested the most severe problems. Furthermore, we evaluated the similarities of SMS adult food-related behaviors to those with intellectual disability and found that SMS adults had more severe behavioral problems. Many neurodevelopmental disorders exhibit syndromic obesity including SMS. Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorder with syndromic obesity and has a well-established management and treatment plan. Using the FRPQ we found that SMS adults had similar scores relative to PWS adults. Both syndromes manifest weight gain early in development, and the FRPQ scores highlight specific areas in which behavioral similarities exist, including preoccupation with food, impaired satiety, and negative behavioral responses. SMS food-related behavior treatment paradigms are not as refined as PWS, suggesting that current PWS treatments for prevention of obesity may be beneficial for individuals with SMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Alaimo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Laura V Barton
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Sureni V Mullegama
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rachel D Wills
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rebecca H Foster
- Department of Psychology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sarah H Elsea
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Crapper L, Ernst C. Comparative analysis of self-injury in people with psychopathology or neurodevelopmental disorders. Pediatr Clin North Am 2015; 62:619-31. [PMID: 26022166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Self-injury is a complex and poorly understood behavior observed in people with psychopathology or neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). Despite the differences in etiology and progression of these distinct disease domains, it is possible that overlapping molecular pathways underlie the expression of self-injurious behaviors (SIBs). This review outlines the similarities and differences at the behavioural and molecular level, where SIBs in both conditions may involve opioid, nucleoside, and dopamine signalling. These points of convergence have important implications for treatment and research of SIB in both populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Crapper
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada; McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Carl Ernst
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada; McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada.
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30
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Qian X, Mruk DD, Cheng YH, Cheng CY. RAI14 (retinoic acid induced protein 14) is an F-actin regulator: Lesson from the testis. SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 3:e24824. [PMID: 23885305 PMCID: PMC3710223 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.24824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RAI14 (retinoic acid induced protein 14) is an actin-binding protein first identified in the liver. In the testis, RAI14 is expressed by both Sertoli and germ cells in the seminiferous epithelium. Besides binding to actin in the testis, RAI14 is also a binding protein for palladin, an actin cross-linking and bundling protein. A recent report has shown that RAI14 displays stage-specific and spatiotemporal expression at the ES [ectoplasmic specialization, a testis-specific filamentous (F)-actin-rich adherens junction] in the seminiferous epithelium of adult rat testes during the epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis, illustrating its likely involvement in F-actin organization at the ES. Functional studies in which RAI14 was knocked down by RNAi in Sertoli cells in vitro and also in testicular cells in vivo have illustrated its role in conferring the integrity of actin filament bundles at the ES, perturbing the Sertoli cell tight junction (TJ)-pemeability barrier function in vitro, and also spermatid polarity and adhesion in vivo, thereby regulating spermatid transport at spermiation. Herein, we critically evaluate these earlier findings and also provide a likely hypothetic model based on the functional role of RAI14 at the ES, and how RAI14 is working with palladin and other actin regulatory proteins in the testis to regulate the transport of (1) spermatids and (2) preleptotene spermatocytes across the seminiferous epithelium and the blood-testis barrier (BTB), respectively, during spermatogenesis. This model should serve as a framework upon which functional experiments can be designed to better understand the biology of RAI14 and other actin-binding and regulatory proteins in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Qian
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research; Center for Biomedical Research; Population Council; New York NY USA ; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; School of Basic Medicine; Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, China
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31
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Capra V, Biancheri R, Morana G, Striano P, Novara F, Ferrero GB, Boeri L, Celle ME, Mancardi MM, Zuffardi O, Parrini E, Guerrini R. Periventricular nodular heterotopia in Smith-Magenis syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:3142-7. [PMID: 25257626 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is caused by an interstitial microdeletion of chromosome 17p11.2. A few patients with the typical SMS phenotype have RAI1 gene mutations. The syndrome is characterized by minor craniofacial anomalies, short stature, sleep disturbances, behavioural and neurocognitive abnormalities, as well as variable multisystemic manifestations. Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a genetically heterogeneous neuronal migration disorder characterized by subependymal heterotopic nodules, and is variably associated with other brain malformations, epileptic seizures and intellectual disability. Here we report on two patients harboring deletions of the 17p11.2 region in whom the SMS typical phenotype was associated with bilateral PNH. Our observations expand the spectrum of chromosomal rearrangements associated with PNH and indicate that abnormal neuronal migration may contribute to the neurocognitive phenotype of SMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Capra
