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Reis LG, da Silva TH, Salles MSV, Andrade AFC, Martins SMMK, Takeuchi PL, Vidal AMC, Netto AS. Effect of cow's milk with different PUFA n-6: n-3 ratios on performance, serum lipid profile, and blood parameters of grower gilts. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0258629. [PMID: 35617293 PMCID: PMC9135250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The concern with human health has increased the interest in producing foods enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), directly or naturally, by inclusion in the animals' diet. The positive effects such as antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic have been observed in pigs and rats, used as human models for study. The present study evaluated the effect of cow's milk with different lipid profiles on performance, serum fatty acid profile, biochemical analysis, and a complete blood count of gilts used as a human model. At 34 days, thirty gilts were equally distributed in three treatments. Experimental treatments were milk from cows without the oil supplementation (C), milk from cows fed an enriched diet with linseed oil (n-3), and milk from cows fed an enriched diet with soybean oil (n-6). Milk supplementation was performed until 190 days old, provided once in the morning. The n-3 and n-6 milk reduced the concentration of myristic acid in the blood and increased the leukocytes. Milk enriched with n-3 compared to n-6 reduced the stearic acid. In conclusion, milk with a better PUFA profile can reduce saturated fatty acids in the blood and alter the concentration of cells in the defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leriana Garcia Reis
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Rua Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Rua Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | | | - André Furugen Cesar Andrade
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Simone Maria Massami Kitamura Martins
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Rua Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Lumy Takeuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Centola Vidal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Rua Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Arlindo Saran Netto
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Rua Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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Effect of Dietary Enrichment with Flaxseed, Vitamin E and Selenium, and of Market Class on the Broiler Breast Meat-Part 1: Nutritional and Functional Traits. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081666. [PMID: 35458228 PMCID: PMC9024534 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of dietary enrichment with flaxseed, selenium and vitamin E, and market class on the nutritional and functional value of breast meat was evaluated. A completely randomized block design was set up, where the experimental unit (n = 6000 birds) received conventional or enriched diet and was slaughtered at 37 (light class), 47 (medium class), or 57 (heavy class) days of life. Hence, functional and standard Pectoralis major muscles from every market class were analyzed for FA composition, inorganic elements and vitamin E. Lipid metabolism indices and health lipid indicators were assessed along with the nutritional value. A multiple linear model revealed that in breasts, the dietary treatment significantly influenced (p < 0.05) the FA profile, lipid metabolism and health lipid indices, while the slaughtering weight was related (p < 0.05) to most of elements (e.g., Na, Mg, K, Mn, and Se) and vitamin E. The interdependence of the two factors had strong relations (p < 0.05) with total PUFAs, including linolenic acid, desaturase activities, health lipid indices, trace essential elements and vitamin E. Consequently, enriched meat from heavy chickens showed the best functional and nutritional traits. Overall, the study pointed out that both market class and dietary manipulation are two relevant factors to consider for producing breast meat with higher nutritional and functional value.
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Oxidative Stability, Carcass Traits, and Muscle Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Profiles in Heat-Stressed Broiler Chickens. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111725. [PMID: 34829596 PMCID: PMC8614828 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to elucidate the effects of chronic heat stress on carcass traits, muscle oxidative stability, muscle fatty acids and amino acid profiles in broiler chickens. A total of 100-day-old male Ross broiler chicks were divided into two equal groups of five replicates. The control group (TN) was maintained on a thermoneutral condition, while the experimental group (HS) was subjected to 8 h of heat stress (34 °C). The HS group showed lower dressing percentage and breast yield compared with the TN group (p = 0.040 and 0.042, respectively). Meanwhile, heat stress significantly increased the percentage of abdominal fat in broiler chickens (p = 0.001). The HS group showed significantly lower levels of PUFA (linoleic, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic) in the breast (p = 0.003, 0.002 and 0.001, respectively) and thigh (p = 0.001, 0.009 and 0.003, respectively) muscles than did the TN group. The levels of α-lenolinec acid in the breast and thigh muscles did not differ between both experimental groups (p = 0.818 and 0.060, respectively). With exception of threonine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, the levels of essential AA in the breast muscles were significantly (p ˂ 0.05) reduced in the HS group. The HS group showed significantly higher concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the breast muscles (p = 0.032). Meanwhile, the concentration of MDA in the thigh muscles did not differ between both experimental groups (p = 0.149). Furthermore, the HS group showed significantly lower superoxide dismutase and catalase in heart tissues (p = 0.005 and 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, chronic thermal stress deteriorates carcass yield and the oxidative stability of breast muscles, as well as the levels of PUFA and essential AA in broiler chickens. However, the oxidative stability of thigh muscles was not affected.
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Fatty acid profile in the breast and thigh muscles of the slow- and fast-growing birds under the same management system. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:409. [PMID: 34292417 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02777-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of feeding the same diet to different breeds of chickens and at different ages on fatty acid (FA) composition of the breast and thigh muscles. A total of 150 chickens comprising 50 each of red jungle fowl (RJ) and village chicken (VC), the slow-growing birds, and the commercial broiler (CB), fast-growing birds, were used for this study. Ten chickens from each breed were serially euthanized at days 1, 10, 20, 56, and 120 post hatch, and pectoralis major and bicep femoris were harvested to represent the breast and thigh muscles respectively. It was revealed that the breast muscle concentrations of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are significantly different (p<0.05) among the breeds. Also, the FA composition of breast and thigh muscles among RJ, VC, and CB at various ages studied varied significantly (p<0.05) but without a definite pattern. The composition of MUFA was lower, but that of PUFA was higher in the RJ and VC than in the CB breast muscles. Within the breeds, the composition of total MUFA decreased, while that of PUFA increased with age. The total MUFA and PUFA showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between the breast and thigh muscles at different ages evaluated. This study suggests that slow-growing birds (RJ and VC) might be better sources of desirable FA than the fast-growing birds, CB.
