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Ventura GC, Dyshliuk N, Dmytriyeva O, Nordsten MJB, Haugaard MM, Christiansen LI, Thymann T, Sangild PT, Pankratova S. Enteral plasma supports brain repair in newborn pigs after birth asphyxia. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:693-708. [PMID: 38677626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Newborns exposed to birth asphyxia transiently experience deficient blood flow and a lack of oxygen, potentially inducing hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and subsequent neurological damage. Immunomodulatory components in plasma may dampen these responses. Using caesarean-delivered pigs as a model, we hypothesized that dietary plasma supplementation improves brain outcomes in pigs exposed to birth asphyxia. Mild birth asphyxia was induced by temporary occlusion of the umbilical cord prior to caesarean delivery. Motor development was assessed in asphyxiated (ASP) and control (CON) piglets using neonatal arousal, physical activity and gait test parameters before euthanasia on Day 4. The ASP pigs exhibited increased plasma lactate at birth, deficient motor skills and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein levels in CSF and astrogliosis in the putamen. The expression of genes related to oxidative stress, inflammation and synaptic functions was transiently altered in the motor cortex and caudate nucleus. The number of apoptotic cells among CTIP2-positive neurons in the motor cortex and striatal medium spiny neurons was increased, and maturation of preoligodendrocytes in the internal capsule was delayed. Plasma supplementation improved gait performance in the beam test, attenuated neuronal apoptosis and affected gene expression related to neuroinflammation, neurotransmission and antioxidants (motor cortex, caudate). We present a new clinically relevant animal model of moderate birth asphyxia inducing structural and functional brain damage. The components in plasma that support brain repair remain to be identified but may represent a therapeutic potential for infants and animals after birth asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Chavarria Ventura
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nadiya Dyshliuk
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Dmytriyeva
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Jacob Bagi Nordsten
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Mathilde Haugaard
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Iadsatian Christiansen
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Wang Z, Liu S, Cheng Z, Xu G, Li F, Bu Q, Zhang L, Song Y, An X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress exacerbates microplastics-induced toxicity in animal cells. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113818. [PMID: 38129015 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Human and animal exposure to microplastics (MPs) contained in food is inevitable because of their widespread existence in the environment. Nevertheless, MPs toxicity studies in ruminants often lack attention. Here, we assessed the cytotoxicity of polystyrene microplastics (PS MPs) on goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs). Compared to controls, PS MPs treatment significantly reduced cell viability, altered cell morphology and disrupted organelle integrity. Detection of membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) suggested that PS MPs induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Further transcriptome analysis also confirmed alterations in these pathways. In addition, several genes related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis were significantly regulated in the transcriptional profile. Subsequent experiments confirmed that PS MPs induce ER stress via the PERK/eIF2α/CHOP pathway, accompanied by intracellular Ca2+ overload. Meanwhile, downstream activation of the Bax/Bcl-2 pathway and caspase cascade released apoptotic signals, which led to apoptosis in GMECs. Interestingly, the addition of PERK inhibitor (ISRIB) attenuated PS MPs-induced ER stress and apoptosis, which suggests that ER stress may exacerbate PS MPs-induced cytotoxicity. This work reveals the impact of MPs on mammalian cytotoxicity, enriches the mechanisms for the toxicity of MPs, and provides insight for further assessment of the risk of MPs in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zefang Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ganggang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qiqi Bu
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuxuan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaopeng An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Fonseca PAS, Suárez-Vega A, Esteban-Blanco C, Pelayo R, Marina H, Gutiérrez-Gil B, Arranz JJ. Epigenetic regulation of functional candidate genes for milk production traits in dairy sheep subjected to protein restriction in the prepubertal stage. