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Bou T, Ding W, Ren X, Liu H, Gong W, Jia Z, Zhang X, Dugarjaviin M, Bai D. Muscle fibre transition and transcriptional changes of horse skeletal muscles during traditional Mongolian endurance training. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:178-192. [PMID: 37345447 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional Mongolian endurance training is an effective way to improve the athletic ability of the horse for endurance events and is widely used. This incorporates aerobic exercise and intermittent fasting and these altered physiologic conditions are associated with switches between muscle fibre types. OBJECTIVES To better understand the adaption of horse skeletal muscle to traditional Mongolian endurance training from muscle fibre characteristics and transcriptional levels and to explore possible molecular mechanisms associated with the endurance performance of horses. STUDY DESIGN Before-after study. METHODS Muscle fibre type switches and muscle transcriptome changes in six Mongolian horses were assessed during 4 weeks of training. Transcriptomic and histochemical analyses were performed. The activities of oxidative and glycolytic metabolic enzymes were analysed and we generated deep RNA-sequencing data relating to skeletal muscles. RESULTS A fast-to-slow muscle fibre transition occurred in horse skeletal muscles, with a concomitant increase of oxidative enzyme activity and decreased glycolytic enzyme activity. Numerous differentially expressed genes were involved in the control of muscle protein balance and degradation. Differential alternative splicing events were also found during training which included exon-skipping events in Ttn that were associated with muscle atrophy. Differentially expressed noncoding RNAs showed connections with muscle protein balance-related pathways and fibre type specification via the post-transcriptional regulation of miRNA. MAIN LIMITATIONS The study focuses on horse athletic ability only from the aspect of muscular adaptation. CONCLUSION Traditional Mongolian endurance training-induced muscle fibre transition and metabolic and transcriptional changes. Muscle-specific non-coding RNAs could contribute to these transcriptomic changes during training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugeqin Bou
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wenqi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiujuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wendian Gong
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zijie Jia
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xinzhuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Manglai Dugarjaviin
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Dongyi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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Bonhomme MM, Patarin F, Kruse CJ, François AC, Renaud B, Couroucé A, Leleu C, Boemer F, Toquet MP, Richard EA, Seignot J, Wouters CP, Votion DM. Untargeted Metabolomics Profiling Reveals Exercise Intensity-Dependent Alterations in Thoroughbred Racehorses' Plasma after Routine Conditioning Sessions. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:48557-48571. [PMID: 38144146 PMCID: PMC10733985 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses undergo rigorous conditioning programs to optimize their physical and mental capabilities through varied exercise sessions. While conventional investigations focus on limited hematological and biochemical parameters, this field study employed untargeted metabolomics to comprehensively assess metabolic responses triggered by exercise sessions routinely used in TB conditioning. Blood samples were collected pre- and post-exercise from ten racehorses, divided into two groups based on exercise intensity: high intensity (n = 6, gallop at ± 13.38 m/s, 1400 m) and moderate intensity (n = 4, soft canter at ± 7.63 m/s, 2500 m). Intensity was evaluated through monitoring of the speed, heart rate, and lactatemia. Resting and 30 min post-exercise plasma samples were analyzed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Unsupervised principal component analysis revealed exercise-induced metabolome changes, with high-intensity exercise inducing greater alterations. Following high-intensity exercise, 54 metabolites related to amino acid, fatty acid, nucleic acid, and vitamin metabolism were altered versus 23 metabolites, primarily linked to fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, following moderate-intensity exercise. Metabolomics confirmed energy metabolism changes reported by traditional biochemistry studies and highlighted the involvement of lipid and amino acid metabolism during routine exercise and recovery, aspects that had previously been overlooked in TB racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle M. Bonhomme
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Comparative Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental
and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Florence Patarin
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Comparative Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental
and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline-J. Kruse
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Comparative Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental
and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Christine François
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Comparative Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental
and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoît Renaud
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Comparative Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental
and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne Couroucé
- Equine
Department, Oniris, National Vet School
of Nantes, 101 Route
de Gachet, 44300 Nantes, France
- UR 7450
Biotargen, University of Caen Normandie, 3 Rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Claire Leleu