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Lashkari S, Johansen M, Weisbjerg MR, Jensen SK. Milk from cows fed clover-rich silage compared with cows fed grass silage is higher in n-3 fatty acids. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9813-9826. [PMID: 34176621 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of a high proportion of different forage species in the diet, parity, milking time, and days in milk (DIM) on milk fatty acid (FA) profile, and transfer efficiency of C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, n-6, and n-3 in dairy cows. Swards with perennial ryegrass [early maturity stage (EPR) and late maturity stage (LPR)], festulolium, tall fescue (TF), red clover (RC), and white clover (WC) were cut in the primary growth, wilted, and ensiled without additives. Thirty-six Danish Holstein cows in an incomplete Latin square design were fed ad libitum with total mixed rations containing a high forage proportion (70% on dry matter basis). The total mixed rations differed only in forage source, which was either 1 of the 6 pure silages or a mixture of LPR silage with either RC or WC silage (50:50 on dry matter basis). Proportion of C18:2n-6 in milk FA was affected by diet, and RC and WC diets resulted in the highest proportion of C18:2n-6 in milk FA (21.6 and 21.8 g/kg of FA, respectively). The highest and lowest milk C18:3n-3 proportion was observed in WC and LPR, respectively. In addition, WC diet resulted in highest transfer efficiency of C18:3n-3 from feed to milk (12.2%) followed by RC diet (10.7%), whereas EPR diet resulted in the lowest transfer efficiency of C18:3n-3 (3.45%). The highest milk proportion of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was observed in cows fed TF (3.20 g/kg of FA), which was 23 to 64% higher than the proportion observed in the cows fed the other diets. The highest α-tocopherol concentration (µg/mL) in milk was observed in EPR (1.15), LPR (1.10), and festulolium (1.06). Primiparous cows showed higher proportion of cis-9,trans-11 CLA (2.63 g/kg of FA) than multiparous cows (2.21 g/kg of FA). Cows early in lactation had a higher proportion of long-chain FA in milk than cows later in lactation, as long-chain FA decreased with 0.184 g/kg of FA per DIM, whereas medium-chain FA increased with 0.181 g/kg of FA per DIM. Proportion of C18:2n-6 in milk from evening milking was higher than in milk from morning milking (16.7 vs. 15.8 g/kg of FA). In conclusion, the results showed that milk FA profile of cows was affected by forage source in the diet, and RC and WC increased the health-promoting FA components, particularly n-3, whereas the TF diet increased proportion of CLA isomers in milk. Proportion of CLA isomers in milk FA from primiparous cows was higher than in milk from multiparous cows. In addition, evening milk contained more FA originating from diets compared with morning milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lashkari
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - M Johansen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - S K Jensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Reis LG, Silva TH, Ravagnani GM, Martinez CHG, Salles MSV, Andrade AFC, Cônsolo NRB, Martins SMMK, de Oliveira Bussiman F, Oliveira MXS, Lanna DPD, Saran Netto A. Maternal Supplementation with Cow's Milk Naturally Enriched with PUFA Alters the Metabolism of Sows and the Fatty Acid Profile of the Offspring. Nutrients 2021; 13:1942. [PMID: 34198804 PMCID: PMC8228345 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the supplementation of gilts with cow's milk naturally enriched with n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on reproductive outcomes, and the serum biochemical and FA profile of swine females and their offspring. During 316 days, 30 gilts were distributed into three groups: (1) Control, fed a basal diet + milk from cows without oil; (2) n-3, fed a basal diet + milk from cows fed a diet enriched with linseed oil; (3) n-6, fed a basal diet + milk from cows fed a diet enriched with soybean oil. The gilts receiving the diets containing PUFA had higher serum urea and very-low-density lipoprotein levels and lower serum total protein and low-density lipoprotein levels compared to the Control group. Females supplemented with n-3 presented higher serum palmitic acid and γ-linolenic acid levels than those fed n-6. Piglets from the Control group were heavier at birth than those from females supplemented with enriched milk. The piglets from females receiving enriched milk had 140 g higher body weight from 1 to 21 days old compared to the Control group, and greater average daily weight gain from 7 to 14 days old. The serum eicosapentaenoic acid level of piglets fed n-3 was 69% higher than those fed n-6, which reduced the AA/EPA ratio. Gilts supplemented with PUFA-enriched cow's milk showed changes in their serum palmitic and γ-linolenic acid levels, in addition to improved performance, EPA concentration and consequently reduced AA/EPA ratio in their piglets, demonstrating beneficial results for their progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leriana Garcia Reis
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (L.G.R.); (T.H.S.); (N.R.B.C.); (S.M.M.K.M.)
| | - Thiago Henrique Silva
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (L.G.R.); (T.H.S.); (N.R.B.C.); (S.M.M.K.M.)
| | - Gisele Mouro Ravagnani
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (G.M.R.); (A.F.C.A.)
| | - Cristian Hernando Garcia Martinez
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (C.H.G.M.); (F.d.O.B.)
| | | | - André Furugen Cesar Andrade
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (G.M.R.); (A.F.C.A.)
| | - Nara Regina Brandão Cônsolo
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (L.G.R.); (T.H.S.); (N.R.B.C.); (S.M.M.K.M.)
| | - Simone Maria Massami Kitamura Martins
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (L.G.R.); (T.H.S.); (N.R.B.C.); (S.M.M.K.M.)
| | - Fernando de Oliveira Bussiman
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (C.H.G.M.); (F.d.O.B.)
| | - Mauricio Xavier Silva Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Dante Pazzanese Duarte Lanna
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil;
| | - Arlindo Saran Netto
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (L.G.R.); (T.H.S.); (N.R.B.C.); (S.M.M.K.M.)