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:511. [PMID: 37658326 PMCID: PMC10472666 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the prepubertal stage is a crucial point for the proper development of the mammary gland and milk production, this study aims to evaluate how protein restriction at this stage can affect methylation marks in milk somatic cells. Here, 28 Assaf ewes were subjected to 42.3% nutritional protein restriction (14 animals, NPR) or fed standard diets (14 animals, C) during the prepubertal stage. During the second lactation, the milk somatic cells of these ewes were sampled, and the extracted DNA was subjected to whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. RESULTS A total of 1154 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified between the NPR and C groups. Indeed, the results of functional enrichment analyses of the genes harboring these DMRs suggested their relevant effects on the development of the mammary gland and lipid metabolism in sheep. The additional analysis of the correlations of the mean methylation levels within these DMRs with fat, protein, and dry extract percentages in the milk and milk somatic cell counts suggested associations between several DMRs and milk production traits. However, there were no phenotypic differences in these traits between the NPR and C groups. CONCLUSION In light of the above, the results obtained in the current study might suggest potential candidate genes for the regulation of milk production traits in the sheep mammary gland. Further studies focusing on elucidating the genetic mechanisms affected by the identified DMRs may help to better understand the biological mechanisms modified in the mammary gland of dairy sheep as a response to nutritional challenges and their potential effects on milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. S. Fonseca
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - A. Suárez-Vega
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - C. Esteban-Blanco
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - R. Pelayo
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - H. Marina
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - B. Gutiérrez-Gil
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - J. J. Arranz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
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Feng X, Cai Z, Gu Y, Mu T, Yu B, Ma R, Liu J, Wang C, Zhang J. Excavation and characterization of key circRNAs for milk fat percentage in Holstein cattle. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad157. [PMID: 37209411 PMCID: PMC10290504 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk fat percentage is one of the significant indicators governing the price and quality of milk and is regulated by a variety of non-coding RNAs. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) techniques and bioinformatics approaches to explore potential candidate circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulating milk fat metabolism. After analysis, compared with low milk fat percentage (LMF) cows, 309 circRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in high milk fat percentage (HMF) cows. Functional enrichment and pathway analysis revealed that the main functions of the parental genes of differentially expressed circRNAs (DE-circRNAs) were related to lipid metabolism. We selected four circRNAs (Novel_circ_0000856, Novel_circ_0011157, novel_circ_0011944, and Novel_circ_0018279) derived from parental genes related to lipid metabolism as key candidate DE-circRNAs. Their head-to-tail splicing was demonstrated by linear RNase R digestion experiments and Sanger sequencing. However, the tissue expression profiles showed that only Novel_circ_0000856, Novel_circ_0011157, and Novel_circ_0011944 were expressed with high abundance in breast tissue. Based on the subcellular localization found that Novel_circ_0000856, Novel_circ_0011157, and Novel_circ_0011944 mainly function as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in the cytoplasm. Therefore, we constructed their ceRNA regulatory networks, and the five hub target genes (CSF1, TET2, VDR, CD34, and MECP2) in ceRNAs were obtained by CytoHubba and MCODE plugins in Cytoscape, as well as tissue expression profiles analysis of target genes. These genes play a key role as important target genes in lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, and cellular autophagy. The Novel_circ_0000856, Novel_circ_0011157, and Novel_circ_0011944 regulate the expression of hub target genes through interaction with miRNAs and constitute key regulatory networks that may be involved in milk fat metabolism. The circRNAs obtained in this study may act as miRNA sponges and thus influence mammary gland development and lipid metabolism in cows, which improves our understanding of the role of circRNAs in cow lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Feng
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Zhengyun Cai
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yaling Gu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Tong Mu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Baojun Yu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ruoshuang Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Chuanchuan Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Feng X, Cai Z, Mu T, Yu B, Wang Y, Ma R, Liu J, Wang C, Zhang J, Gu Y. CircRNA screening and ceRNA network construction for milk fat metabolism in dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:995629. [PMID: 36439356 PMCID: PMC9684208 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.995629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk fat is one of the main reference elements for evaluating milk quality and is a primary objective trait in dairy cattle breeding. In recent years, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been found to play crucial roles in many biological processes. However, the function and expression profiles of circRNAs in milk fat synthesis in cows are not completely understood. We performed RNA sequencing to analyze the genome-wide expression of circRNA transcripts in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) from cows with extreme differences in milk fat percentage. We identified candidate differential circRNAs associated with milk fat metabolism using functional enrichment analysis and constructed a lipid metabolism-related competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) interactive regulatory network. RESULTS A total of 290 circRNAs were significantly differentially expressed (DE-circRNAs) in high milk fat percentage (HMF) cows compared to that in low milk fat percentage (LMF) cows. Of the 290 circRNAs, 142 were significantly upregulated and 148 were significantly downregulated. Enrichment analysis (Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) identified four DE-circRNAs (circ_0001122, circ_0007367, circ_0018269, and circ_0015179) that potentially regulate milk fat metabolism. Among them, circ_0001122, circ_0007367, and circ_0015179 had relatively high expression levels in cow mammary gland tissue compared to other tissues (heart, liver, kidney, uterus, ovaries, and small intestine) of cows. The regulatory networks circ_0001122:miR-12043:LIPG, circ_0007367:miR-331-3p:CIDEA/PML, and circ_0018269:miR-11989:RORC/HPX are potential networks to explore the mechanism of milk fat regulation. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal the possible role of circRNAs in milk fat metabolism in dairy cows. Several important circRNAs and ceRNAs affecting milk fat synthesis were identified, providing insights into the complex biology of milk fat synthesis as well as a novel theoretical perspective for future research on lactation, milk quality, and breed improvement in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yaling Gu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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Dai W, White R, Liu J, Liu H. Organelles coordinate milk production and secretion during lactation: Insights into mammary pathologies. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101159. [PMID: 35276245 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes a spectacular series of changes during its development and maintains a remarkable capacity to remodel and regenerate during progression through the lactation cycle. This flexibility of the mammary gland requires coordination of multiple processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, regeneration, stress response, immune activity, and metabolic changes under the control of diverse cellular and hormonal signaling pathways. The lactating mammary epithelium orchestrates synthesis and apical secretion of macromolecules including milk lipids, milk proteins, and lactose as well as other minor nutrients that constitute milk. Knowledge about the subcellular compartmentalization of these metabolic and signaling events, as they relate to milk production and secretion during lactation, is expanding. Here we review how major organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, lysosome, and exosome) within mammary epithelial cells collaborate to initiate, mediate, and maintain lactation, and how study of these organelles provides insight into options to maintain mammary/breast health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Dai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Robin White
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Ahmad SM, Bhat B, Bhat SA, Yaseen M, Mir S, Raza M, Iquebal MA, Shah RA, Ganai NA. SNPs in Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells Unraveling Potential Difference in Milk Production Between Jersey and Kashmiri Cattle Using RNA Sequencing. Front Genet 2021; 12:666015. [PMID: 34413874 PMCID: PMC8369411 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.666015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep RNA sequencing experiment was employed to detect putative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in mammary epithelial cells between two diverse cattle breeds (Jersey and Kashmiri) to understand the variations in the coding regions that reflect differences in milk production traits. The low milk-producing Kashmiri cattle are being replaced by crossbreeding practices with Jersey cattle with the aim of improving milk production. However, crossbred animals are prone to infections and various other diseases resulting in unsustainable milk production. In this study, we tend to identify high-impact SNPs from Jersey and Kashmiri cows (utilizing RNA-Seq data) to delineate key pathways mediating milk production traits in both breeds. A total of 607 (442 SNPs and 169 INDELs) and 684 (464 SNPs and 220 INDELs) high-impact variants were found specific to Jersey and Kashmir cattle, respectively. Based on our results, we conclude that in Jersey cattle, genes with high-impact SNPs were enriched in nucleotide excision repair pathway, ABC transporter, and metabolic pathways like glycerolipid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and amino acid synthesis (glycine, serine, and threonine). Whereas, in Kashmiri cattle, the most enriched pathways include endocytosis pathway, innate immunity pathway, antigen processing pathway, insulin resistance pathway, and signaling pathways like TGF beta and AMPK which could be a possible defense mechanism against mammary gland infections. A varied set of SNPs in both breeds, suggests a clear differentiation at the genomic level; further analysis of high-impact SNPs are required to delineate their effect on these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, India
| | - Basharat Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, India
| | - Shakil Ahmad Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, India
| | - Mifftha Yaseen
- Division of Food Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, India
| | - Shabir Mir
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, India
| | - Mustafa Raza
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics (CABin), ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mir Asif Iquebal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics (CABin), ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Riaz Ahmad Shah