- Neurosurgery Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Genoa, Italy
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Tan EC, Tan HS, Chua TE, Lee T, Ng J, Ch'ng YC, Choo CH, Chen HY. Association of premenstrual/menstrual symptoms with perinatal depression and a polymorphic repeat in the polyglutamine tract of the retinoic acid induced 1 gene. J Affect Disord 2014; 161:43-6. [PMID: 24751306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression during pregnancy or after childbirth is the most frequent perinatal illness affecting women. We investigated the length distribution of a trinucleotide repeat in RAI1, which has not been studied in perinatal depression or in the Chinese population. METHODS Cases (n=139) with confirmed diagnosis of clinical (major) depression related to pregnancy/postpartum were recruited from the outpatient clinic. Controls were patients who came to the obstetrics clinics and scored <7 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) (n=540). Saliva samples for DNA analysis, demographic information and self-reported frequency of occurrence of various premenstrual/menstrual symptoms were collected from all participants. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva and relevant region sequenced to determine the number of CAG/CAA repeats that encodes the polyglutamine tract in the N terminal of the protein. Difference between groups was assessed by chi-square analysis for categorical variables and analysis of variance for quantitative scores. RESULTS Compared to control subjects, patients with perinatal depression reported more frequent mood changes, cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and headache during premenstrual/menstrual periods (p=0.000). For the RAI1 gene CAG/CAA repeat, there was a statistically significant difference in the genotypic distribution between cases and controls (p=0.031). There was also a statistically significant association between the 14-repeat allele and perinatal depression (p=0.016). LIMITATIONS Family history, previous mental illness, and physical and psychological symptoms during the premenstrual/menstrual periods were self-reported. EPDS screening was done only once for controls. CONCLUSIONS The RAI1 gene polyglutamine repeat has a different distribution in our population. The 14-repeat allele is associated with perinatal depression and more frequent experience of physical and psychological symptoms during menstrual period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ene-Choo Tan
- KK Research Centre, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore; Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
| | - Hui-San Tan
- KK Research Centre, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Tze-Ern Chua
- Department of Psychological Medicine, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Theresa Lee
- Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jasmine Ng
- KK Research Centre, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Ying-Chia Ch'ng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Chih-Huei Choo
- Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Helen Y Chen
- Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore
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Maya I, Vinkler C, Konen O, Kornreich L, Steinberg T, Yeshaya J, Latarowski V, Shohat M, Lev D, Baris HN. Abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging in two patients with Smith-Magenis syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1940-6. [PMID: 24788350 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a clinically recognizable contiguous gene syndrome ascribed to an interstitial deletion in chromosome 17p11.2. Seventy percent of SMS patients have a common deletion interval spanning 3.5 megabases (Mb). Clinical features of SMS include characteristic mild dysmorphic features, ocular anomalies, short stature, brachydactyly, and hypotonia. SMS patients have a unique neurobehavioral phenotype that includes intellectual disability, self-injurious behavior and severe sleep disturbance. Little has been reported in the medical literature about anatomical brain anomalies in patients with SMS. Here we describe two patients with SMS caused by the common deletion in 17p11.2 diagnosed using chromosomal microarray (CMA). Both patients had a typical clinical presentation and abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. One patient had subependymal periventricular gray matter heterotopia, and the second had a thin corpus callosum, a thin brain stem and hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis. This report discusses the possible abnormal MRI images in SMS and reviews the literature on brain malformations in SMS. Finally, although structural brain malformations in SMS patients are not a common feature, we suggest baseline routine brain imaging in patients with SMS in particular, and in patients with chromosomal microdeletion/microduplication syndromes in general. Structural brain malformations in these patients may affect the decision-making process regarding their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idit Maya