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El-Bahr SM, Shousha S, Alfattah MA, Al-Sultan S, Khattab W, Sabeq II, Ahmed-Farid O, El-Garhy O, Albusadah KA, Alhojaily S, Shehab A. Enrichment of Broiler Chickens' Meat with Dietary Linseed Oil and Lysine Mixtures: Influence on Nutritional Value, Carcass Characteristics and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030618. [PMID: 33799454 PMCID: PMC8000725 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of four combinations of dietary linseed oil and lysine mixtures on performance, fatty and amino acid profiles, oxidative stress biomarkers, cell energy and meat quality parameters of broiler chickens. One hundred and sixty broiler chicks were allocated into four groups. Birds of groups 1–4 were fed diets containing optimum lysine and 2% of linseed oil, optimum lysine and 4% of linseed oil, high lysine and 2% of linseed oil, and high lysine and 4% of linseed oil, respectively, for a period of 35 days. High linseed oil or lysine levels did not affect the performance of the tested birds, but the high level of dietary linseed oil decreased the concentrations of muscles’ saturated fatty acids (SFA). The highest values of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty (ω-3 PUFA) and arachidonic acids with lowest levels of monounsaturated fatty (MUFA) were detected in the muscles of birds fed diets containing high linseed oils and/or lysine levels. High linseed oil or lysine levels provided the best essential amino acid profile and improved antioxidant components as well as cell energy, and tenderness and redness of the meat. Conclusively, high dietary lysine and linseed oil combinations improved the nutritional value, antioxidant status and cell energy of broiler chickens’ meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabry M. El-Bahr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.); (K.A.A.); (S.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21523, Egypt
- Correspondence: or
| | - Saad Shousha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.); (K.A.A.); (S.A.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt
| | | | - Saad Al-Sultan
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wasseem Khattab
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt; (W.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Islam I. Sabeq
- Department of Food Control and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt;
| | - Omar Ahmed-Farid
- Department of Physiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Osama El-Garhy
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt;
| | - Khalid A. Albusadah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.); (K.A.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Sameer Alhojaily
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.); (K.A.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Ahmed Shehab
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt; (W.K.); (A.S.)
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Huang G, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Zheng N, Zhao S, Liu K, Qu X, Yu J, Wang J. DHA content in milk and biohydrogenation pathway in rumen: a review. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10230. [PMID: 33391862 PMCID: PMC7761261 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential human nutrient that may promote neural health and development. DHA occurs naturally in milk in concentrations that are influenced by many factors, including the dietary intake of the cow and the rumen microbiome. We reviewed the literature of milk DHA content and the biohydrogenation pathway in rumen of dairy cows aim to enhance the DHA content. DHA in milk is mainly derived from two sources: α-linolenic acid (ALA) occurring in the liver and consumed as part of the diet, and overall dietary intake. Rumen biohydrogenation, the lymphatic system, and blood circulation influence the movement of dietary intake of DHA into the milk supply. Rumen biohydrogenation reduces DHA in ruminal environmental and limits DHA incorporation into milk. The fat-1 gene may increase DHA uptake into the body but this lacks experimental confirmation. Additional studies are needed to define the mechanisms by which different dietary sources of DHA are associated with variations of DHA in milk, the pathway of DHA biohydrogenation in the rumen, and the function of the fat-1 gene on DHA supply in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Huang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, China
- Northeast Agricultural University, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbiao Xu
- Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Kaizhen Liu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyin Qu
- Tianjin Mengde Groups Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Tianjin Mengde Groups Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, China
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Valentini J, Da Silva A, Fortuoso B, Reis J, Gebert R, Griss L, Boiago M, Lopes L, Santos R, Wagner R, Tavernari F. Chemical composition, lipid peroxidation, and fatty acid profile in meat of broilers fed with glycerol monolaurate additive. Food Chem 2020; 330:127187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Phytogenic blend protective effects against microbes but affects health and production in broilers. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104590. [PMID: 33127536 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether addition of a phytogenic blend in the feed of broilers to replace conventional antimicrobials as a performance enhancer would improve or maintain productive efficiency. The phytogenic blend was based on curcuminoids, cinnamaldehyde and glycerol monolaurate. We used 480 birds divided into three groups with eight repetitions per group and 20 birds per repetition. The groups were identified as antimicrobial-treated: basal feed with antibiotics and coccidiostatic agents; phytogenic blend: basal feed with blend; and control, only basal feed. Zootechnical performance was measured on days from 1 to 42, with body weight measured at days 1, 7, 21 and 42. We collected excreta for parasitological analysis and total bacterial counts to determine if the phytogenic blend had kept the bacteria and coccidia in counts smaller or similar to that resulting from use of conventional performance enhancer. Other variables were also measured to complement our research, i.e., if the consumption of bend is good for the health of the birds (without causing toxicity and negatively altering the metabolism and intestinal morphometry) and does not interfere in the quality of the meat. Because the bacteria are often opportunistic, we challenged all birds at 23 days of age with high doses of oral oocysts (28,000 oocysts). Birds supplemented with the blend showed inferior performance compared to birds in the control and antimicrobial treated group (P < 0.05). We found a smaller number of oocysts of Eimeria spp. in the excreta at 42 days in the treatment with blend and antimicrobial treated group (P < 0.05). In terms of total bacterial counts, there were lower counts in the birds of the blend group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The blend increased the yellow intensity and the luminosity of the meat (P < 0.05), as well as cooking weight losses (P < 0.05) compared those of the control. We observed higher total levels of saturated fatty acids in meat from the blend and antimicrobial treated group (P < 0.05), as well as lower levels of monounsaturated fatty acids in the blend group (P < 0.05). The inclusion of a phytogenic blend to replace conventional antimicrobials and anticoccidial agents in the diet of chickens was able to control bacteria as well as coccidia; however, it ends up harming health and production.