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, India
| | - Nazir Ahmad Ganai
- Directorate Planning and Monitoring, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, India
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8
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Adverse effects of LPS on membrane proteins in lactating bovine mammary epithelial cells. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:435-448. [PMID: 33433684 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis causes a decrease in milk yield and abnormalities in milk components from dairy cows. Escherichia coli and the E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) cell wall component directly downregulate milk production in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). However, the detailed mechanism by which this occurs in BMECs remains unclear. Various membrane proteins, such as immune sensors (Toll-like receptors, TLR), nutrient transporters (glucose transporter and aquaporin), and tight junction proteins (claudin and occludin) are involved in the onset of mastitis or milk production in BMECs. In this study, we investigated the influence of LPS on membrane proteins using an in vitro culture model. This mastitis model demonstrated a loss of glucose transporter-1 and aquaporin-3 at lateral membranes and a decrease in milk production in response to LPS treatment. LPS disrupted the tight junction barrier and caused compositional changes in localization of claudin-3 and claudin-4, although tight junctions were maintained to separate the apical membrane domains and the basolateral membrane domains. LPS did not significantly affect the expression level and subcellular localization of epidermal growth factor receptor in lactating BMECs with no detectable changes in MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling. In contrast, NFκB was concurrently activated with temporal translocation of TLR-4 in the apical membranes, whereas TLR-2 was not significantly influenced by LPS treatment. These findings indicate the importance of investigating the subcellular localization of membrane proteins to understand the molecular mechanism of LPS in milk production in mastitis.
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Tsugami Y, Suzuki N, Suzuki T, Nishimura T, Kobayashi K. Regulatory Effects of Soy Isoflavones and Their Metabolites in Milk Production via Different Ways in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5847-5853. [PMID: 32379443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Soy products contain abundant genistein and daidzein isoflavones. Orally ingested soy isoflavones are partially metabolized to isoflavan by enteric bacteria. Their levels in the blood increase after soy products are eaten. In this study, we investigated the influence of genistein, daidzein, and equol by intraperitoneal administration in lactating mice. Genistein decreased the secretion of α- and β-casein and downregulated the gene expression of Csn1, Csn2, Csn3, and Wap while inactivating the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and ERK1/2. In contrast, equol increased Csn1-3 expression while inactivating STAT3. Daidzein did not show inhibitory effects on milk production. The effects of genistein and equol were also confirmed in lactating mammary epithelial cells (MECs), which were cultured in the presence of soy isoflavones and equol at physiological concentrations for 7 days. These findings indicate that genistein, daidzein, and equol influence milk production in MECs in vivo and in vitro in distinctly different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Tsugami
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
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Lyons KE, Ryan CA, Dempsey EM, Ross RP, Stanton C. Breast Milk, a Source of Beneficial Microbes and Associated Benefits for Infant Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1039. [PMID: 32283875 PMCID: PMC7231147 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk is considered the optimum feeding regime for newborn infants due to its ability to provide complete nutrition and many bioactive health factors. Breast feeding is associated with improved infant health and immune development, less incidences of gastrointestinal disease and lower mortality rates than formula fed infants. As well as providing fundamental nutrients to the growing infant, breast milk is a source of commensal bacteria which further enhance infant health by preventing pathogen adhesion and promoting gut colonisation of beneficial microbes. While breast milk was initially considered a sterile fluid and microbes isolated were considered contaminants, it is now widely accepted that breast milk is home to its own unique microbiome. The origins of bacteria in breast milk have been subject to much debate, however, the possibility of an entero-mammary pathway allowing for transfer of microbes from maternal gut to the mammary gland is one potential pathway. Human milk derived strains can be regarded as potential probiotics; therefore, many studies have focused on isolating strains from milk for subsequent use in infant health and nutrition markets. This review aims to discuss mammary gland development in preparation for lactation as well as explore the microbial composition and origins of the human milk microbiota with a focus on probiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katríona E. Lyons
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - C. Anthony Ryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork T12 YE02, Ireland