- Equi-Test, La Lande, 53290 Grez-en-Bouère, France
| | - François Boemer
- Biochemical
Genetics Laboratory, Human Genetics Department, University Hospital
of Liege, University of Liege, Avenue de l’Hôpital
1, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie-Pierre Toquet
- UR 7450
Biotargen, University of Caen Normandie, 3 Rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- LABÉO
(Frank Duncombe), 1 Route
de Rosel, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Eric A. Richard
- UR 7450
Biotargen, University of Caen Normandie, 3 Rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- LABÉO
(Frank Duncombe), 1 Route
de Rosel, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Jérôme Seignot
- Clinique
Vétérinaire du Parc, 1 Avenue Malesherbes, 78600 Maisons-Laffitte, France
| | - Clovis P. Wouters
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Comparative Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental
and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Dominique-Marie Votion
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Comparative Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental
and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Hematological and Biochemical Responses of Donkeys (Equus asinus) to Packing and Trekking During the Hot-Dry Season. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 122:104203. [PMID: 36586520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate effects of packing (load-carrying) and trekking on hematological and biochemical parameters in donkeys during the hot-dry season. Ten pack donkeys, aged 2-3 years, weighing 93 ± 2.7 kg were enrolled in the study and randomly divided into two groups of five animals each. Group 1 donkeys were subjected to packing + trekking while group 2 trekked only. All the donkeys trekked 20 km thrice, 1-day apart. Blood was collected before and after packing or trekking for hematological evaluation; and serum analyzed for electrolyte concentrations, and aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Temperature-humidity index pre and postpacking was 70.00 ± 0.1 and 79.67 ± 0.3, respectively. The packed cell volume (30.93 ± 1.1%) was higher (P < .05) before packing than postpacking value (27.83 ± 0.7%) in group 1 donkeys. Hemoglobin concentration (9.01 ± 0.3 g/dL) decreased (P < .05) after trekking (7.81 ± 0.1 g/dL) in group 2 donkeys. Neutrophil count increased (P < .05) in group 1 donkeys after packing (from 8.63 ± 0.9 × 109/L to 10.59 ± 1.2 × 109/L). Lymphocyte count (8.58 ± 0.8 × 109/L) decreased (P < .05), compared to postpacking (5.23 ± 0.5 × 109/L) in group 1 donkeys. Postpacking neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in group 1 donkeys (2.33 ± 0.4) was higher (P < .05) than in group 2 donkeys (1.31 ± 0.3). Electrolyte concentrations and enzyme activities did not change significantly. In conclusion, packing + trekking was more stressful to the donkeys than trekking only, evidenced by postpacking increased neutrophil count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and phosphate ion concentration, but decreased lymphocyte count. If this stress is not mitigated, the performance of pack donkeys during hot-dry season may not be optimum.
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Latham CM, Owen RN, Dickson EC, Guy CP, White-Springer SH. Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Exercise Training in Young and Aged Horses. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:708918. [PMID: 35822026 PMCID: PMC9261331 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.708918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In aged humans, low-intensity exercise increases mitochondrial density, function and oxidative capacity, decreases the prevalence of hybrid fibers, and increases lean muscle mass, but these adaptations have not been studied in aged horses. Effects of age and exercise training on muscle fiber type and size, satellite cell abundance, and mitochondrial volume density (citrate synthase activity; CS), function (cytochrome c oxidase activity; CCO), and integrative (per mg tissue) and intrinsic (per unit CS) oxidative capacities were evaluated in skeletal muscle from aged (n = 9; 22 ± 5 yr) and yearling (n = 8; 9.7 ± 0.7 mo) horses. Muscle was collected from the gluteus medius (GM) and triceps brachii at wk 0, 8, and 12 of exercise training. Data were analyzed using linear models with age, training, muscle, and all interactions as fixed effects. At wk 0, aged horses exhibited a lower percentage of type IIx (p = 0.0006) and greater percentage of hybrid IIa/x fibers (p = 0.002) in the GM, less satellite cells per type II fiber (p = 0.03), lesser integrative and intrinsic (p≤ 0.04) CCO activities, lesser integrative oxidative phosphorylation capacity with complex I (PCI; p = 0.02) and maximal electron transfer system capacity (ECI+II; p = 0.06), and greater intrinsic PCI, ECI+II, and electron transfer system capacity with complex II (ECII; p≤ 0.05) than young horses. The percentage of type IIx fibers increased (p < 0.0001) and of type IIa/x fibers decreased (p = 0.001) in the GM, and the number of satellite cells per type II fiber increased (p = 0.0006) in aged horses following exercise training. Conversely, the percentage of type IIa/x fibers increased (p ≤ 0.01) and of type IIx fibers decreased (p ≤ 0.002) in young horses. Integrative maximal oxidative capacity (p ≤ 0.02), ECI+II (p ≤ 0.07), and ECII (p = 0.0003) increased for both age groups from wk 0 to 12. Following exercise training, aged horses had a greater percentage of IIx (p ≤ 0.002) and lesser percentage of IIa/x fibers (p ≤ 0.07), and more satellite cells per type II fiber (p = 0.08) than young horses, but sustained lesser integrative and intrinsic CCO activities (p≤ 0.04) and greater intrinsic PCI, ECI+II, and ECII (p≤ 0.05). Exercise improved mitochondrial measures in young and aged horses; however, aged horses showed impaired mitochondrial function and differences in adaptation to exercise training.
