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Kardos G, Laczkó L, Kaszab E, Timmer B, Szarka K, Prépost E, Bányai K. Phylogeny of Transferable Oxazolidinone Resistance Genes and Homologs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:311. [PMID: 38666987 PMCID: PMC11047308 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxazolidinone resistance, especially transmissible resistance, is a major public health concern, and the origin of this resistance mechanism is not yet resolved. This study aims to delve into the phylogenetic origin of the transmissible oxazolidinone resistance mechanisms conferring cross-resistance to other drugs of human and veterinary importance. The amino acid sequences of the five cfr ribosomal methylases and optrA and poxtA were used as queries in searches against 219,549 bacterial proteomes in the NCBI RefSeq database. Hits with >40% amino acid identity and >80% query coverage were aligned, and phylogenetic trees were reconstructed. All five cfr genes yielded highly similar trees, with rlmN housekeeping ribosomal methylases located basal to the sister groups of S-adenosyl-methionine-dependent methyltransferases from various Deltaproteobacteria and Actinomycetia, including antibiotic-producing Streptomyces species, and the monophyletic group of cfr genes. The basal branches of the latter contained paenibacilli and other soil bacteria; they then could be split into the clades [cfr(C):cfr(E)] and [[cfr:cfr(B)]:cfr(D)], always with different Bacillaceae in their stems. Lachnospiraceae were encountered in the basal branches of both optrA and poxtA trees. The ultimate origin of the cfr genes is the rlmN housekeeping ribosomal methylases, which evolved into a suicide-avoiding methylase in antibiotic producers; a soil organism (Lachnospiraceae, Paenibacilli) probably acted as a transfer organism into pathogenic bacteria. In the case of optrA, the porcine pathogenic Streptococcus suis was present in all branches, while the proteins closest to poxtA originated from Clostridia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Kardos
- Institute of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.T.); (K.S.)
- One Health Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.L.); (E.K.)
| | - Levente Laczkó
- One Health Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.L.); (E.K.)
- HUN-REN-DE Conservation Biology Research Group, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kaszab
- One Health Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.L.); (E.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Timmer
- Institute of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.T.); (K.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Szarka
- Institute of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.T.); (K.S.)
- One Health Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.L.); (E.K.)
| | - Eszter Prépost
- Department of Health Industry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Pathogen Discovery Group, HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
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Chung HC, Foxx CL, Hicks JA, Stuber TP, Friedberg I, Dorman KS, Harris B. An accurate and interpretable model for antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic Escherichia coli from livestock and companion animal species. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290473. [PMID: 37616210 PMCID: PMC10449230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the microbial genomic contributors to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is essential for early detection of emerging AMR infections, a pressing global health threat in human and veterinary medicine. Here we used whole genome sequencing and antibiotic susceptibility test data from 980 disease causing Escherichia coli isolated from companion and farm animals to model AMR genotypes and phenotypes for 24 antibiotics. We determined the strength of genotype-to-phenotype relationships for 197 AMR genes with elastic net logistic regression. Model predictors were designed to evaluate different potential modes of AMR genotype translation into resistance phenotypes. Our results show a model that considers the presence of individual AMR genes and total number of AMR genes present from a set of genes known to confer resistance was able to accurately predict isolate resistance on average (mean F1 score = 98.0%, SD = 2.3%, mean accuracy = 98.2%, SD = 2.7%). However, fitted models sometimes varied for antibiotics in the same class and for the same antibiotic across animal hosts, suggesting heterogeneity in the genetic determinants of AMR resistance. We conclude that an interpretable AMR prediction model can be used to accurately predict resistance phenotypes across multiple host species and reveal testable hypotheses about how the mechanism of resistance may vary across antibiotics within the same class and across animal hosts for the same antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri C. Chung
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Christine L. Foxx
- Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Hicks
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Tod P. Stuber
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Iddo Friedberg
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Karin S. Dorman
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Beth Harris
- National Animal Health Laboratory Network, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
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Hamame A, Davoust B, Cherak Z, Rolain JM, Diene SM. Mobile Colistin Resistance ( mcr) Genes in Cats and Dogs and Their Zoonotic Transmission Risks. Pathogens 2022; 11:698. [PMID: 35745552 PMCID: PMC9230929 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pets, especially cats and dogs, represent a great potential for zoonotic transmission, leading to major health problems. The purpose of this systematic review was to present the latest developments concerning colistin resistance through mcr genes in pets. The current study also highlights the health risks of the transmission of colistin resistance between pets and humans. Methods: We conducted a systematic review on mcr-positive bacteria in pets and studies reporting their zoonotic transmission to humans. Bibliographic research queries were performed on the following databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Microsoft Academic, and Web of Science. Articles of interest were selected using the PRISMA guideline principles. Results: The analyzed articles from the investigated databases described the presence of mcr gene variants in pets including mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-8, mcr-9, and mcr-10. Among these articles, four studies reported potential zoonotic transmission of mcr genes between pets and humans. The epidemiological analysis revealed that dogs and cats can be colonized by mcr genes that are beginning to spread in different countries worldwide. Overall, reported articles on this subject highlight the high risk of zoonotic transmission of colistin resistance genes between pets and their owners. Conclusions: This review demonstrated the spread of mcr genes in pets and their transmission to humans, indicating the need for further measures to control this significant threat to public health. Therefore, we suggest here some strategies against this threat such as avoiding zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf Hamame