| | - Eugene M. Dempsey
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork T12 YE02, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 DFK4, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
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11
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Tsugami Y, Suzuki N, Kawahara M, Suzuki T, Nishimura T, Kobayashi K. Establishment of an in vitro culture model to study milk production and the blood–milk barrier with bovine mammary epithelial cells. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13355. [PMID: 32219977 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study attempted to establish a culture model to recreate the milk production pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). BMECs were isolated from Holstein cows (nonlactating, nonpregnant, and parous) and were stored by cryopreservation. To separate the apical and basolateral compartments, BMECs were cultured on a cell culture insert with a collagen gel in the presence of bovine pituitary extract and dexamethasone to induce milk production and tight junction (TJ) formation. The culture model showed the secretion of the major milk components, such as β-casein, lactose, and triglyceride, and formed less-permeable TJs in BMECs. Moreover, the TJs were distinctly separated from the apical and basolateral membranes. Glucose transporter-1, which transports glucose into the cytoplasm through the basolateral membrane, localized in the lateral membrane of BMECs. Toll-like receptor-4, which binds to lipopolysaccharide in the alveolar lumen in mastitis, localized in the apical membrane. Beta-casein was mainly localized near the Golgi apparatus and the apical membrane. Moreover, milk components were almost secreted into the upper chamber of the cell culture insert. These findings indicate that this model has clear cell polarity as well as in vivo and is effective to study of milk production and the blood-milk barrier in lactating BMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Tsugami
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Manabu Kawahara
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
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Lee JY, Lim W, Ryu S, Kim J, Song G. Ochratoxin A mediates cytotoxicity through the MAPK signaling pathway and alters intracellular homeostasis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:366-373. [PMID: 30577004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a secondary metabolite of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus, contaminates many types of food and causes apoptosis as well as immunosuppression in many animal species. However, a mechanistic analysis of OTA-mediated cytotoxicity in bovine mammary epithelial cells has not yet been performed. Hence, we investigated the effects of OTA on bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells using several mechanistic analyses. We report that OTA may induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via MAPK and JNK signaling pathways in MAC-T cells. Moreover, homeostasis of cellular components, such as that of the mitochondrial membrane, was disrupted by OTA, leading to a decrease in mitochondrial and cytosolic Ca2+ in MAC-T cells. In addition, we evaluated the effects of OTA on inflammatory responses and major tight junction regulators, such as occludin and claudin 3. In summation, we suggest that OTA contamination may adversely affect bovine mammary epithelial cells, leading to improper lactation and decreased milk quality. This article aims to improve the understanding of physiological mechanisms involved in lactation, in addition to providing a guideline for the stabilization of industrial milk production by countering exogenous contaminants in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Ryu
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Tsugami Y, Matsunaga K, Suzuki T, Nishimura T, Kobayashi K. Phytoestrogens Weaken the Blood-Milk Barrier in Lactating Mammary Epithelial Cells by Affecting Tight Junctions and Cell Viability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:11118-11124. [PMID: 29189005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During lactation, mammary epithelial cells (MECs) form the blood-milk barrier by less-permeable tight junctions (TJs) to prevent the leakage of milk components. Phytoestrogens affect the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of MECs. However, it remains unclear whether phytoestrogens are involved in the blood-milk barrier. Therefore, we investigated the influence of phytoestrogens (coumestrol, genistein, and daidzein) by using an in vitro mouse-MEC-culture model. The results showed that coumestrol and genistein changed the expression of TJ proteins (claudins-3 and -4 and occludin), weakened barrier function, and reduced β-casein production. Daidzein also weakened barrier function without inhibiting β-casein production. Additionally, coumestrol and genistein induced apoptosis in MECs. These results indicate that phytoestrogens weaken the blood-milk barrier by directly affecting TJs and the cellular viability of lactating MECs in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Tsugami
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kota Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
