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Ortiz Y, Cerino B, Moreno M, Yañez E, Heredia N, Dávila-Aviña J, Quezada T, Calle A, García S. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli with Multidrug Resistance in Cattle from Mexico. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100257. [PMID: 38423360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Mexico is an important producer/exporter of cattle and cattle products. In the last decade, an increase in antibiotic resistance in E. coli pathotype strains from livestock environments has been reported. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of E. coli pathotype strains from the feces of beef or dairy cattle reared in the states of Aguascalientes (AG, central) and Nuevo Leon (NL, northeastern) in Mexico. One hundred and ten fecal samples were collected (beef cattle-AG = 30; dairy cattle-AG = 20; beef cattle-NL = 30; dairy cattle-NL = 30). From these, E. coli was isolated using selective/differential media and confirmed on chromogenic media. Multiplex PCR was used to identify diarrheagenic E. coli, and the Kirby-Bauer technique was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities. All the animals harbored E. coli, and pathotypes were found in 34 animals from both, beef and dairy cattle, mainly from Aguascalientes. Of the positive samples, 31 harbored a single E. coli pathotype, whereas three samples harbored two different pathotypes; EHEC was the most prevalent, followed by EPEC, ETEC, and EIEC or the combination of two of them in some samples. Most pathotype strains (19/37) were isolated from beef cattle. Neither the animals' productive purpose (beef or dairy cattle) (r = 0.155) nor the geographic regions (Aguascalientes or Nuevo Leon) (r = -0.066) had a strong positive correlation with the number of E. coli pathotype strains. However, animals reared in Aguascalientes had up to 8.5-fold higher risk of harboring E. coli pathotype strains than those reared in Nuevo Leon. All pathotype strains were resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and all dairy cattle pathotype strains were further resistant to five β-lactams (χ2, P = 0.017). The existence of these pathotypes and multidrug-resistant pathogens in the food chain is a risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaraymi Ortiz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México 66455, Mexico
| | - Brenda Cerino
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México 66455, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Moreno
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México 66455, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Yañez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México 66455, Mexico
| | - Norma Heredia
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México 66455, Mexico
| | - Jorge Dávila-Aviña
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México 66455, Mexico
| | - Teódulo Quezada
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, México 20100, Mexico
| | | | - Santos García
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México 66455, Mexico.
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2
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Alharbi MG, Al-Hindi RR, Esmael A, Alotibi IA, Azhari SA, Alseghayer MS, Teklemariam AD. The "Big Six": Hidden Emerging Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:356. [PMID: 36355898 PMCID: PMC9693546 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are emerging serogroups that often result in diseases ranging from diarrhea to severe hemorrhagic colitis in humans. The most common non-O157 STEC are O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145. These serogroups are known by the name "big six" because they cause severe illness and death in humans and the United States Department of Agriculture declared these serogroups as food contaminants. The lack of fast and efficient diagnostic methods exacerbates the public impact of the disease caused by these serogroups. Numerous outbreaks have been reported globally and most of these outbreaks were caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water as well as direct contact with reservoirs. Livestock harbor a variety of non-O157 STEC serovars that can contaminate meat and dairy products, or water sources when used for irrigation. Hence, effective control and prevention approaches are required to safeguard the public from infections. This review addresses the disease characteristics, reservoirs, the source of infections, the transmission of the disease, and major outbreaks associated with the six serogroups ("big six") of non-O157 STEC encountered all over the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona G. Alharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad R. Al-Hindi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Esmael
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A. Alotibi
- Health Information Technology Department, Applied College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheren A. Azhari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen S. Alseghayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Addisu D. Teklemariam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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3
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McCarthy SC, Burgess CM, Fanning S, Duffy G. An Overview of Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia coli Carriage and Prevalence in the Ovine Meat Production Chain. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:147-168. [PMID: 33395551 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic foodborne pathogens that are capable of causing serious human illness. Ovine ruminants are recognized as an important source of STEC and a notable contributor to contamination within the food industry. This review examined the prevalence of STEC in the ovine food production chain from farm-to-fork, reporting carriage in sheep herds, during abattoir processing, and in raw and ready-to-eat meats and meat products. Factors affecting the prevalence of STEC, including seasonality and animal age, were also examined. A relative prevalence can be obtained by calculating the mean prevalence observed over multiple surveys, weighted by sample number. A relative mean prevalence was obtained for STEC O157 and all STEC serogroups at multiple points along the ovine production chain by using suitable published surveys. A relative mean prevalence (and range) for STEC O157 was calculated: for feces 4.4% (0.2-28.1%), fleece 7.6% (0.8-12.8%), carcass 2.1% (0.2-9.8%), and raw ovine meat 1.9% (0.2-6.3%). For all STEC independent of serotype, a relative mean prevalence was calculated: for feces 33.3% (0.9-90.0%), carcass 58.7% (2.0-81.6%), and raw ovine meat 15.4% (2.7-35.5%). The prevalence of STEC in ovine fleece was reported in only one earlier survey, which recorded a prevalence of 86.2%. Animal age was reported to affect shedding in many surveys, with younger animals typically reported as having a higher prevalence of the pathogen. The prevalence of STEC decreases significantly along the ovine production chain after the application of postharvest interventions. Ovine products pose a small risk of potential STEC contamination to the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán C McCarthy