- The Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a common, complex genetic disorder, but the mode of transmission remains to be discovered. Many researchers assume that common genomic variants carry some risk for manifesting the disease. The research community has celebrated the first genome-wide significant associations between common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and bipolar disorder. Currently, attempts are under way to translate these findings into clinical practice, genetic counseling, and predictive testing. However, some experts remain cautious. After all, common variants explain only a very small percentage of the genetic risk, and functional consequences of the discovered SNPs are inconclusive. Furthermore, the associated SNPs are not disease specific, and the majority of individuals with a "risk" allele are healthy. On the other hand, population-based genome-wide studies in psychiatric disorders have rediscovered rare structural variants and mutations in genes, which were previously known to cause genetic syndromes and monogenic Mendelian disorders. In many Mendelian syndromes, psychiatric symptoms are prevalent. Although these conditions do not fit the classic description of any specific psychiatric disorder, they often show nonspecific psychiatric symptoms that cross diagnostic boundaries, including intellectual disability, behavioral abnormalities, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, attention deficit, impulse control deficit, and psychosis. Although testing for chromosomal disorders and monogenic Mendelian disorders is well established, testing for common variants is still controversial. The standard concept of genetic testing includes at least three broad criteria that need to be fulfilled before new genetic tests should be introduced: analytical validity, clinical validity, and clinical utility. These criteria are currently not fulfilled for common genomic variants in psychiatric disorders. Further work is clearly needed before genetic testing for common variants in psychiatric disorders should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Kerner
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Folliculin contributes to VHL tumor suppressing activity in renal cancer through regulation of autophagy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70030. [PMID: 23922894 PMCID: PMC3726479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) is lost in the majority of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC). Folliculin (FLCN) is a tumor suppressor whose function is lost in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD), a disorder characterized by renal cancer of multiple histological types including clear cell carcinoma, cutaneous fibrofolliculoma, and pneumothorax. Here we explored whether there is connection between VHL and FLCN in clear cell renal carcinoma cell lines and tumors. We demonstrate that VHL regulates expression of FLCN at the mRNA and protein levels in RCC cell lines, and that FLCN protein expression is decreased in human ccRCC tumors with VHL loss, as compared with matched normal kidney tissue. Knockdown of FLCN results in increased formation of tumors by RCC cells with wild-type VHL in orthotopic xenografts in nude mice, an indication that FLCN plays a role in the tumor-suppressing activity of VHL. Interestingly, FLCN, similarly to VHL, is necessary for the activity of LC3C-mediated autophagic program that we have previously characterized as contributing to the tumor suppressing activity of VHL. The results show the existence of functional crosstalk between two major tumor suppressors in renal cancer, VHL and FLCN, converging on regulation of autophagy.
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Mullegama SV, Rosenfeld JA, Orellana C, van Bon BWM, Halbach S, Repnikova EA, Brick L, Li C, Dupuis L, Rosello M, Aradhya S, Stavropoulos DJ, Manickam K, Mitchell E, Hodge JC, Talkowski ME, Gusella JF, Keller K, Zonana J, Schwartz S, Pyatt RE, Waggoner DJ, Shaffer LG, Lin AE, de Vries BBA, Mendoza-Londono R, Elsea SH. Reciprocal deletion and duplication at 2q23.1 indicates a role for MBD5 in autism spectrum disorder. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:57-63. [PMID: 23632792 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Copy number variations associated with abnormal gene dosage have an important role in the genetic etiology of many neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disability (ID) and autism. We hypothesize that the chromosome 2q23.1 region encompassing MBD5 is a dosage-dependent region, wherein deletion or duplication results in altered gene dosage. We previously established the 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome and report herein 23 individuals with 2q23.1 duplications, thus establishing a complementary duplication syndrome. The observed phenotype includes ID, language impairments, infantile hypotonia and gross motor delay, behavioral problems, autistic features, dysmorphic facial features (pinnae anomalies, arched eyebrows, prominent nose, small chin, thin upper lip), and minor digital anomalies (fifth finger clinodactyly and large broad first toe). The microduplication size varies among all cases and ranges from 68 kb to 53.7 Mb, encompassing a region that includes MBD5, an important factor in methylation patterning and epigenetic regulation. We previously reported that haploinsufficiency of MBD5 is the primary causal factor in 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome and that mutations in MBD5 are associated with autism. In this study, we demonstrate that MBD5 is the only gene in common among all duplication cases and that overexpression of MBD5 is likely responsible for the core clinical features present in 2q23.1 microduplication syndrome. Phenotypic analyses suggest that 2q23.1 duplication results in a slightly less severe phenotype than the reciprocal deletion. The features associated with a deletion, mutation or duplication of MBD5 and the gene expression changes observed support MBD5 as a dosage-sensitive gene critical for normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureni V Mullegama
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, PerkinElmer Inc., Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Carmen Orellana
- Service of Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bregje W M van Bon
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Halbach
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elena A Repnikova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lauren Brick
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Genetics Program, McMaster University Medical Center and McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chumei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Genetics Program, McMaster University Medical Center and McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucie Dupuis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monica Rosello
- Service of Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - D James Stavropoulos