- Faculté de Pharmacie, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Bernard Davoust
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Zineb Cherak
- Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Batna-2, Route de Constantine, Fésdis, Batna 05078, Algeria;
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- Faculté de Pharmacie, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Seydina M. Diene
- Faculté de Pharmacie, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
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Genetic Background of Antimicrobial Resistance in Multiantimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Feces of Healthy Broiler Chickens in Tunisia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:1269849. [PMID: 34631876 PMCID: PMC8500769 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1269849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiantimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli isolates are a global human health problem causing increasing morbidity and mortality. Genes encoding antimicrobial resistance are mainly harbored on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as transposons and plasmids as well as integrons, which enhance their rapid spread. The aim of this study was to characterize 83 multiantimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates recovered from healthy broiler chickens. Among 78 tetracycline-resistant isolates, the tetA, tetB, and tetC genes were detected in 59 (75.6%), 14 (17.9%), and one (1.2%) isolates, respectively. The sul1, sul2, and sul3 genes were detected 31 (46.2%), 16 (23.8%), and 6 (8.9%) isolates, respectively, among 67 sulfonamide-resistant isolates. The PCR-based replicon typing method showed plasmids in 29 isolates, IncFIB (19), IncI1-Iγ (17), IncF (14), IncK (14), IncFIC (10), IncP (8), IncY (3), IncHI2 (1), and IncX (1). The class 1 and 2 integrons were detected in 57 and 2 isolates, respectively; one isolate harbored both integrons. Seven and one gene cassette arrays were identified in class 1 and class 2 integrons, respectively. Our findings show that multiantimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates from chickens serve as reservoirs of highly diverse and abundant tet and sul genes and plasmid replicons. Such isolates and MGEs pose a potential health threat to the public and animal farming.
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Wang Z, Zhai X, Sun Y, Yin C, Yang E, Wang W, Sun D. Antibacterial activity of chlorogenic acid-loaded SiO 2 nanoparticles caused by accumulation of reactive oxygen species. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:185101. [PMID: 31995525 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab70fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by pathogenic bacilli pose an increasing threat to human health. A common feature of these bacteria is a complete cell wall; therefore, drugs that can penetrate this protective barrier could be used as a novel approach for treating these infections. Here we present a simple method for synthesizing a silica mesoporous material loaded with cadmium selenide (CdSe) and chlorogenic acid. Using UV-visible, fluorescence, and infrared imaging in combination with transmission electron microscopy, it was shown that CdSe and chlorogenic acid could be successfully embedded in the mesopores of silica nanoparticles (CSC NPs), and these NPs presented with a strong fluorescence, uniform size, and good dispersion. Additionally, the results of these analyses indicated that the fluorescence of the CSC NPs was localized within the cells of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, signifying that these NPs could breach the cell wall and enter the cells of these two bacilli. Additional assessments found that these CSC NPs inhibited the proliferation of the bacteria by disrupting the cell wall, and this was most likely due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species induced by chlorogenic acid. Importantly, histopathology analysis indicated that the CSC NPs had limited side effects and high biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Wang
- School of life sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
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Papatsiros V, Tzika E, Athanasiou L, Tassis P, Chaintoutis S, Christodoulopoulos G. In Vivo Effectiveness of Injectable Antibiotics on the Recovery of Acute Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-Infected Pigs. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 25:603-610. [PMID: 30562148 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this trial was to evaluate the in vivo effectiveness of injectable antibiotics of one- or two-dose administration on recovery of acute App (Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae)-infected pigs. Ninety pigs with moderate general clinical score (GCS) of a commercial farm, suffering from acute App infection, were divided in two groups: (a) T1: one administration of gamithromycin injectable solution and (b) T2: two administrations of florfenicol injectable solution. Morbidity/mortality, clinical scores (clinical appearance score index-CAS, clinical respiratory score-CRS, clinical cough score index [CCS], general respiratory clinical score-GCRS, and general clinical score-GCS), body temperature score (BTS), and posttreatment interval were recorded. The carcass weight and lung scoring were estimated, based on slaughterhouse pleurisy evaluation system score, lung lobes score, and pneumonia area. The results of this study indicated that the tested antibiotics are efficacious for the recovery of acute App-affected pigs. Quicker improvement of BTS in sick pigs (at day 1 and 2) and quicker recovery of clinical signs, based on the improvement of clinical parameters (CAS, CCS, GCRS, GCS on day 2 and 3, and CRS on day 2), were noticed in T1 group. In conclusion, the use of tested antibiotics in acute App-affected pigs is an effective strategy for the control of an acute outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Papatsiros
- 1 Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Eleni Tzika
- 2 Farm Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Labrini Athanasiou
- 1 Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tassis
- 2 Farm Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Serafeim Chaintoutis
- 3 Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Christodoulopoulos
- 1 Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