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine M Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Duffy
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Wang LYR, Jokinen CC, Laing CR, Johnson RP, Ziebell K, Gannon VPJ. Assessing the genomic relatedness and evolutionary rates of persistent verotoxigenic Escherichia coli serotypes within a closed beef herd in Canada. Microb Genom 2020; 6. [PMID: 32496181 PMCID: PMC7371104 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) are food- and water-borne pathogens associated with both sporadic illness and outbreaks of enteric disease. While it is known that cattle are reservoirs of VTEC, little is known about the genomic variation of VTEC in cattle, and whether the variation in genomes reported for human outbreak strains is consistent with individual animal or group/herd sources of infection. A previous study of VTEC prevalence identified serotypes carried persistently by three consecutive cohorts of heifers within a closed herd of cattle. This present study aimed to: (i) determine whether the genomic relatedness of bovine isolates is similar to that reported for human strains associated with single source outbreaks, (ii) estimate the rates of genome change among dominant serotypes over time within a cattle herd, and (iii) identify genomic features of serotypes associated with persistence in cattle. Illumina MiSeq genome sequencing and genotyping based on allelic and single nucleotide variations were completed, while genome change over time was measured using Bayesian evolutionary analysis sampling trees. The accessory genome, including the non-protein-encoding intergenic regions (IGRs), virulence factors, antimicrobial-resistance genes and plasmid gene content of representative persistent and sporadic cattle strains were compared using Fisher’s exact test corrected for multiple comparisons. Herd strains from serotypes O6:H34 (n=22), O22:H8 (n=30), O108:H8 (n=39), O139:H19 (n=44) and O157:H7 (n=106) were readily distinguishable from epidemiologically unrelated strains of the same serotype using a similarity threshold of 10 or fewer allele differences between adjacent nodes. Temporal-cohort clustering within each serotype was supported by date randomization analysis. Substitutions per site per year were consistent with previously reported values for E. coli; however, there was low branch support for these values. Acquisition of the phage-encoded Shiga toxin 2 gene in serotype O22:H8 was observed. Pan-genome analyses identified accessory regions that were more prevalent in persistent serotypes (P≤0.05) than in sporadic serotypes. These results suggest that VTEC serotypes from a specific cattle population are highly clonal with a similar level of relatedness as human single-source outbreak-associated strains, but changes in the genome occur gradually over time. Additionally, elements in the accessory genomes may provide a selective advantage for persistence of VTEC within cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ya Ruth Wang
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Chad R Laing
- National Centre for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roger P Johnson
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim Ziebell
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor P J Gannon
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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5
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Kintz E, Byrne L, Jenkins C, McCARTHY N, Vivancos R, Hunter P. Outbreaks of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Linked to Sprouted Seeds, Salad, and Leafy Greens: A Systematic Review. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1950-1958. [PMID: 31638410 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) outbreaks involving ready-to-eat salad products have been described in the scientific literature since 1995. These products typically do not undergo a definitive control step such as cooking to eliminate pathogens. To reduce the number of STEC infections from salad products, efforts will need to focus on preventing and reducing contamination throughout the food chain. We performed a systematic review of STEC outbreaks involving sprouted seeds, salad, or leafy green products to determine whether there were recurrent features, such as availability of microbiological evidence or identification of the contamination event, which may inform future investigations and prevention and control strategies. Thirty-five STEC outbreaks linked to contaminated leafy greens were identified for inclusion. The outbreaks occurred from 1995 to 2018 and ranged from 8 to more than 8,500 cases. Detection of STEC in the food product was rare (4 of 35 outbreaks). For the remaining outbreaks, the determination of leafy greens as the source of the outbreak mainly relied on analytical epidemiology (20 of 35) or descriptive evidence (11 of 35). The traceback investigation in 21 of 32 outbreaks was not able to identify possible routes leading to where the STEC bacteria came from or how the leaves were contaminated. Investigations in eight outbreaks found poor practice during processing that may have contributed to the outbreak, such as insufficient postharvest disinfection of the product. Six outbreak investigations were able to identify the outbreak strain in animal feces near the growing fields; two of these were also able to find it in irrigation water on the farms, providing a likely route of contamination. These results highlight the limitations of relying on microbiological confirmation as a basis to initiate investigations of upstream production to understand the source of contamination. This review also demonstrates the importance of, and difficulties associated with, food-chain traceback studies to inform control measures and future prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Kintz