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Wang X, Martin GB, Wen Q, Liu S, Li Y, Shi B, Guo X, Zhao Y, Guo Y, Yan S. Palm oil protects α-linolenic acid from rumen biohydrogenation and muscle oxidation in cashmere goat kids. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:100. [PMID: 33029349 PMCID: PMC7534170 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00502-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In ruminants, dietary C18:3n-3 can be lost through biohydrogenation in the rumen; and C18:3n-3 that by-passes the rumen still can be lost through oxidation in muscle, theoretically reducing the deposition of C18:3n-3, the substrate for synthesis of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) in muscle. In vitro studies have shown that rumen hydrogenation of C18:3n-3 is reduced by supplementation with palm oil (rich in cis-9 C18:1). In addition, in hepatocytes, studies with neonatal rats have shown that cis-9 C18:1 inhibits the oxidation of C18:3n-3. It therefore seems likely that palm oil could reduce both rumen biohydrogenation of C18:3n-3 and muscle oxidation of C18:3n-3. The present experiment tested whether the addition of palm oil to a linseed oil supplement for goat kids would prevent the losses of C18:3n-3 and thus improve the FA composition in two muscles, Longissimus dorsi and Biceps femoris. To investigate the processes involved, we studied the rumen bacterial communities and measured the mRNA expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in Longissimus dorsi. Sixty 4-month-old castrated male Albas white cashmere kids were randomly allocated among three dietary treatments. All three diets contained the same ingredients in the same proportions, but differed in their fat additives: palm oil (PMO), linseed oil (LSO) or mixed oil (MIX; 2 parts linseed oil plus 1 part palm oil on a weight basis). Results Compared with the LSO diet, the MIX diet decreased the relative abuandance of Pseudobutyrivibrio, a bacterial species that is positively related to the proportional loss rate of dietary C18:3n-3 and that has been reported to generate the ATP required for biohydrogenation (reflecting a decrease in the abundance of rumen bacteria that hydrogenate C18:3n-3 in MIX kids). In muscle, the MIX diet increased concentrations of C18:3n-3, C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3, and n-3 LCPUFA, and thus decreased the n-6/n-3 ratio; decreased the mRNA expression of CPT1β (a gene associated with fatty acid oxidation) and increased the mRNA expression of FADS1 and FADS2 (genes associated with n-3 LCPUFA synthesis), compared with the LSO diet. Interestingly, compared to Longissimus dorsi, Biceps femoris had greater concentrations of PUFA, greater ratios of unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (U/S), and poly-unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (P/S), but a lesser concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Conclusions In cashmere goat kids, a combination of linseed and palm oils in the diet increases the muscle concentration of n-3 LCPUFA, apparently by decreasing the relative abundance of rumen bacteria that are positively related to the proportional loss rate of dietary C18:3n-3, by inhibiting mRNA expression of genes related to C18:3n-3 oxidation in muscle, and by up-regulating mRNA expression of genes related to n-3 LCPUFA synthesis in muscle, especially in Longissimus dorsi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Graeme B Martin
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Qi Wen
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
| | - Shulin Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
| | - Yinhao Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
| | - Binlin Shi
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
| | - Yangdong Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Sumei Yan
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
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Nong Q, Wang L, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Chen W, Xie J, Zhu X, Shan T. Low Dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA Ratio Regulates Meat Quality, Reduces Triglyceride Content, and Improves Fatty Acid Composition of Meat in Heigai Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091543. [PMID: 32882902 PMCID: PMC7552283 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios on growth performance, meat quality, and fatty acid profile in Heigai pigs. A total of 54 Heigai finishing pigs (body weight: 71.59 ± 2.16 kg) were randomly divided into three treatments with six replications (three pigs per replication) and fed diets containing different n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios: 8:1, 5:1, and 3:1. Pigs fed the dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of 8:1 had the highest feed to gain ratio (p < 0.01), carcass weight (p < 0.05), redness a* (p < 0.01), and yellowness b* (p < 0.01). Fatty acid compositions in longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were significantly changed (p < 0.01). Notably, the meat from the pigs fed with the low dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio had higher n-3 PUFA contents (p < 0.01) and lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (p < 0.01). The triglyceride and total cholesterol contents were significantly decreased in SAT from the pigs fed with dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios of 5:1 (p < 0.05) and 3:1 (p < 0.01). Reducing n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio upregulated the expression of HSL (p < 0.05), CPT1 (p < 0.01), and FABP4 (p < 0.01) but downregulated ATGL (p < 0.01) expression. These results demonstrate that the lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio regulates meat quality and enhances the deposition of n-3 PUFA in Heigai pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Nong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Q.N.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (W.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liyi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Q.N.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (W.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Q.N.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (W.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ye Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Q.N.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (W.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wentao Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Q.N.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (W.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jintang Xie
- Shandong Chunteng Food Co. Ltd., Zaozhuang 277500, China; (J.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Shandong Chunteng Food Co. Ltd., Zaozhuang 277500, China; (J.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Q.N.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (W.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-88982102