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Furian TQ, Borges KA, Laviniki V, Rocha SLDS, de Almeida CN, do Nascimento VP, Salle CTP, Moraes HLDS. Virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance of Pasteurella multocida isolated from poultry and swine. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:210-6. [PMID: 26887247 PMCID: PMC4822770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida causes atrophic rhinitis in swine and fowl cholera in birds, and is a secondary agent in respiratory syndromes. Pathogenesis and virulence factors involved are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to detect 22 virulence-associated genes by PCR, including capsular serogroups A, B and D genes and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of P. multocida strains from poultry and swine. ompH, oma87, plpB, psl, exbD-tonB, fur, hgbA, nanB, sodA, sodC, ptfA were detected in more than 90% of the strains of both hosts. 91% and 92% of avian and swine strains, respectively, were classified in serogroup A. toxA and hsf-1 showed a significant association to serogroup D; pmHAS and pfhA to serogroup A. Gentamicin and amoxicillin were the most effective drugs with susceptibility higher than 97%; however, 76.79% of poultry strains and 85% of swine strains were resistant to sulphonamides. Furthermore, 19.64% and 36.58% of avian and swine strains, respectively, were multi-resistant. Virulence genes studied were not specific to a host and may be the result of horizontal transmission throughout evolution. High multidrug resistance demonstrates the need for responsible use of antimicrobials in animals intended for human consumption, in addition to antimicrobial susceptibility testing to P. multocida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Quedi Furian
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS CEP: 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Karen Apellanis Borges
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS CEP: 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Laviniki
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS CEP: 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Silvio Luis da Silveira Rocha
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS CEP: 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Camila Neves de Almeida
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS CEP: 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Pinheiro do Nascimento
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS CEP: 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Tadeu Pippi Salle
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS CEP: 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Luiz de Souza Moraes
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS CEP: 91540-000, Brazil
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de Jong A, Thomas V, Simjee S, Moyaert H, El Garch F, Maher K, Morrissey I, Butty P, Klein U, Marion H, Rigaut D, Vallé M. Antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring of respiratory tract pathogens isolated from diseased cattle and pigs across Europe: The VetPath study. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:202-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mueller-Doblies D, Clouting C, Davies RH. Investigations of the Distribution and Persistence ofSalmonellaand Ciprofloxacin-ResistantEscherichia coliin Turkey Hatcheries in the UK. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:296-303. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ewers C, Bethe A, Semmler T, Guenther S, Wieler LH. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from livestock and companion animals, and their putative impact on public health: a global perspective. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:646-55. [PMID: 22519858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The possible zoonotic spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is controversial. This review discusses global molecular epidemiological data combining both analyses of the chromosomal background, using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and analyses of plasmid (episomal) extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC genes in Escherichia coli present in humans and animals. For consideration of major epidemiological differences, animals were separated into livestock and companion animals. MLST revealed the existence of ESBL-producing isolates thoughout the E. coli population, with no obvious association with any ancestral EcoR group. A similar distribution of major ESBL/AmpC types was apparent only in human isolates, regardless of their geographical origin from Europe, Asia, or the Americas, whereas in animals this varied extensively between animal groups and across different geographical areas. In contrast to the diversity of episomal ESBL/AmpC types, isolates from human and animals mainly shared identical sequence types (STs), suggesting transmission or parallel micro-evolution. In conclusion, the opinion that animal ESBL-producing E. coli is a major source of human infections is oversimplified, and neglects a highly complex scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ewers
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Mathers JJ, Flick SC, Cox LA. Longer-duration uses of tetracyclines and penicillins in U.S. food-producing animals: Indications and microbiologic effects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:991-1004. [PMID: 21435723 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We review and analyze regulatory categories for longer duration of use (defined as ≥ 7 day) tetracyclines (TCs) and penicillins (PNs) approved for U.S. livestock and poultry, together with scientific studies, surveillance programs and risk assessments pertaining to antimicrobial resistance. Indications listed on a government database were grouped into three broad categories according to the terminology used to describe their use: disease control (C), treatment (T) and growth improvement (G). Consistent with mostly therapeutic uses, the majority (86%) of listed indications had C and/or T terms. Several studies showed interruption of early disease stages in animals and modulation of intestinal microflora. Longer-duration exposures are consistent with bacteriostatic modes of action, where adequate exposure time as well as concentration is needed for sufficient antimicrobial activity. Other effects identified included reduced animal pathogen prevalence, toxin formation, inflammation, environmental impacts, improved animal health, reproductive measures, nutrient utilization, and others. Several animal studies have shown a limited, dose-proportionate, selective increase in resistance prevalence among commensal animal bacteria following longer-duration exposures. Pathogen surveillance programs showed overall stable or declining resistance trends among sentinel bacteria. Quantitative, microbiologically detailed resistance risk assessments indicate small probabilities of human treatment failure due to resistance under current conditions. Evaluations of longer-duration uses of TCs, PNs, and other antimicrobial classes used in food-producing animals should consider mechanisms of activity, known individual- and population-level health and waste reduction effects in addition to resistance risks.