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6829-5701 [E.K.]).,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, UK
| | - Lisa Byrne
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Noel McCARTHY
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Roberto Vivancos
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, UK.,National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, UK
| | - Paul Hunter
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, UK.,Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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6
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Kocharunchitt C, Mellefont L, Bowman JP, Ross T. Application of chlorine dioxide and peroxyacetic acid during spray chilling as a potential antimicrobial intervention for beef carcasses. Food Microbiol 2019; 87:103355. [PMID: 31948612 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enteric pathogens such as Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella spp. continue to be a major food safety concern for the beef industry. Currently, no single method is completely effective in controlling these pathogens during carcass processing. Previous research, however, suggested that STEC might become more susceptible to oxidative damage when exposed to carcass chilling (King et al., 2016). We aimed to test that hypothesis by evaluating the antimicrobial effects of an oxidant (chlorine dioxide, ClO2 or peroxyacetic acid, PAA) on beef meat during a simulated spray chilling process (sprayed for 4 s every 15 min for 36 cycles) and/or when applied (sprayed for 144 s) prior to spray chilling with water. In all experiments, the inactivating effects of oxidants were greatest on fat surfaces and much less effective on lean surfaces. ClO2 at 15 ppm, a non-lethal level for E. coli under optimal growth conditions, caused higher log reductions in E. coli numbers (approximately 3-log reduction) when applied during spray chilling than when applied immediately prior to 'normal' spray chilling (approximately 1-log reduction). This confirms the hypothesis that E. coli are more susceptible to oxidative stress during spray chilling. In subsequent studies, both ClO2 and PAA at lethal levels (at ≥20 and ≥ 200 ppm, respectively) applied during spray chilling resulted in pronounced inactivation of both E. coli and Salmonella enterica strains, achieving a ≥4-log reduction at the end of chilling. These results indicate that an oxidant-based application during spray chilling as an antimicrobial intervention could be effective to minimise the problems associated with enteric pathogen contamination on beef meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chawalit Kocharunchitt
- Centre for Food Safety and Innovation, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Lyndal Mellefont
- Centre for Food Safety and Innovation, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - John P Bowman
- Centre for Food Safety and Innovation, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Tom Ross
- Centre for Food Safety and Innovation, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
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7
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Murphy CP, Carson C, Smith BA, Chapman B, Marrotte J, McCann M, Primeau C, Sharma P, Parmley EJ. Factors potentially linked with the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in selected bacteria from cattle, chickens and pigs: A scoping review of publications for use in modelling of antimicrobial resistance (IAM.AMR Project). Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:957-971. [PMID: 30187682 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a complex issue with a large volume of published literature, and there is a need for synthesis of primary studies for an integrated understanding of this topic. Our research team aimed to have a more complete understanding of antimicrobial resistance in Canada (IAM.AMR Project) using multiple methods including the literature reviews and quantitative modelling. To accomplish this goal, qualitative features of publications (e.g., geographical location, study population) describing potential relationships between the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and factors (e.g., antimicrobial use; management system) were of particular interest. The objectives of this review were to (a) describe the available peer-reviewed literature reporting potential relationships between factors and antimicrobial resistance; and (b) to highlight data gaps. A comprehensive literature search and screening were performed to identify studies investigating factors potentially linked with antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter species, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica along the farm-to-fork pathway (farm, abattoir (slaughter houses) and retail meats) for the major Canadian livestock species (beef cattle, broiler chicken and pigs). The literature search returned 14,966 potentially relevant titles and abstracts. Following screening of titles, abstracts and full-text articles, the qualitative features of retained studies (n = 28) were extracted. The most common factors identified were antimicrobial use (n = 13 studies) and type of farm management system (e.g., antibiotic-free, organic; n = 8). Most studies were conducted outside of Canada and involved investigations at the farm level. Identified data gaps included the effect of vaccination, industry-specific factors (e.g., livestock density) and factors at sites other than farm along the agri-food chain. Further investigation of these factors and other relevant industry activities are needed for the development of quantitative models that aim to identify effective interventions to mitigate the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance along the agri-food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen P Murphy
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Visiting Fellow, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolee Carson
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben A Smith
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brennan Chapman
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jayme Marrotte
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maggie McCann
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney Primeau
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parth Sharma
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Jane Parmley