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Lee MT, Lin WC, Lin LJ, Wang SY, Chang SC, Lee TT. Effects of dietary Antrodia cinnamomea fermented product supplementation on antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and lipid metabolism in broiler chickens. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:1113-1125. [PMID: 31480134 PMCID: PMC7322656 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of Antrodia cinnamomea fermented product on modulation of antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and lipid metabolism in broilers. Methods Functional compounds and in vitro antioxidant capacity were detected in wheat bran (WB) solid-state fermented by Antrodia cinnamomea for 16 days (FAC). In animal experiment, 400 d-old broiler chickens were allotted into 5 groups fed control diet, and control diet replaced with 5% WB, 10% WB, 5% FAC, and 10% FAC respectively. Growth performance, intestinal microflora, serum antioxidant enzymes and fatty acid profiles in pectoral superficial muscle were measured. Results Pretreatment with hot water extracted fermented product significantly reduced chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells death induced by lipopolysaccharide and 2,2′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. Birds received 5% and 10% FAC had higher weight gain than WB groups. Cecal coliform and lactic acid bacteria were diminished and increased respectively while diet replaced with FAC. For FAC supplemented groups, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased at 35 days only, with catalase elevated at 21 and 35 day. Regarding serum lipid parameters, 10% FAC replacement significantly reduced triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein level in chickens. For fatty acid composition in pectoral superficial muscle of 35-d-old chickens, 5% and 10% FAC inclusion had birds with significantly lower saturated fatty acids as compared with 10% WB group. Birds on the 5% FAC diet had a higher degree of unsaturation, followed by 10% FAC, control, 5% WB, and 10% WB. Conclusion In conclusion, desirable intestinal microflora in chickens obtaining FAC may be attributed to the functional metabolites detected in final fermented product. Moreover, antioxidant effects observed in FAC were plausibly exerted in terms of improved antioxidant enzymes activities, increased unsaturated degree of fatty acids in chicken muscle and better weight gain in FAC inclusion groups, indicating that FAC possesses promising favorable mechanisms worthy to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - W C Lin
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - L J Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - S Y Wang
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - S C Chang
- Kaohsiung Animal Propagation Station, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, 912, Taiwan
| | - T T Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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Alfaia CM, Lopes PA, Madeira MS, Pestana JM, Coelho D, Toldrá F, Prates JAM. Current feeding strategies to improve pork intramuscular fat content and its nutritional quality. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 89:53-94. [PMID: 31351530 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pork, one of the most consumed meats worldwide, has been facing major challenges regarding its low sensory quality and unhealthy image of fat. This chapter addresses current feeding strategies to ameliorate pork sensory attributes and nutritional quality by increasing intramuscular fat deposition and improving fatty acid composition, respectively. Dietary protein reduction, alone or combined with some components, contributes to satisfy consumer requirements and enhances the competitiveness of the meat industry with higher pork quality and lower production costs. In addition, feeding sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to pigs, mainly from marine origin (rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids), increases their content in pork, thus improving the health value of its fatty acid profile. In the near future, the inclusion of microalgae and seaweeds in feed represents a promising approach for the maintenance and development of the livestock sector, as an environmental friendly alternative to balance food and feed industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Alfaia
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P A Lopes
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M S Madeira
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J M Pestana
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D Coelho
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fidel Toldrá
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - J A M Prates
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal.
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15
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Moran CA, Morlacchini M, Keegan JD, Delles R, Fusconi G. Effects of a DHA-rich unextracted microalgae as a dietary supplement on performance, carcass traits and meat fatty acid profile in growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1026-1038. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Morlacchini
- Cerzoo Centro di Ricerche per la Zootecnia e l'Ambiente SRL; Piacenza Italy
| | - J. D. Keegan
- Alltech European Bioscience Centre; Dunboyne Ireland
| | | | - G. Fusconi
- Cerzoo Centro di Ricerche per la Zootecnia e l'Ambiente SRL; Piacenza Italy
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Effect of dietary sources of n-3 fatty acids on pig performance and technological, nutritional and sensory qualities of pork. Animal 2017; 12:1527-1535. [PMID: 29151396 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117002877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In France, animal products (dairy products, meat and eggs) are the main source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the human diet; however, many individuals do not consume enough of this nutrient. The objective of this study was to increase n-3 PUFA precursor and derivative contents in tissues and test how they influence technological and sensory qualities of meat without negatively affecting growth performances of pigs. A total of 60 male pigs [(Large White×Landrace)×Pietrain] were assigned according to their initial liveweight (50.7±2.7 kg) to five experimental groups corresponding to five different diets that they received from 14 to 22 weeks of age. Dietary lipid supplements were composed of soybean and palm oil (SP), dehulled and extruded linseed (EL-), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich microalgae (MAG) or a mixture of linseed and microalgae at 75%/25% (3EL-/MAG) and 50%/50% (EL-/MAG), respectively. Diet did not influence growth performances of pigs or the technological quality of the meat. The n-3 PUFA content in the longissimus dorsi muscle, subcutaneous backfat (SCB) and liver increased with a dietary supply of linseed and microalgae and corresponded to circulating fatty acids (FA). The amount of malondialdehyde, representative of FA lipid peroxidation measured in SCB, increased significantly with the supply of microalgae, meaning that PUFA from the microalgae included in the diet increased the meat's susceptibility to oxidation. The MAG diet scored highest for 'abnormal' flavor, similar to that of fish or organ meat, but the n-3 PUFA-rich diet had no effect on other sensory characteristics. Results of this study indicate benefits of enriching animal feed with n-3 PUFA, but the inclusion of long-chain n-3 PUFA such as DHA must be limited to avoid oxidation susceptibility and development of an off-odor.