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de Meeûs d'Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, Vidal Moreno de Vega C, Leybaert L, de Maré L, Goethals K, De Spiegelaere W, Oosterlinck M, Delesalle C. Comparison of Shifts in Skeletal Muscle Plasticity Parameters in Horses in Three Different Muscles, in Answer to 8 Weeks of Harness Training. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:718866. [PMID: 34733900 PMCID: PMC8558477 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.718866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Training-induced follow-up of multiple muscle plasticity parameters in postural stability vs. locomotion muscles provides an integrative physiological view on shifts in the muscular metabolic machinery. It can be expected that not all muscle plasticity parameters show the same expression time profile across muscles. This knowledge is important to underpin results of metabolomic studies. Twelve non-competing Standardbred mares were subjected to standardized harness training. Muscle biopsies were taken on a non-training day before and after 8 weeks. Shifts in muscle fiber type composition and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) were compared in the m. pectoralis, the m. vastus lateralis, and the m. semitendinosus. In the m. vastus lateralis, which showed most pronounced training-induced plasticity, two additional muscle plasticity parameters (capillarization and mitochondrial density) were assessed. In the m. semitendinosus, additionally the mean minimum Feret's diameter was assessed. There was a significant difference in baseline profiles. The m. semitendinosus contained less type I and more type IIX fibers compatible with the most pronounced anaerobic profile. Though no baseline fiber type-specific and overall mean CSA differences could be detected, there was a clear post-training decrease in fiber type specific CSA, most pronounced for the m. vastus lateralis, and this was accompanied by a clear increase in capillary supply. No shifts in mitochondrial density were detected. The m. semitendinosus showed a decrease in fiber type specific CSA of type IIAX fibers and a decrease of type I fiber Feret's diameter as well as mean minimum Feret's diameter. The training-induced increased capillary supply in conjunction with a significant decrease in muscle fiber CSA suggests that the muscular machinery models itself toward an optimal smaller individual muscle fiber structure to receive and process fuels that can be swiftly delivered by the circulatory system. These results are interesting in view of the recently identified important fuel candidates such as branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and gut microbiome-related xenobiotics, which need a rapid gut-muscle gateway to reach these fibers and are less challenging for the mitochondrial system. More research is needed with that respect. Results also show important differences between muscle groups with respect to baseline and training-specific modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance de Meeûs d'Argenteuil
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Berit Boshuizen
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Wolvega Equine Hospital, Oldeholtpade, Netherlands
| | - Carmen Vidal Moreno de Vega
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lorie de Maré
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Klara Goethals
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group Biometrics, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ward De Spiegelaere
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maarten Oosterlinck
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Cathérine Delesalle
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Urschel KL, McKenzie EC. Nutritional Influences on Skeletal Muscle and Muscular Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:139-175. [PMID: 33820605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle comprises 40% to 55% of mature body weight in horses, and its mass is determined largely by rates of muscle protein synthesis. In order to support exercise, appropriate energy sources are essential: glucose can support both anaerobic and aerobic exercise, whereas fat can only be metabolized aerobically. Following exercise, ingestion of nonfiber carbohydrates and protein can aid muscle growth and recovery. Muscle glycogen replenishment is slow in horses, regardless of dietary interventions. Several heritable muscle disorders, including type 1 and 2 polysaccharide storage myopathy and recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, can be managed in part by restricting dietary nonstructural carbohydrate intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine L Urschel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, 612 W.P. Garrigus Building, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Erica C McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 227 Magruder Hall, 700 Southwest 30th Street, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Takahashi Y, Mukai K, Ohmura H, Takahashi T. Do Muscle Activities of M. Splenius and M. Brachiocephalicus Decrease Because of Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Thoroughbred Horses? J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 86:102901. [PMID: 32067667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Muscle activities of the major hindlimb muscles have been reported to decrease with fatigue in horses. However, those in other muscles have been scarcely reported. We aimed to quantify fatigue-induced electromyographic changes in head and neck muscles and muscles around the shoulder joints in horses. Surface electromyographic recording of the splenius, brachiocephalicus, infraspinatus, and deltoid muscles was performed on a total of nine