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Tamminen LM, Fransson H, Tråvén M, Aspán A, Alenius S, Emanuelson U, Dreimanis I, Törnquist M, Eriksson E. Effect of on-farm interventions in the aftermath of an outbreak of hypervirulent verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli
O157:H7 in Sweden. Vet Rec 2018; 182:516. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena-Mari Tamminen
- Section of Ruminant Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Helena Fransson
- Section of Ruminant Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Madeleine Tråvén
- Section of Ruminant Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anna Aspán
- Department of Microbiology; National Veterinary Institute; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Stefan Alenius
- Section of Ruminant Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ulf Emanuelson
- Section of Ruminant Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | | | | | - Erik Eriksson
- Department of Microbiology; National Veterinary Institute; Uppsala Sweden
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9
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Segura A, Auffret P, Bibbal D, Bertoni M, Durand A, Jubelin G, Kérourédan M, Brugère H, Bertin Y, Forano E. Factors Involved in the Persistence of a Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strain in Bovine Feces and Gastro-Intestinal Content. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:375. [PMID: 29593666 PMCID: PMC5854682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy cattle are the primary reservoir for O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli responsible for human food-borne infections. Because farm environment acts as a source of cattle contamination, it is important to better understand the factors controlling the persistence of E. coli O157:H7 outside the bovine gut. The E. coli O157:H7 strain MC2, identified as a persistent strain in French farms, possessed the characteristics required to cause human infections and genetic markers associated with clinical O157:H7 isolates. Therefore, the capacity of E. coli MC2 to survive during its transit through the bovine gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) and to respond to stresses potentially encountered in extra-intestinal environments was analyzed. E. coli MC2 survived in rumen fluids, grew in the content of posterior digestive compartments and survived in bovine feces at 15°C predicting a successful transit of the bacteria along the bovine GIT and its persistence outside the bovine intestine. E. coli MC2 possessed the genetic information encoding 14 adherence systems including adhesins with properties related to colonization of the bovine intestine (F9 fimbriae, EhaA and EspP autotransporters, HCP pilus, FdeC adhesin) reflecting the capacity of the bacteria to colonize different segments of the bovine GIT. E. coli MC2 was also a strong biofilm producer when incubated in fecal samples at low temperature and had a greater ability to form biofilms than the bovine commensal E. coli strain BG1. Furthermore, in contrast to BG1, E. coli MC2 responded to temperature stresses by inducing the genes cspA and htrA during its survival in bovine feces at 15°C. E. coli MC2 also activated genes that are part of the GhoT/GhoS, HicA/HicB and EcnB/EcnA toxin/antitoxin systems involved in the response of E. coli to nutrient starvation and chemical stresses. In summary, the large number of colonization factors known to bind to intestinal epithelium and to biotic or abiotic surfaces, the capacity to produce biofilms and to activate stress fitness genes in bovine feces could explain the persistence of E. coli MC2 in the farm environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Segura
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pauline Auffret
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Delphine Bibbal
- IRSD, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, ENVT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Bertoni
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandra Durand
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Grégory Jubelin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Monique Kérourédan
- IRSD, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, ENVT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hubert Brugère
- IRSD, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, ENVT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yolande Bertin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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10
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Stein R, Chirilã M. Routes of Transmission in the Food Chain. FOODBORNE DISEASES 2017. [PMCID: PMC7148622 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385007-2.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than 250 different foodborne diseases have been described to date, annually affecting about one-third of the world's population. The incidence of foodborne diseases has been underreported and underestimated, and the asymptomatic presentation of some of the illnesses, worldwide heterogeneities in reporting, and the alternative transmission routes of certain pathogens are among the factors that contribute to this. Globalization, centralization of the food supply, transportation of food products progressively farther from their places of origin, and the multitude of steps where contamination may occur have made it increasingly challenging to investigate foodborne and waterborne outbreaks. Certain foodborne pathogens may be transmitted directly from animals to humans, while others are transmitted through vectors, such as insects, or through food handlers, contaminated food products or food-processing surfaces, or transfer from sponges, cloths, or utensils. Additionally, the airborne route may contribute to the transmission of certain foodborne pathogens. Complicating epidemiological investigations, multiple transmission routes have been described for some foodborne pathogens. Two types of transmission barriers, primary and secondary, have been described for foodborne pathogens, each of them providing opportunities for preventing and controlling outbreaks. Primary barriers, the most effective sites of prophylactic intervention, prevent pathogen entry into the environment, while secondary barriers prevent the multiplication and dissemination of pathogens that have already entered the environment. Understanding pathogen dynamics, monitoring transmission, and implementing preventive measures are complicated by the phenomenon of superspreading, which refers to the concept that, at the level of populations, a minority of hosts is responsible for the majority of transmission events.