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Bernardi DM, Bertol TM, Pflanzer SB, Sgarbieri VC, Pollonio MAR. ω-3 in meat products: benefits and effects on lipid oxidative stability. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2620-2634. [PMID: 26676414 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although ω-3 intake has been associated with numerous health benefits, its addition to certain food matrices, and in particular meat products, may involve various technological barriers influencing the final quality of the products. Lipid oxidation must be highlighted due to the modification of both the sensory characteristics and the shelf-life of meat products. In order to reduce the impact of chemical changes and promote oxidative stability, the use of natural antioxidants has gained ground owing to the health and safety advantages linked to its effectiveness at reducing lipid oxidation. Many natural compounds have also been successfully tested in animal feed, in order to protect the raw meat materials and reduce the risk of lipid oxidation in processed products. This review aims to address the challenges and advantages of the incorporation of ω-3 fatty acids in raw meat materials and processed meat products, and to describe the use of different compounds to enhance lipid oxidative stability. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Miotto Bernardi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Teresinha Marisa Bertol
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, BR 153, KM 110, Vila Tamanduá, 89700-000, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Bertelli Pflanzer
- Department of Food Technology, School of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valdemiro Carlos Sgarbieri
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mirshekar R, Boldaji F, Dastar B, Yamchi A, Pashaei S. Longer consumption of flaxseed oil enhances n-3 fatty acid content of chicken meat and expression of FADS2 gene. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mirshekar
- Faculty of Animal Science; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Golestan Iran
| | - Fathollah Boldaji
- Faculty of Animal Science; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Golestan Iran
| | - Behrouz Dastar
- Faculty of Animal Science; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Golestan Iran
| | - Ahad Yamchi
- Faculty of Plant Production; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Golestan Iran
| | - Somayeh Pashaei
- Faculty of Animal Science; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Golestan Iran
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Effects of dietary enrichment with a marine oil-based n-3 LCPUFA supplement in sows with predicted birth weight phenotypes on growth performance and carcass quality of offspring. Animal 2015; 9:838-46. [PMID: 25556327 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111400319x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of a marine oil-based n-3 LCPUFA supplement (mLCPUFA) fed from weaning until the end of the next lactation to sows with a predicted low litter birth weight (LBW) phenotype on growth performance and carcass quality of litters born to these sows were studied, based on the hypothesis that LBW litters would benefit most from mLCPUFA supplementation. Sows were allocated to be fed either standard corn/soybean meal-based gestation and lactation diets (CON), or the same diets enriched with 0.5% of the mLCPUFA supplement at the expense of corn. The growth performance from birth until slaughter of the litters with the lowest average birth weight in each treatment (n=24 per treatment) is reported in this paper. At weaning, each litter was split between two nursery pens with three to six pigs per pen. At the end of the 5-week nursery period, two barrows and two gilts from each litter that had individual birth weights closest to their litter average birth weight, were moved to experimental grow-finish pens (barn A), where they were housed as two pigs per pen, sorted by sex within litter. Remaining pigs in each litter were moved to another grow-finish barn (barn B) and kept in mixed-sex pens of up to 10 littermates. After 8 weeks, one of the two pigs in each pen in barn A was relocated to the pens holding their respective littermates in barn B. The remaining barrows and gilts were individually housed in the pens in barn A until slaughter. Maternal mLCPUFA supplementation increased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentration in the brain, liver and Semitendinosus muscle of stillborn pigs (P<0.01), did not affect eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA concentrations in sow serum at the end of lactation, and did not affect average daily gain, average daily feed intake or feed utilization efficiency of the offspring. BW was higher (P<0.01) in the second half of the grow-finish phase in pigs from mLCPUFA sows compared with controls in barn A, where space and competition for feed was minimal, but not barn B. Carcass quality was not affected by treatment for pigs from barn A, but maternal mLCPUFA supplementation negatively affected carcass quality in pigs from barn B. Collectively, these results suggest that nutritional supplementation of sows can have lasting effects on litter development, but that feeding mLCPUFA to sows during gestation and lactation was not effective in improving growth rates or carcass quality of LBW litters.
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Eastwood L, Leterme P, Beaulieu AD. Changing the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio in sow diets alters serum, colostrum, and milk fatty acid profiles, but has minimal impact on reproductive performance. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5567-82. [PMID: 25403193 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment tested the hypothesis that reducing the omega-6 (n-6) to omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid (FA) ratio in sow diets will improve performance, characterized by increased litter size, decreased preweaning mortality, and improved growth performance. Second, we determined if the FA profile in sow and piglet blood, colostrum, and milk are altered when sows are fed diets with varied n-6:n-3 ratios and if the dietary FA ratio impacts circulating concentrations of IgG, IgA, eicosapentaenoic (EPA), or docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid. Sows (n=150) were assigned to 1 of 5 treatments (each divided into gestation and lactation diets) on d 80 of gestation. Period 1 (P1) is defined as d 80 of gestation to weaning and Period 2 (P2) refers to the subsequent breeding to weaning. Diets were wheat and barley based (5% crude fat) and treatments consisted of a control (tallow), 3 diets with plant oil-based n-6:n-3 ratios (9:1P, 5:1P, and 1:1P), and a 5:1 fish oil diet (5:1F). Litter size was unaffected by treatment during P1 and P2 (P>0.10). In P1, birth weight was unaffected by diet (P>0.10); however, weaning weight (P=0.019) and ADG from birth to weaning (P=0.011) were greatest for piglets born to 9:1P and 5:1P sows. During P2, 5:1F sows consumed 10% less feed during lactation (P=0.036), tended to have reduced piglet birth weights (P=0.052), and piglet weaning weight was reduced by 0.8 kg (P=0.040) relative to the other diets. Colostrum and piglet serum IgA and IgG concentrations were unaffected by diet (P>0.10). Serum n-3 FA were greatest in sows (P<0.01) consuming 1:1P and 5:1F diets and in their offspring (P=0.014). Serum α-linolenic acid (ALA) was greatest in 1:1P sows and EPA and DHA were greatest in 5:1F sows (P<0.01). In pre-suckle piglet serum, ALA did not differ among treatment groups (P>0.10). Relative to piglets of sows consuming the control diet, EPA was 2.5-fold greater in the 1:1P group and 4-fold greater in 5:1F group (P<0.01) before suckling. In post-suckle samples, ALA was greatest in piglets from the 1:1P sows (P<0.01) and EPA and DHA were greatest in piglets from the 5:1F sows (P<0.01). Feeding diets with plant-based n-6:n-3 ratios of 5:1 or 1:1 did not impact performance relative to a control group but improved the conversion of ALA into EPA and increased the transfer of n-3 to piglets through milk. When a fish-based 5:1 ratio diet was fed, pre-weaning mortality was increased, and piglet birth and weaning weights decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Eastwood