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Frye JG, Lindsey RL, Meinersmann RJ, Berrang ME, Jackson CR, Englen MD, Turpin JB, Fedorka-Cray PJ. Related antimicrobial resistance genes detected in different bacterial species co-isolated from swine fecal samples. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:663-79. [PMID: 21385089 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential factor leading to the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AR) in bacteria is the horizontal transfer of resistance genes between bacteria in animals or their environment. To investigate this, swine fecal samples were collected on-farm and cultured for Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter spp., and Enterococcus spp. which are all commonly found in swine. Forty-nine of the samples from which all four bacteria were recovered were selected yielding a total of 196 isolates for analysis. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility followed by hybridization to a DNA microarray designed to detect 775 AR-related genes. E. coli and Salmonella isolated from the same fecal sample had the most AR genes in common among the four bacteria. Genes detected encoded resistance to aminoglycosides (aac(3), aadA1, aadB, and strAB), β-lactams (ampC, ampR, and bla(TEM)), chloramphenicols (cat and floR), sulfanillic acid (sul1/sulI), tetracyclines (tet(A), tet(D), tet(C), tet(G), and tet(R)), and trimethoprim (dfrA1 and dfh). Campylobacter coli and Enterococcus isolated from the same sample frequently had tet(O) and aphA-3 genes detected in common. Almost half (47%) of E. coli and Salmonella isolated from the same fecal sample shared resistance genes at a significant level (χ², p < 0.0000001). These data suggest that there may have been horizontal exchange of AR genes between these bacteria or there may be a common source of AR genes in the swine environment for E. coli and Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
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Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of our current understanding of the mechanisms associated with the development of antimicrobial drug resistance, international differences in definitions of resistance, ongoing efforts to track shifts in drug susceptibility, and factors that can influence the selection of therapeutic intervention. The latter presents a matrix of complex variables that includes the mechanism of drug action, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the antimicrobial agent in the targeted patient population, the pharmacodynamics (PD) of the bacterial response to the antimicrobial agent, the PK/PD relationship that will influence dose selection, and the integrity of the host immune system. Finally, the differences between bacterial tolerance and bacterial resistance are considered, and the potential for non-traditional anti-infective therapies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Martinez
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation (HFV-130), Center for Veterinary Medicine Food and Drug Administration, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.
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Distribution of drug resistance among enterococci and Salmonella from poultry and cattle in Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 42:857-64. [PMID: 19921457 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci and Salmonella were isolated from feces of chicken in intensive poultry farms and cattle which are maintained following traditional practices. Their resistance to different antibiotics was also determined. A total of 298 enterococcal isolates consisting of Enterococcus faecium (49.6%), Enterococcus durans (26.9%), Enterococcus hirea (11.9%), and Enterococcus faecalis (11.5%) were obtained. Among the enterococci, resistance to erythromycin (Ery), clindamicin (Cli), amoxicillin (Amo), ampicillin (Amp), and cephalothin (Cep) was high. Resistance to vancomycin (Van) was detected in all enterococcal species. Over 80% of the isolates showed multiple drug resistance. The most dominant patterns in poultry were Amo/Amp/Cep/Pen and Amo/Amp/Cep/Cli/Pen/Van. Among isolates from cattle, Amo/Amp/Cep/Cli/Ery/Pen/Van and Amo/Amp/Cli/Ery/Pen/Van constituted the most dominant multiple resistance patterns. A total of 51 Salmonella isolates were obtained from poultry (43/280) and cattle (8/450). About 70% of the isolates had varying resistance to the tested antibiotics. Multiple drug resistance was observed in over 30% of the Salmonella isolates. The most frequent resistance pattern was Amo/Amp/Cip/Gen/Str in cattle and Amo/Amp/Cep/Cip/Gen/Kan/Str in poultry. Enteroccoccal and Salmonella isolates showed multiple resistance to those antibiotics used in human and veterinary medicine. The high frequency of isolation of resistant enterococci is indicative of the wide dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the farm environment.
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