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Ma YH, Islam GS, Wu Y, Sabour PM, Chambers JR, Wang Q, Wu SX, Griffiths MW. Temporal distribution of encapsulated bacteriophages during passage through the chick gastrointestinal tract. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2911-2920. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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King T, Kocharunchitt C, Gobius K, Bowman JP, Ross T. Physiological Response of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Sakai to Dynamic Changes in Temperature and Water Activity as Experienced during Carcass Chilling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:3331-3347. [PMID: 27615263 PMCID: PMC5098033 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.063065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemeorrhagic Escherichia coli is a leading cause of foodborne illness, with the majority of cases linked to foods of bovine origin. Currently, no completely effective method for controlling this pathogen during carcass processing exists. Understanding how this pathogen behaves under those stress conditions experienced on the carcass during chilling in cold air could offer opportunities for development or improvement of effective decontamination processes. Therefore, we studied the growth kinetics and physiological response of exponential phase E. coli O157:H7 Sakai cultures upon an abrupt downshift in temperature and water activity (from 35 °C aw 0.993 to 14 °C aw 0.967). A parallel Biolog study was conducted to follow the phenotypic responses to 190 carbon sources. Exposure of E. coli to combined cold and water activity stresses resulted in a complex pattern of population changes. This pattern could be divided into two main phases, including adaptation and regrowth phases, based on growth kinetics and clustering analyses. The transcriptomic and proteomic studies revealed that E. coli exhibited a "window" of cell susceptibility (i.e. weaknesses) during adaptation phase. This included apparent DNA damage, the downregulation of molecular chaperones and proteins associated with responses to oxidative damage. However, E. coli also displayed a transient induction in the RpoE-controlled envelope stress response and activation of the master stress regulator RpoS and the Rcs phosphorelay system involved in colanic acid biosynthesis. Increased expression was observed for several genes and/or proteins involved in DNA repair, protein and peptide degradation, amino acid biosynthesis, and carbohydrate catabolism and energy generation. Furthermore, the Biolog study revealed reduced carbon source utilization during adaptation phase, indicating the disruption of energy-generating processes. This study provides insight into the physiological response of E. coli during exposure to combined cold and water activity stress, which could be exploited to enhance the microbiological safety of carcasses and related foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea King
- From the ‡CSIRO Agriculture and Food, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia;
| | - Chawalit Kocharunchitt
- §Food Safety Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Kari Gobius
- ¶CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - John P Bowman
- §Food Safety Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Tom Ross
- §Food Safety Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
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Wang H, Chen Z, Jiang X. Improving the Enrichment and Plating Methods for Rapid Detection of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Dairy Compost. J Food Prot 2016; 79:413-20. [PMID: 26939651 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A culture method to detect non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) was optimized in this study. The finished dairy compost with 30% moisture content was inoculated with a cocktail of six non-O157 STEC serovars at initial concentrations of 1 to 100 CFU/g. Afterward, non-O157 STEC cells in the inoculated dairy compost were enriched by four methods, followed by plating onto cefixime-tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar supplemented with 5 mg/liter novobiocin (CTNSMAC) and modified Rainbow agar containing 5 mg/liter novobiocin, 0.05 mg/liter cefixime trihydrate, and 0.15 mg/liter potassium tellurite (mRBA). Immunomagnetic bead separation (IMS) was used to compare the cell concentration of individual non-O157 STEC serotypes after enrichment. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between CTN-SMAC and mRBA for non-O157 STEC enumeration. The single-step selective enrichment recovered ca. 0.54 log CFU/g more cells (ca. 0.41 log CFU/g for compost-adapted cells) (P < 0.05) compared with the two-step enrichment. Furthermore, the duration of the process to detect non-O157 STEC from dairy compost by selective enrichment, followed by IMS, was optimized. Among six non-O157 STEC serotypes, serotypes O111, O45, and O145 reached the highest cell density after enrichment in dairy compost, and the cell populations reached 7.3, 7.4, and 7.8 log CFU/g within 16 h of incubation, respectively. In contrast, without an enrichment step, the IMS detection limit of individual non-O157 STEC serovars ranged from 3.15 to 4.15 log CFU/g in dairy compost. These results demonstrate that low levels of non-O157 STEC can be detected within 2 days from dairy compost by using a culture method with an optimized enrichment procedure followed by IMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Wang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Xiuping Jiang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