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5A8 Prairie Swine Centre Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7H 5N9
| | - P Leterme
- BUNGE Global Innovation, calle Constitución 1, 08960 St Just Desvern (BCN), Spain
| | - A D Beaulieu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5A8 Prairie Swine Centre Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7H 5N9
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Does sow reproduction and piglet performance benefit from the addition of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to the maternal diet? Vet J 2013; 197:560-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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A grass-based diet favours muscle n-3 long-chain PUFA deposition without modifying gene expression of proteins involved in their synthesis or uptake in Charolais steers. Animal 2013; 7:1833-40. [PMID: 23916277 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) are subject of growing interest as they are of particular relevance for meat quality and human health. However, their content in the muscles of cattle is generally low probably as the complex result of their biosynthesis from dietary n-3 PUFA in the muscle and/or in other tissues/organs and of their subsequent uptake by the muscle. In view of this, this study aimed at understanding whether the changes in the muscle n-3 LCPUFA content, depending on the diet (maize silage v. grass) or the muscle type (Rectus abdominis, RA v. Semitendinosus, ST) in 12 Charolais steers, were related to variations in the gene expression of proteins involved in n-3 LCPUFA biosynthesis or cellular uptake. Tissue fatty acid composition was analysed by gas-liquid chromatography and mRNA abundance of proteins by quantitative real-time PCR. The grass-based diet resulted in a 2.3-fold (P < 0.0002) increase in both RA and ST n-3 LCPUFA content compared with the maize silage-based diet, whereas no difference in the expression of genes involved in n-3 LCPUFA biosynthesis and uptake was observed between diets. ST exhibited a 1.5-fold higher n-3 LCPUFA content than RA (P < 0.003), whereas the gene expression of proteins involved in n-3 LCPUFA biosynthesis and uptake was 1.3- to 18-fold higher in RA than in ST (P < 0.05). In conclusion, diet- or muscle type-dependent changes in the muscle n-3 LCPUFA content of Charolais steers did not seem to be mediated by the gene expression regulation of proteins involved in the biosynthesis or uptake of these fatty acids.
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Bessa RJB, Hughes RA, Jeronimo E, Moreira OC, Prates JAM, Doran O. Effect of pig breed and dietary protein level on selected fatty acids and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase protein expression in longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:4540-6. [PMID: 23881676 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the study were 1) to investigate effects of a low protein diet on fatty acids content and composition of the LM and subcutaneous adipose tissue in 3 genetically diverse breeds, Large White × Landrace, Alentejano, and Bizaro, and 2) to determine whether the effect of the low protein diet of fatty acid composition is associated with dietary modulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) protein expression. The experiments were conducted on 12 Large White × Landrace, 12 Alentejano, and 10 Bízaro female and male pigs. The average animal BW at the beginning of experiments was 40.8, 40.7, and 38.3 kg for Large White × Landrace, Alentejano, and Bízaro, respectively, and the BW of animals at slaughter was 90 kg. The diets contained 202 or 169 g/kg DM of CP (high and low protein diets, respectively) and were balanced in essential AA. The diets were fed until the animals reached 90 kg BW (approximately 73 d). It was established that Large White × Landrace pigs had a less (P = 0.001) total fatty acid content in subcutaneous adipose tissue when compared with Alentejano and Bízaro and less (P < 0.001) intramuscular fat (IMF) content when compared with Alentejano. There was a positive relationship between SCD protein expression in the LM and MUFA content (r = 0.627, P = 0.029) and SCD protein expression and total muscle fatty acids content (r = 0.725, P = 0.008) in Large White × Landrace but not in Alentejano and Bizaro breeds. It has been suggested that SCD protein expression is associated with regulation of fat deposition only in breeds with genetic predisposition to a low IMF content.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J B Bessa
- Unidade de Investigação em Produção e Saúde Animal, L-INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Polo de Investigação da Quinta da Fonte Boa, 2005-048 Vale de Santarém, Portugal
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Tanghe S, Millet S, De Smet S. Echium oil and linseed oil as alternatives for fish oil in the maternal diet: Blood fatty acid profiles and oxidative status of sows and piglets1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3253-64. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Tanghe
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - S. Millet
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - S. De Smet
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
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Effect of different contents of extruded linseed in the sow diet on piglet fatty acid composition and hepatic desaturase expression during the post-natal period. Animal 2013; 7:1671-80. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Responses to n-3 fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplementation of gestating gilts, and lactating and weaned sows. Animal 2012; 7:784-92. [PMID: 23211420 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112002236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to gilts or sows has shown different responses to litter growth, pre-weaning mortality and subsequent reproductive performance of the sow. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) that feeding a marine oil-based supplement rich in protected n-3 LCPUFAs to gilts in established gestation would improve the growth performance of their litters; and (2) that continued feeding of the supplement during lactation and after weaning would offset the negative effects of lactational catabolism induced, using an established experimental model involving feed restriction of lactating primiparous sows. A total of 117 primiparous sows were pair-matched at day 60 of gestation by weight, and when possible, litter of origin, and were allocated to be either control sows (CON) fed standard gestation and lactation diets, or treated sows (LCPUFA) fed the standard diets supplemented with 84 g/day of a n-3 LCPUFA rich supplement, from day 60 of first gestation, through a 21-day lactation, and until euthanasia at day 30 of their second gestation. All sows were feed restricted during the last 7 days of lactation to induce catabolism, providing a background challenge against which to determine beneficial effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on subsequent reproduction. In the absence of an effect on litter size or birth weight, n-3 LCPUFA tended to improve piglet BW gain from birth until 34 days after weaning (P = 0.06), while increasing pre-weaning mortality (P = 0.05). It did not affect energy utilization by the sow during lactation, thus not improving the catabolic state of the sows. Supplementation from weaning until day 30 of second gestation did not have an effect on embryonic weight, ovulation rate or early embryonic survival, but did increase corpora lutea (CL) weight (P = 0.001). Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were increased in sow serum and CL (P < 0.001), whereas only DHA levels increased in embryos (P < 0.01). In conclusion, feeding n-3 LCPUFA to gilts tended to improve litter growth, but did not have an effect on overall subsequent reproductive performance.