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Lee S, Rivera OC, Kelleher SL. Zinc transporter 2 interacts with vacuolar ATPase and is required for polarization, vesicle acidification, and secretion in mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21598-21613. [PMID: 29114036 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.794461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An important feature of the mammary gland is its ability to undergo profound morphological, physiological, and intracellular changes to establish and maintain secretory function. During this process, key polarity proteins and receptors are recruited to the surface of mammary epithelial cells (MECs), and the vesicle transport system develops and matures. However, the intracellular mechanisms responsible for the development of secretory function in these cells are unclear. The vesicular zinc (Zn2+) transporter ZnT2 is critical for appropriate mammary gland architecture, and ZnT2 deletion is associated with cytoplasmic Zn2+ accumulation, loss of secretory function and lactation failure. The underlying mechanisms are important to understand as numerous mutations and non-synonymous genetic variation in ZnT2 have been detected in women that result in severe Zn2+ deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants. Here we found that ZnT2 deletion in lactating mice and cultured MECs resulted in Zn2+-mediated degradation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), which impaired intercellular junction formation, prolactin receptor trafficking, and alveolar lumen development. Moreover, ZnT2 directly interacted with vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), and ZnT2 deletion impaired vesicle biogenesis, acidification, trafficking, and secretion. In summary, our findings indicate that ZnT2 and V-ATPase interact and that this interaction critically mediates polarity establishment, alveolar development, and secretory function in the lactating mammary gland. Our observations implicate disruption in ZnT2 function as a modifier of secretory capacity and lactation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Lee
- From the Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology
| | | | - Shannon L Kelleher
- From the Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, .,Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 and.,Pharmacology, and.,the Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Niedergang F, Gasman S, Vitale N, Desnos C, Lamaze C. Meeting after meeting: 20 years of discoveries by the members of the Exocytosis-Endocytosis Club. Biol Cell 2017; 109:339-353. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201700026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Niedergang
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); U1016 Institut Cochin Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UMR 8104 Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
| | - Stéphane Gasman
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives; CNRS UPR3212; Université de Strasbourg; France
- INSERM; 75654 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Nicolas Vitale
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives; CNRS UPR3212; Université de Strasbourg; France
- INSERM; 75654 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Claire Desnos
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR 8250 Paris France
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche; PSL Research University; Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR 3666 Paris France
- INSERM; U1143 Paris France
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Abstract
Milk is a unique and complete nutritive source for the mammal neonate, also providing immune protection and developmental signals. Lactation is a complex process, proper to the mother and child dyad, and including numerous variables ranging from psychological aspects to the secretory functioning of the mammary epithelial cells, all contributing to a successful breastfeeding. This review gives an integrated overview of the physiology of lactation with a particular focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in milk product secretion and their regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Truchet
- VIM, UR 892 INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Edith Honvo-Houéto
- GABI, INRA/AgroParisTech/Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Tsugami Y, Matsunaga K, Suzuki T, Nishimura T, Kobayashi K. Isoflavones and their metabolites influence the milk component synthesis ability of mammary epithelial cells through prolactin/STAT5 signaling. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Tsugami
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kota Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
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McCormick NH, Hennigar SR, Kiselyov K, Kelleher SL. The biology of zinc transport in mammary epithelial cells: implications for mammary gland development, lactation, and involution. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:59-71. [PMID: 24338187 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc plays a critical role in a vast array of cellular functions including gene transcription, protein translation, cell proliferation, differentiation, bioenergetics, and programmed cell death. The mammary gland depends upon tight coordination of these processes during development and reproduction for optimal expansion, differentiation, and involution. For example, zinc is required for activation of matrix metalloproteinases, intracellular signaling cascades such as MAPK and PKC, and the activation of both mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and lysosomal-mediated cell death. In addition to functional needs, during lactation the mammary gland must balance providing optimal zinc for cellular requirements with the need to secrete a substantial amount of zinc into milk to meet the requirements of the developing neonate. Finally, the mammary gland exhibits the most profound example of programmed cell death, which is driven by both apoptotic and lysosomal-mediated cell death. Two families of zinc-specific transporters regulate zinc delivery for these diverse functions. Members of the ZIP family of zinc transporters (ZIP1-14) import zinc into the cytoplasm from outside the cell or from subcellular organelles, while members of the ZnT family (ZnT1-10) export zinc from the cytoplasm. Recently, the ion channel transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) has also been implicated in zinc transport. Herein, we review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which mammary epithelial cells utilize zinc with a focus on the transport of zinc into discrete subcellular organelles for specific cellular functions during mammary gland development, lactation, and involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H McCormick