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Im MC, Seo KW, Bae DH, Lee YJ. Bacterial Quality and Prevalence of Foodborne Pathogens in Edible Offal from Slaughterhouses in Korea. J Food Prot 2016; 79:163-8. [PMID: 26735045 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Edible offal meats have recently received significant attention worldwide. However, studies evaluating the microbial quality of diverse edible offal and specifically investigating contamination by pathogens that cause foodborne illnesses are rare. Our study was conducted to investigate the microbiological quality of six kinds of edible offal produced from 11 pigs and 8 cattle slaughterhouses in the Republic of Korea and the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in these products. The values for aerobic plate counts, coliform counts, and E. coli counts in red offal were 1.00 to 6.70, 0 (below 10 CFU) to 4.78, and 0 to 4.00 log CFU/g, respectively. For green offal, the values were 3.00 to 7.00, 1.48 to 6.30, and 0 to 6.00 log CFU/g, respectively. The most frequently detected foodborne pathogen was Salmonella (23.8% prevalence in pig offal and 7.1% prevalence in cattle offal), followed by C. perfringens (11.1 and 7.1%, respectively) and S. aureus (12.7 and 2.4%, respectively). None of the offal samples tested positive for E. coli O157:H7. Considering the microbial quality of offal from Korean slaughterhouses and the prevalence of foodborne pathogens in this material, more refined hygienic standards such as a hazard analysis critical control point system for processing, packing, and transporting edible offal are necessary for preventing further contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chan Im
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 702-701, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Won Seo
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 702-701, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwa Bae
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 702-701, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 702-701, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Whole Genome Sequencing demonstrates that Geographic Variation of Escherichia coli O157 Genotypes Dominates Host Association. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14145. [PMID: 26442781 PMCID: PMC4595763 DOI: 10.1038/srep14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in an infectious disease pathogen can be driven by ecological niche dissimilarities arising from different host species and different geographical locations. Whole genome sequencing was used to compare E. coli O157 isolates from host reservoirs (cattle and sheep) from Scotland and to compare genetic variation of isolates (human, animal, environmental/food) obtained from Scotland, New Zealand, Netherlands, Canada and the USA. Nei’s genetic distance calculated from core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) demonstrated that the animal isolates were from the same population. Investigation of the Shiga toxin bacteriophage and their insertion sites (SBI typing) revealed that cattle and sheep isolates had statistically indistinguishable rarefaction profiles, diversity and genotypes. In contrast, isolates from different countries exhibited significant differences in Nei’s genetic distance and SBI typing. Hence, after successful international transmission, which has occurred on multiple occasions, local genetic variation occurs, resulting in a global patchwork of continental and trans-continental phylogeographic clades. These findings are important for three reasons: first, understanding transmission and evolution of infectious diseases associated with multiple host reservoirs and multi-geographic locations; second, highlighting the relevance of the sheep reservoir when considering farm based interventions; and third, improving our understanding of why human disease incidence varies across the world.
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The Value of the One Health Approach: Shifting from Emergency Response to Prevention of Zoonotic Disease Threats at Their Source. Microbiol Spectr 2015; 1. [PMID: 26184820 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.oh-0011-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of emerging infectious diseases have their source in animals, and emergence occurs at the human-animal interface, when infections in animals breach the species barrier to infect humans, the population in which they are often first identified. The response is often a series of emergency activities to contain and manage the infection in human populations, and at the same time to identify the source of the infection in nature. If an infection is found to have a source in animals, and if animals cause a continuous threat of human infection, culling is often recommended, with severe economic impact. Currently the animal and human medicine sectors are working toward interacting more closely at the animal-human interface through joint surveillance and risk assessment, and research is under way in geographic areas where emergence at the animal-human interface has occurred in the past. The goal of this research is to identify infectious organisms in tropical and other wild animals, to genetically sequence these organisms, and to attempt to predict which organisms have the potential to emerge in human populations. It may be more cost-effective, however, to learn from past emergence events and to shift the paradigm from disease surveillance, detection, and response in humans to prevention of emergence at the source by understanding and mitigating the factors, or determinants, that influence animal infection. These determinants are clearly understood from the study of previous emergence events and include human-induced changes in natural environments, urban areas, and agricultural systems; raising and processing of animal-based foods; and the roles of global trade, migration, and climate change. Better understanding of these factors gained from epidemiological investigation of past and present emergence events, and modeling and study of the cost-effectiveness of interventions that could result in their mitigation, could provide evidence necessary to better address the political and economic barriers to prevention of infections in animals. Such economically convincing arguments for change and mitigation are required because of the basic difference in animal health, driven by the need for profit, and human health, driven by the need to save lives.
