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Wenzler AN, van de Loo B, van der Velde N, van Schoor NM. The Effect of Genetic Variations in the Vitamin D Receptor Gene on the Course of Depressive Symptoms. J Nutr 2024; 154:2255-2263. [PMID: 38692355 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and depressive symptoms is inconclusive. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of the study was to investigate the association between SNPs in the VDR gene and depressive symptoms. METHODS In a sample of older adults from the Longitudinal Ageing Study Amsterdam (n = 922), depressive symptoms were assessed using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D scale) at baseline and after 3, 6, and 10 y of follow-up. Blood samples for SNP and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) determination were obtained at baseline. The association between 13 SNPs in the VDR gene and the course of depressive symptoms were evaluated using linear mixed models. The interaction between SNPs and serum 25(OH)D3 in relation to depressive symptoms was evaluated using multiple linear regression. RESULTS No SNPs were associated with the course of depressive symptoms. Significant interactions between serum 25(OH)D3 and SNPs in the VDR gene were found. Stratified analysis revealed that within the GG genotype strata, 10 nmol/L higher serum 25(OH)D3 was associated with 0.27 (95% CI: -0.50, -0.04) and 0.23 (95% CI: -0.48, 0.02) lower scores on the CES-D scale for Cdx-2 and 1b-G-886A, respectively. This association was not found in persons having the GA or AA genotype. CONCLUSIONS No SNPs are associated with the course of depressive symptoms. Stratified analysis shows that the effect of serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations on depressive symptoms is different among genotypes of Cdx-2 and 1b-G-886A. Future research should elucidate on the function of Cdx-2 and 1b-G-886A to describe their effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Neeltje Wenzler
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bob van de Loo
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Ageing and Later Life Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie van der Velde
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Ageing and Later Life Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Ageing and Later Life Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Peng MM, Liang Z, Wang P. Lifestyle factors, physical health, and life satisfaction under different changes in depressive symptoms among Chinese community-dwelling older adults: A longitudinal analysis. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2024:207640241255573. [PMID: 38824394 DOI: 10.1177/00207640241255573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to investigate the long-term impact of lifestyle-related factors and physical health on life satisfaction and depressive symptoms among Chinese community-dwelling older adults. METHODS Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), the analytic sample of this study included 1,068 older adults who had participated in the surveys in both 2011 and 2018. Multivariate regression was employed to analyze both cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between lifestyle-related factors, physical health, and subjective well-being - specifically depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Additionally, the model tested how these factors correlate with life satisfaction across different groups of depressive symptom changes among older adults, categorized as not at risk of depression, intermittent depression, and chronic depression. RESULTS Multimorbidity was significantly related to baseline and follow-up depressive risk in older adults. Shorter sleep duration was associated with baseline depression risk. Current alcohol drinkers reported significantly more severe depressive symptoms than non-drinkers. At baseline, current smokers were more likely to have a lower degree of life satisfaction than nonsmokers. Among older adults with chronic depression at the 7-year follow-up, former smokers tended to have lower life satisfaction than nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identified drinking alcohol and having a shorter sleep duration as modifiable lifestyle-related risk factors for late-life depression and smoking as a detrimental factor for life satisfaction in older Chinese adults. Multimorbidity was a significant predictor of more depressive symptoms. Our findings have implications for future psychosocial interventions that target the alleviation of depressive symptoms and the promotion of life satisfaction in older Chinese people based on their different long-term mental and physical health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Peng
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, China
| | - Zurong Liang
- Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Chan LLY, Delbaere K, Numbers K, Lam B, Menant J, Sturnieks DL, Trollor JN, Brodie MA, Lord SR. Poor mobility and lower limb weakness are associated with three distinct depressive symptom trajectories over 6 years in older people. Australas J Ageing 2024; 43:333-342. [PMID: 38217882 DOI: 10.1111/ajag.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical decline can be associated with the onset of depressive symptoms in later life. This study aimed to identify physical and lifestyle risk factors for depressive symptom trajectories in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS Participants were 553 people aged 70-90 years who underwent baseline physical, psychological and lifestyle assessments. Group-based trajectory analysis was used to identify patterns of depressive symptom development over 6 years of follow-up. Strengths of associations between baseline functional test performances and depressive symptom trajectories were evaluated with univariable ordinal models. Subsequently, the adjusted cumulative odds ratio for the association between identified risk factors, demographic factors and baseline anti-depressant use were measured using multivariable ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS Three distinct depressive symptom trajectories were identified: a low-and-stable course (10% of participants), a low-and-increasing course (81%) and a moderate-and-increasing course (9%). Timed Up and Go test time was the strongest risk factor of depressive symptom trajectory, followed by Five Times Sit-to-Stand test performance, planned physical activity levels, and knee extension strength (adjusted standardised ORs 1.65, 95% CI 1.34-2.04; 1.44, 95% CI 1.16-1.77; 1.44, 95% CI 1.17-1.76 and 1.41, 95% CI 1.15-1.73 respectively). After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index and baseline anti-depressant use, Timed Up and Go test performance and knee extension strength were independently and significantly associated with depressive trajectories. CONCLUSIONS Timed Up and Go test times, Five Times Sit-to-Stand test performance, planned physical activity levels and knee extension strength are associated with three discrete depressive symptom trajectories. These clinical tests may help identify older adults aged 70-90 years at risk of developing depressive symptoms and help guide subsequent strength and mobility interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd L Y Chan
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katya Numbers
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Lam
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jasmine Menant
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daina L Sturnieks
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew A Brodie
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Xie Y, Ma M, Wang W. Trajectories of depressive symptoms and their predictors in Chinese older population: Growth Mixture model. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:372. [PMID: 37328803 PMCID: PMC10276362 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the rapidly rising proportion of the older population in China and the relatively high prevalence of depressive symptoms among this population, this study aimed to identify the trajectories of depressive symptoms and the factors associated with the trajectory class to gain a better understanding of the long-term course of depressive symptoms in this population. METHODS Data were obtained from four wave's survey of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). A total of 3646 participants who aged 60 years or older during baseline survey, and completed all follow-ups were retained in this study. Depressive symptoms were measured using the 10-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10). Growth mixture modelling (GMM) was adopted to identify the trajectory classes of depressive symptoms, and both linear and quadratic functions were considered. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of the associated factors to predict the trajectory class of participants. RESULTS A four-class quadratic function model was the best-fitting model for the trajectories of depressive symptoms in the older Chinese population. The four trajectories were labelled as increasing (16.70%), decreasing (12.31%), high and stable (7.30%), and low and stable (63.69%), according to their trends. Except for the low and stable trajectory, the other trajectories were almost above the threshold for depressive symptoms. The multivariate logistic regression model suggested that the trajectories of chronic depressive symptoms could be predicted by being female, living in a village (rural area), having a lower educational level, and having chronic diseases. CONCLUSIONS This study identified four depressive symptom trajectories in the older Chinese population and analysed the factors associated with the trajectory class. These findings can provide references for prevention and intervention to reduce the chronic course of depressive symptoms in the older Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofei Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mengdi Ma
- Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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5
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Wang J, Wu B, Pei Y, Zhong R. Instrumental support primarily provided by adult children and trajectories of depressive symptoms among older adults with disabilities in rural China. Aging Ment Health 2023; 27:646-652. [PMID: 35341408 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2056140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the trajectories of depressive symptoms over a 5-year period in a sample of community-dwelling older adults with disabilities in rural China, and the association between duration of instrumental support primarily provided by adult children and the trajectories of depressive symptoms. METHODS Data were drawn from three waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011-2015). The sample included 1,466 older adults living in rural areas aged 60 and over who had at least one child in all three waves. Duration of instrumental support provided by adult children was measured by the number of waves that older adults received instrumental support primarily from any adult children in the data collection. Growth mixture modelling was used to identify the trajectory classes of depressive symptoms among these older adults, and logistic regression was used to examine the association between duration of instrumental support primarily provided by adult children and the trajectory classes of depressive symptoms. RESULTS This study identified two distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms among the respondents: high but decreasing levels of symptoms and persistently low levels of symptoms. Respondents who received a longer duration of instrumental support primarily from adult children were more likely to have high but decreasing symptoms after controlling for other covariates. CONCLUSION The findings have important implications for promoting the mental health of older adults with disabilities in rural China. There are still very limited long-term care services and programs are available for older adults, particularly in rural China. It is critical to develop these services at both community and institutional levels to meet the care needs of older adults and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Wang
- School of Public Administration, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,NYU Aging Incubator, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bei Wu