healthy Thoroughbred horses. Horses galloped on a treadmill inclined to 3% at a constant speed (12.7-14.6 m/second) to make them fatigued after approximately 5 minutes. They trotted at 3.5 m/second before and after this exercise. Stride frequency, integrated electromyographic values for a stride, and median frequency of the muscle discharge were calculated every 30 seconds. These parameters were compared at the start and end of the gallop exercise for the lead and trailing limbs and while trotting before and after the exercise using a paired t-test. The stride frequency significantly decreased at the end of the gallop (P < .001), whereas it did not change while trotting. Integrated electromyographic values of the splenius and brachiocephalicus muscles in both lead and trailing limbs at the gallop and those of both left and right sides at the trot significantly decreased with fatigue (P < .05), whereas those of infraspinatus and deltoid muscles did not change at either gallop or trot. No changes were observed in median frequency in any muscles with fatigue. These results suggest that splenius and brachiocephalicus muscle activities can be associated with stride frequency and speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Takahashi
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Kazutaka Mukai
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohmura
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Takahashi Y, Mukai K, Matsui A, Ohmura H, Takahashi T. Electromyographic changes in hind limbs of Thoroughbreds with fatigue induced by treadmill exercise. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:828-835. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.8.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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General Systemic States. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7195945 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Noleto PG, Santos JBFD, Rocha FM, Fasano PE, Guimarães EC, Mundim AV. Effect of a 130-km Endurance Ride on the Serum Biochemical Profile of Mangalarga Marchador Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rivero JLL, Hill EW. Skeletal muscle adaptations and muscle genomics of performance horses. Vet J 2015; 209:5-13. [PMID: 26831154 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles in horses are characterised by specific adaptations, which are the result of the natural evolution of the horse as a grazing animal, centuries of selective breeding and the adaptability of this tissue in response to training. These adaptations include an increased muscle mass relative to body weight, a great locomotor efficiency based upon an admirable muscle-tendon architectural design and an adaptable fibre-type composition with intrinsic shortening velocities greater than would be predicted from an animal of comparable body size. Furthermore, equine skeletal muscles have a high mitochondrial volume that permits a higher whole animal aerobic capacity, as well as large intramuscular stores of energy substrates (glycogen in particular). Finally, high buffer and lactate transport capacities preserve muscles against fatigue during anaerobic exercise. Many of these adaptations can improve with training. The publication of the equine genome sequence in 2009 has provided a major advance towards an improved understanding of equine muscle physiology. Equine muscle genomics studies have revealed a number of genes associated with elite physical performance and have also identified changes in structural and metabolic genes following exercise and training. Genes involved in muscle growth, muscle contraction and specific metabolic pathways have been found to be functionally relevant for the early performance evaluation of elite athletic horses. The candidate genes discussed in this review are important for a healthy individual to improve performance. However, muscle performance limiting conditions are widespread in horses and many of these conditions are also genetically influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis L Rivero
- Laboratory of Muscular Biopathology, Department of Comparative Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Emmeline W Hill
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Science, College of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Leisson K, Alev K, Kaasik P, Kaart T, Jaakma Ü, Seene T. MyHC and MyLC isoforms in Akhal-Teke horses of different gender and genetic background. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Votion DM. The story of equine atypical myopathy: a review from the beginning to a possible end. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2012; 2012:281018. [PMID: 23762581 PMCID: PMC3671727 DOI: 10.5402/2012/281018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Atypical myopathy (AM) is a frequently fatal seasonal pasture myopathy that emerges in Europe. Outbreaks are of an acute and unexpected nature and practitioners should be prepared to handle these critically ill patients. This review retraces the history of AM and describes results of epidemiological investigations that were conducted to raise hypotheses concerning the etiology of this devastating disease as well as to be able to suggest potential preventive measures. Also, clinical studies have contributed to a better definition and recognition of the syndrome, whereas elucidation of the pathological process, identified as a multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), was a great step forward improving medical management of AM and guiding the search for the etiological agent towards toxins that reproduce the identified defect. Treatment plans can be extrapolated from the described clinical signs and metabolic problems, but they remain limited to supportive care until the causative agent has been identified with certainty. Since treatment is still unsuccessful in the majority of cases, the main emphasis is currently still on prevention. This paper aims at being a practical support for equine clinicians dealing with AM and is based on discussion and comparison of the currently available scientific data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique-Marie Votion