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Rigobelo EEC, Karapetkov N, Maestá SA, Avila FA, McIntosh D. Use of probiotics to reduce faecal shedding of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in sheep. Benef Microbes 2015; 6:53-60. [PMID: 25380795 DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic, foodborne pathogens of humans. Ruminants, including sheep, are the primary reservoirs of STEC and there is a need to develop intervention strategies to reduce the entry of STEC into the food chain. The initiation of the majority of bacterial, enteric infections involves colonisation of the gut mucosal surface by the pathogen. However, probiotic bacteria can serve to decrease the severity of infection via a number of mechanisms including competition for receptors and nutrients, and/or the synthesis of organic acids and bacteriocins that create an environment unfavourable for pathogen development. The aim of the current study was to determine whether the administration of a probiotic mixture to sheep experimentally infected with a non-O157 STEC strain, carrying stx1, stx2 and eae genes, was able to decrease faecal shedding of the pathogen. The probiotic mixture contained Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus and Enterococcus faecium. The numbers of non-O157 STEC in faecal samples collected from sheep receiving daily doses of the probiotic mixture were significantly lower at the 3rd, 5th and 6th week post-inoculation when compared to the levels recorded in untreated animals. It was concluded that administration of the probiotic mixture reduced faecal shedding of non-O157 STEC in sheep, and holds potential as a pre-harvest intervention method to reduce transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E C Rigobelo
- UNESP, Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651 17900-000 Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | - N Karapetkov
- Lactina Ltd., 101 Sofia str., 1320 Bankya, Bulgaria
| | - S A Maestá
- UNESP, Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651 17900-000 Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | - F A Avila
- UNESP Jaboticabal, Rodovia Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - D McIntosh
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR-465 km 7, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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The Value of the One Health Approach: Shifting from Emergency Response to Prevention of Zoonotic Disease Threats at Their Source. One Health 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818432.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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19
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Wisener LV, Sargeant JM, O'Connor AM, Faires MC, Glass-Kaastra SK. The Use of Direct-Fed Microbials to Reduce Shedding ofEscherichia coliO157 in Beef Cattle: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:75-89. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. V. Wisener
- Population Medicine; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - J. M. Sargeant
- Population Medicine; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - A. M. O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - M. C. Faires
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - S. K. Glass-Kaastra
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
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A review of factors that affect transmission and survival of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the European farm to fork beef chain. Meat Sci 2014; 97:375-83. [PMID: 24548772 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) are a significant foodborne public health hazard in Europe, where most human infections are associated with six serogroups (O157, O26, O103, O145, O111 and O104). With the exception of O104, these serogroups are associated with bovine animals and beef products. This paper reviews our current knowledge of VTEC in the beef chain focusing on transmission and the factors which impact on survival from the farm through transport, lairage, slaughter, dressing, processing and distribution, in the context of the European beef industry. It provides new information on beef farm and animal hide prevalence, distribution and virulence factors as well as pre-chilled carcass and ground beef prevalence, generated by the recently completed EU Framework research project, ProSafeBeef. In the concluding section, emerging issues and data gaps are addressed with a view to increasing our understanding of this pathogen and developing new thinking on detection and control.
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Escherichia coli O157:H7 lacking the qseBC-encoded quorum-sensing system outcompetes the parental strain in colonization of cattle intestines. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:1882-92. [PMID: 24413602 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03198-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The qseBC-encoded quorum-sensing system regulates the motility of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in response to bacterial autoinducer 3 (AI-3) and the mammalian stress hormones epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE). The qseC gene encodes a sensory kinase that autophosphorylates in response to AI-3, E, or NE and subsequently phosphorylates its cognate response regulator QseB. In the absence of QseC, QseB downregulates bacterial motility and virulence in animal models. In this study, we found that 8- to 10-month-old calves orally inoculated with a mixture of E. coli O157:H7 and its isogenic qseBC mutant showed significantly higher fecal shedding of the qseBC mutant. In vitro analysis revealed similar growth profiles and motilities of the qseBC mutant and the parental strain in the presence or absence of NE. The magnitudes of the response to NE and expression of flagellar genes flhD and fliC were also similar for the qseBC mutant and the parental strain. The expression of ler (a positive regulator of the locus of enterocyte effacement [LEE]), the ler-regulated espA gene, and the csgA gene (encoding curli fimbriae) was increased in the qseBC mutant compared to the parental strain. On the other hand, growth, motility, and transcription of flhD, fliC, ler, espA, and csgA were significantly reduced in the qseBC mutant complemented with a plasmid-cloned copy of the qseBC genes. Thus, in vitro motility and gene expression data indicate that the near-parental level of motility, ability to respond to NE, and enhanced expression of LEE and curli genes might in part be responsible for increased colonization and fecal shedding of the qseBC mutant in calves.