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Hepatic lipogenic enzyme expression in pigs is affected by selection for decreased backfat thickness at constant intramuscular fat content. Meat Sci 2012; 93:746-51. [PMID: 23261534 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated (i) whether genetic selection for decreased backfat thickness at constant intramuscular fat (IMF) affects the expression of lipogenic enzymes in pig liver and (ii) whether expression of the hepatic lipogenic enzymes is related to subcutaneous fat and IMF fatty acid composition. The enzymes investigated were fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase and Δ6-desaturase (Δ6d). Experiments were conducted on 30 barrows (15 controls and 15 selected). Selected pigs had lower backfat thickness, which was accompanied by a reduced expression of the hepatic FAS and Δ6d when compared to control pigs. There was a trend towards a positive relationship between FAS and Δ6d protein expression and saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids content respectively, in subcutaneous fat but not in muscle. It was concluded that selection against backfat thickness is associated with changes in expression of the hepatic FAS and Δ6d proteins. The changes in protein expression did not influence significantly the tissue fatty acid composition under these conditions.
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Mackay J, Pearce MC, Thevasagayam S, Doran O. Fatty acid composition and lipogenic enzyme protein expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of male pigs vaccinated against boar taint, barrows, and entire boars. J Anim Sci 2012; 91:395-404. [PMID: 23048133 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives of this study were to compare fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue of entire boars, barrows, and male pigs vaccinated against boar taint with a vaccine containing a GnRH analogue-protein conjugate (Improvac, Pfizer Animal Health) and to investigate the association between fatty acid composition and protein expression of key lipogenic enzymes in entire boars, barrows, and vaccinated pigs. Differences between groups were observed in the content of total SFA (P≤0.001), MUFA (P=0.035), and n-6 PUFA (P≤0.001) but not n-3 PUFA (P=0.373). Total SFA were greater (P<0.001) in barrows and vaccinated pigs compared with entire animals. This was accompanied by an increase (P<0.05) in the protein expression of the lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase in barrows and vaccinated pigs. Total MUFA content was increased (P<0.001) in barrows compared with entire and vaccinated pigs. This was not accompanied (P>0.05) by an increase in expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase protein, the enzyme catalyzing MUFA biosyntheses. Total n-6 PUFA content did not differ (P<0.001) between entire and vaccinated pigs but was lower in barrows. Expression of Δ6-desaturase protein, one of the key enzymes of PUFA biosynthesis, was greater (P<0.05) in vaccinated pigs than in barrows but did not differ significantly between vaccinated and entire animals. We conclude that fatty acid profile of animals vaccinated against boar taint is similar to that of entire male pigs and that the effect of physical castration and vaccination on fatty acid composition involves changes in lipogenic enzyme protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mackay
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
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Influence of oilseed supplement ranging in n-6/n-3 ratio on fatty acid composition and Δ5-, Δ6-desaturase protein expression in steer muscles. Animal 2012; 6:1973-84. [PMID: 23031569 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated effects of roasted or extruded oilseed supplementation ranging in n-6/n-3 ratios from 0.3 to 5.0 on the fatty acid composition and expression of delta-5 desaturase (Δ5d) and Δ6-desaturase (Δ6d) protein in commercial steer cheek (m. masseter) and diaphragm (pars costalis diaphragmatis) muscles. In general, the n-6/n-3 ratio of the diet had a subsequent effect on the muscle n-6/n-3 ratio (P < 0.05), with muscle 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 content relating to proportion of dietary soya bean and linseed (P < 0.01). Compared with canola, pure linseed and soya bean diets reduced 14:1c-9 and 16:1c-9 (P < 0.05) but increased 18:1t-11 and c-9,t-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content (P < 0.01). Oilseed processing had a minor influence but extruded oilseeds increase 18:1t-11 and c-9,t-11 CLA compared with roasted (P < 0.05). Polar lipid 18:3n-3 and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC, ⩾20 carbons PUFA) derivative content increased in relation to dietary linseed supplementation in the diaphragm (P < 0.01), whereas only 18:3n-3 was increased in the cheek (P < 0.01). Protein expression did not differ between diets; however, in each muscle the Δ5d protein expression had a stronger association with the desaturase products rather than the precursors. The relationship between Δ5d protein expression and the muscle LC n-6/n-3 ratio was negative in both muscles (P < 0.05). The relationship between Δ6d protein expression and the LC n-6/n-3 ratio was positive in the cheek (P < 0.001) and negative in the diaphragm (P < 0.05). In conclusion, diet n-6/n-3 ratio affected muscle 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 deposition, whereas the Δ5d and Δ6d protein expression had some influence on the polar lipid LC-PUFA profile. Results reaffirm that processed oilseeds can be used to increase the proportion of fatty acids potentially beneficial for human health, by influencing the formation of LC-PUFA and reducing the n-6/n-3 ratio.
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Kouba M, Mourot J. A review of nutritional effects on fat composition of animal products with special emphasis on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochimie 2011; 93:13-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Effect of dietary fatty acids on expression of lipogenic enzymes and fatty acid profile in tissues of bulls. Animal 2010; 4:755-62. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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