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Truchet S, Chat S, Ollivier-Bousquet M. Milk secretion: The role of SNARE proteins. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:119-30. [PMID: 24264376 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During lactation, polarized mammary epithelial secretory cells (MESCs) secrete huge quantities of the nutrient molecules that make up milk, i.e. proteins, fat globules and soluble components such as lactose and minerals. Some of these nutrients are only produced by the MESCs themselves, while others are to a great extent transferred from the blood. MESCs can thus be seen as a crossroads for both the uptake and the secretion with cross-talks between intracellular compartments that enable spatial and temporal coordination of the secretion of the milk constituents. Although the physiology of lactation is well understood, the molecular mechanisms underlying the secretion of milk components remain incompletely characterized. Major milk proteins, namely caseins, are secreted by exocytosis, while the milk fat globules are released by budding, being enwrapped by the apical plasma membrane. Prolactin, which stimulates the transcription of casein genes, also induces the production of arachidonic acid, leading to accelerated casein transport and/or secretion. Because of their ability to form complexes that bridge two membranes and promote their fusion, SNARE (Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Protein Receptor) proteins are involved in almost all intracellular trafficking steps and exocytosis. As SNAREs can bind arachidonic acid, they could be the effectors of the secretagogue effect of prolactin in MESCs. Indeed, some SNAREs have been observed between secretory vesicles and lipid droplets suggesting that these proteins could not only orchestrate the intracellular trafficking of milk components but also act as key regulators for both the coupling and coordination of milk product secretion in response to hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Truchet
- INRA, UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, 78352, Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France,
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Baumrucker CR, Bruckmaier RM. Colostrogenesis: IgG1 transcytosis mechanisms. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:103-17. [PMID: 24474529 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological transport of intact proteins across epithelial cells has been documented for many absorptive and secretory tissues. Immunoglobulins were some of the earliest studied proteins in this category. The transcellular transport (transcytosis) of immunoglobulins in neonatal health and development has been recognized; the process is especially significant with ungulates because they do not transcytose immunoglobulins across the placenta to the neonate. Rather, they depend upon mammary secretion of colostrum and intestinal absorption of immunoglobulins in order to provide intestinal and systemic defense until the young ungulate develops its own humoral defense mechanisms. The neonatal dairy calf's ability to absorb immunoglobulins from colostrum is assisted by a ~24 h "open gut" phenomenon where large proteins pass the intestinal epithelial cells and enter the systemic system. However, a critical problem recognized for newborn dairy calves is that an optimum mass of colostrum Immunoglobulin G (IgG) needs to be absorbed within that 24 h window in order to provide maximal resistance to disease. Many calves do not achieve the optimum because of poor quality colostrum. While many studies have focused on calf absorption, the principal cause of the problem resides with the extreme variation (g to kg) in the mammary gland's capacity to transfer blood IgG1 into colostrum. Colostrum is a unique mammary secretory product that is formed during late pregnancy when mammary cells are proliferating and differentiating in preparation for lactation. In addition to the transcytosis of immunoglobulins, the mammary gland also concentrates a number of circulating hormones into colostrum. Remarkably, the mechanisms in the formation of colostrum in ungulates have been rather modestly studied. The mechanisms and causes of this variation in mammary gland transcytosis of IgG1 are examined, evaluated, and in some cases, explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Baumrucker
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 302 Henning Bldg, University Park, PA, 16802, USA,
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Lkhider M, Seddiki T, Ollivier-Bousquet M. La prolactine et son fragment 16 kDa dans les tissus de mammifères. Med Sci (Paris) 2010; 26:1049-55. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/201026121049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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