- 1] Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Elyse Mitchell
- 1] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA [2] Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jennelle C Hodge
- 1] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA [2] Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- 1] Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA [3] Departments of Genetics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James F Gusella
- 1] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA [2] Departments of Genetics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA [3] Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kory Keller
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Child Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jonathan Zonana
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Child Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Stuart Schwartz
- Laboratory Corporation of America, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert E Pyatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Darrel J Waggoner
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa G Shaffer
- Paw Print Genetics, Genetic Veterinary Sciences, Inc., Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Angela E Lin
- 1] Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Medical Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bert B A de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Mendoza-Londono
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah H Elsea
- 1] Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA [3] Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Jensen PL, Beck HC, Petersen J, Hreinsson J, Wånggren K, Laursen SB, Sørensen PD, Christensen ST, Andersen CY. Proteomic Analysis of Human Blastocoel Fluid and Blastocyst Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1126-35. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Linnert Jensen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- ORIGIO a/s, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Beck
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Centre for Clinical Proteomics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Petersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Julius Hreinsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kjell Wånggren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Søren Tvorup Christensen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Yding Andersen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Williams S, Zies D, Mullegama S, Grotewiel M, Elsea S. Smith-Magenis syndrome results in disruption of CLOCK gene transcription and reveals an integral role for RAI1 in the maintenance of circadian rhythmicity. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:941-9. [PMID: 22578325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of RAI1 results in Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), a disorder characterized by intellectual disability, multiple congenital anomalies, obesity, neurobehavioral abnormalities, and a disrupted circadian sleep-wake pattern. An inverted melatonin rhythm (i.e., melatonin peaks during the day instead of at night) and associated sleep-phase disturbances in individuals with SMS, as well as a short-period circadian rhythm in mice with a chromosomal deletion of Rai1, support SMS as a circadian-rhythm-dysfunction disorder. However, the molecular cause of the circadian defect in SMS has not been described. The circadian oscillator temporally orchestrates metabolism, physiology, and behavior largely through transcriptional modulation. Data support RAI1 as a transcriptional regulator, but the genes it might regulate are largely unknown. Investigation into the role that RAI1 plays in the regulation of gene transcription and circadian maintenance revealed that RAI1 regulates the transcription of circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK), a key component of the mammalian circadian oscillator that transcriptionally regulates many critical circadian genes. Data further show that haploinsufficiency of RAI1 and Rai1 in SMS fibroblasts and the mouse hypothalamus, respectively, results in the transcriptional dysregulation of the circadian clock and causes altered expression and regulation of multiple circadian genes, including PER2, PER3, CRY1, BMAL1, and others. These data suggest that heterozygous mutation of RAI1 and Rai1 leads to a disrupted circadian rhythm and thus results in an abnormal sleep-wake cycle, which can contribute to an abnormal feeding pattern and dependent cognitive performance. Finally, we conclude that RAI1 is a positive transcriptional regulator of CLOCK, pinpointing a novel and important role for this gene in the circadian oscillator.
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Weselake SV, Wevrick R. Co-morbidity of complex genetic disorders and hypersomnias of central origin: lessons from the underlying neurobiology of wake and sleep. Clin Genet 2012; 82:379-87. [PMID: 22533571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate wake and sleep cycles are important to physical well-being, and are modulated by neuronal networks in the brain. A variety of medical conditions can disrupt sleep or cause excessive daytime sleepiness. Clinical diagnostic classification schemes have historically lumped genetic disorders together into a category that considers the sleep dysfunction to be secondary to a medical condition. The unique nature of sleep endophenotypes that occur more frequently in particular genetic disorders has been underappreciated. Increased understanding of the pathophysiology of wake/sleep dysfunction in rare genetic disorders could inform studies of the neurological mechanisms that underlie more common forms of wake and sleep dysfunction. In this review, we highlight genetic developmental disorders in which sleep endophenotypes have been described, and then consider genetic neurodegenerative disorders with sleep characteristics that set them apart from the disruptions to sleep that are typically associated with aging and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Weselake
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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