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B41, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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Votion DM, Gnaiger E, Lemieux H, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Serteyn D. Physical fitness and mitochondrial respiratory capacity in horse skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34890. [PMID: 22529950 PMCID: PMC3329552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the animal kingdom, horses are among the most powerful aerobic athletic mammals. Determination of muscle respiratory capacity and control improves our knowledge of mitochondrial physiology in horses and high aerobic performance in general. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We applied high-resolution respirometry and multiple substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration protocols to study mitochondrial physiology in small (1.0-2.5 mg) permeabilized muscle fibres sampled from triceps brachii of healthy horses. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity (pmol O(2) • s(-1) • mg(-1) wet weight) with combined Complex I and II (CI+II) substrate supply (malate+glutamate+succinate) increased from 77 ± 18 in overweight horses to 103 ± 18, 122 ± 15, and 129 ± 12 in untrained, trained and competitive horses (N = 3, 8, 16, and 5, respectively). Similar to human muscle mitochondria, equine OXPHOS capacity was limited by the phosphorylation system to 0.85 ± 0.10 (N = 32) of electron transfer capacity, independent of fitness level. In 15 trained horses, OXPHOS capacity increased from 119 ± 12 to 134 ± 37 when pyruvate was included in the CI+II substrate cocktail. Relative to this maximum OXPHOS capacity, Complex I (CI)-linked OXPHOS capacities were only 50% with glutamate+malate, 64% with pyruvate+malate, and 68% with pyruvate+malate+glutamate, and ~78% with CII-linked succinate+rotenone. OXPHOS capacity with glutamate+malate increased with fitness relative to CI+II-supported ETS capacity from a flux control ratio of 0.38 to 0.40, 0.41 and 0.46 in overweight to competitive horses, whereas the CII/CI+II substrate control ratio remained constant at 0.70. Therefore, the apparent deficit of the CI- over CII-linked pathway capacity was reduced with physical fitness. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The scope of mitochondrial density-dependent OXPHOS capacity and the density-independent (qualitative) increase of CI-linked respiratory capacity with increased fitness open up new perspectives of integrative and comparative mitochondrial respiratory physiology.
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Abstract
This study investigates the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform composition in the gluteus medius muscle of the Akhal-Teke horses using SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). Fifteen horses aged between 1.5 and 23.5 years were used in this study and divided into three age groups: 1.5 to 4 (n = 6), 9 to 13 (n = 5) and 18.5 to 23.5 years (n = 4). The average content of the MyHC I isoform was 11.72 ± 1.07% (variation between individuals: 7.09% to 20.14%). The relative content of the MyHC IIa and IIx isoforms was subsequently 38.20 ± 1.46% (30.73% to 48.78%) and 50.07 ± 1.10% (43.8% to 56.78%) from the total MyHC. The MyHC pattern in the skeletal muscles of the Akhal-Teke horses shows that the muscles of these horses have a high capacity both for endurance and speed.
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Age-Related Changes in Myosin Light and Heavy Chain Isoforms’ Composition in Gluteus Medius Muscle of Sedentary Akhal-Teke Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lacombe VA. Glucose metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissue: from health to disease and Glucose Transport in Adipose Tissue: Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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VOTION DM, FRAIPONT A, GOACHET AG, ROBERT C, Van ERCK E, AMORY H, CEUSTERS J, De La REBIÈRE de POUYADE G, FRANCK T, MOUITHYS-MICKALAD A, NIESTEN A, SERTEYN D. Alterations in mitochondrial respiratory function in response to endurance training and endurance racing. Equine Vet J 2010:268-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Adaptation of Equine Locomotor Muscle Fiber Types to Endurance and Intensive High Speed Training. J Equine Vet Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Equine atypical myopathy: a review. Vet J 2008; 178:185-90. [PMID: 18375157 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atypical myopathy (AM) is an acute rhabdomyolysis syndrome that occurs at irregular intervals in grazing equines. An increasing number of outbreaks have been reported in recent years, including some from countries where the disease has not previously been diagnosed. In this review, clinical and other details of outbreaks of AM are analysed to better define its epidemiological profile. Potential aetiologies are discussed, the short clinical course of AM is described and the main biochemical and pathological findings are considered. Recommendations for medical management are suggested, based on a review of clinical reports. Biochemical and histopathological findings have been integrated in order to characterise the physiopathology of AM. There is an ongoing requirement to record new cases of this syndrome, ideally through an epidemiological network.
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