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Nieri D, Pesavento G, Ducci B, Calonico C, Lo Nostro A. Monitoring of the cold chain compliance in a meal-processing facility through the correlation study between the outdoor temperatures and coliforms counts on raw meat. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dino Nieri
- Department of Sciences; Genetic Laboratory; Roma Tre University; Viale Marconi 446 00146 Roma Italy
| | - Giovanna Pesavento
- Health Sciences Department; Food Safety Laboratory; University of Florence; Viale Morgagni 48 50134 Florence Italy
| | - Barbara Ducci
- Health Sciences Department; Food Safety Laboratory; University of Florence; Viale Morgagni 48 50134 Florence Italy
| | - Carmela Calonico
- Health Sciences Department; Food Safety Laboratory; University of Florence; Viale Morgagni 48 50134 Florence Italy
| | - Antonella Lo Nostro
- Health Sciences Department; Food Safety Laboratory; University of Florence; Viale Morgagni 48 50134 Florence Italy
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Magwedere K, Hemberger MY, Hoffman LC, Dziva F. Zoonoses: a potential obstacle to the growing wildlife industry of Namibia. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2012; 2:18365. [PMID: 23077724 PMCID: PMC3474136 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v2i0.18365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonoses, which account for approximately 75% of emerging human infectious diseases worldwide, pose a re-emerging threat to public health. With an ever-increasing interrelationship between humans, livestock and wildlife species, the threat to human health will rise to unprecedented levels. Wildlife species contribute to the majority of emerging diseases; therefore, there is an urgent need to define control systems of zoonoses of wildlife origin but very little information exists. In this review, we examine prevalent zoonotic infections reported in Namibia between 1990 and 2009 and assess their potential impact on the growing wildlife industry. A wide spectrum of zoonotic diseases was confirmed in both livestock and wildlife species, with rabies and anthrax cases being over-represented and also showing the widest species distribution. Whilst vaccination and ante-mortem inspection against these diseases may curb infected livestock species from entering the human food chain, such practices are difficult to implement in free-ranging wildlife species. In this context, there is a need to improve existing control measures and/or develop novel and better interventional strategies to reduce the threat of this re-emerging global problem. This review provides the basis for initiating a multidisciplinary evidence-based approach to control zoonoses in countries with thriving wildlife and game farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kudakwashe Magwedere
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa ; Division of Veterinary Public Health, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Mariental, Namibia
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Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak from sprouted seeds. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 216:346-54. [PMID: 22898546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
From May to July 2011, one of the largest reported outbreaks of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and bloody diarrhoea caused by the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 occurred in Germany and France. The hypothetical origin of the outbreak strain was a combined enteroaggregative E. coli and an enterohaemorrhagic E. coli with the ability to resist multi-antibiotics and produce Shiga-toxin 2. The combination of aggregative ability, antibiotic resistance and the production of Shiga-toxin 2 significantly affected the severity of the symptoms presented. Since humans may be the primary reservoir, it is likely that contamination could have occurred through contact with infected individuals. Farm food safety management, and hand hygiene training programmes are crucial to primary production to prevent or reduce risks of contamination.
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Amalaradjou MAR, Bhunia AK. Modern approaches in probiotics research to control foodborne pathogens. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 67:185-239. [PMID: 23034117 PMCID: PMC7150249 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394598-3.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne illness is a serious public health concern. There are over 200 known microbial, chemical, and physical agents that are known to cause foodborne illness. Efforts are made for improved detection, control and prevention of foodborne pathogen in food, and pathogen associated diseases in the host. Several commonly used approaches to control foodborne pathogens include antibiotics, natural antimicrobials, bacteriophages, bacteriocins, ionizing radiations, and heat. In addition, probiotics offer a potential intervention strategy for the prevention and control of foodborne infections. This review focuses on the use of probiotics and bioengineered probiotics to control foodborne pathogens, their antimicrobial actions, and their delivery strategies. Although probiotics have been demonstrated to be effective in antagonizing foodborne pathogens, challenges exist in the characterization and elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms of action and in the development of potential delivery strategies that could maintain the viability and functionality of the probiotic in the target organ.
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