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Aging Incubator, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaolin Pei
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Renyao Zhong
- Faculty of Economics and Management, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Li C, Wu M, Qiao G, Gao X, Hu T, Zhao X, Zhu X, Yang F. Effectiveness of continuity of care in reducing depression symptoms in elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 38:e5894. [PMID: 36814066 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression affects 10%-20% of older adults worldwide. The course of late-life depression (LLD) is often chronic, with a poor long-term prognosis. Lower treatment adherence, stigma, and suicide risk lead to significant challenges in the continuity of care (COC) for patients with LLD. Elderly patients with chronic diseases can benefit from COC. As a common chronic disease of the elderly, whether depression can also benefit from COC has not been systematically reviewed. METHODS Systematic literature search in Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Ovid, PubMed and Medline. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) on the intervention effects of COC and LLD, published on 12 April 2022, were selected. Two independent researchers made research choices based on consensus. An RCT with COC as an intervention measure for the elderly with depression 60 years old was the inclusion criteria. RESULTS A total of 10 RCTs involving 1557 participants were identified in this study. The findings showed that: (1) COC significantly reduced depressive symptoms compared to usual care (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.47, 95% confidence interval: -0.63 to -0.31), with the best improvement at 3- to 6-month follow-up; (2) The reduction in depressive symptoms was more pronounced for patients with comorbid chronic conditions with LLD (SMD = -0.93, 95% CI: -1.18 to -0.68); (3) COC was more effective than other regions for LLD in Europe and the Americas (SMD = -0.84, 95% CI: -1.07 to -0.61); and (4) COC had a positive impact on the quality of life of patients with LLD (SMD = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.02-0.40). LIMITATIONS The included studies included several multi-component interventions with widely varying methods. Therefore, it was almost impossible to analyze which of these interventions had an impact on the assessed outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis shows that COC can significantly reduce depressive symptoms and improve quality of life in patients with LLD. However, when treating and caring for patients with LLD, health care providers should also pay attention to timely adjustments of intervention plans according to follow-up, synergistic interventions for multiple co-morbidities, and actively learning from advanced COC programs at home and abroad to improve the quality and effectiveness of services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Li
- College of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Man Wu
- College of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiyuan Qiao
- College of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolian Gao
- College of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Hu
- College of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueyang Zhao
- College of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinhong Zhu
- College of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Fen Yang
- College of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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7
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Madero-Cabib I, Azar A, Guerra J. Simultaneous employment and depressive symptom trajectories around retirement age in Chile. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:1143-1152. [PMID: 34151648 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1929065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Over the last decade, an increasing number of empirical studies have examined long-term patterns of depression among adults around retirement age and identified employment status as a crucial determinant. However, most research has examined associations between cross-sectional measures of employment and prospective depression patterns, overlooking the changing nature of employment statuses, particularly close to retirement age. Furthermore, most knowledge in this field comes from studies conducted in developed countries in Western Europe and North America. To address these gaps, this study examined simultaneous trajectories in the employment and depressive symptom domains among two age groups of Chileans before and after the standard retirement age. Method: Using population-representative data and longitudinal statistical methods, we identified different trajectory types among two age groups (one aged 56-65 and another aged 66-75, at baseline) and characterized them according to social and health characteristics.Results: We found that trajectories defined by permanent employment were accompanied by lower depressive symptoms than trajectories indicating either retirement or inactivity. However, trajectories combining employment and the absence of depressive symptoms were primarily followed by individuals with advantaged health and social statuses at the baseline. Conclusion: Public policies aimed at promoting the mental health of older adults through their labor market integration risk forcing individuals who have accumulated social and health disadvantages across the life course to work longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Madero-Cabib
- Instituto de Sociología & Departamento de Salud Pública, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus for the Study of the Life Course and Vulnerability (MLIV), Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Azar
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of the Life Course and Vulnerability (MLIV), Santiago, Chile.,Department of Sociology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Josefa Guerra
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of the Life Course and Vulnerability (MLIV), Santiago, Chile
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Shin J, Cho E. Trajectories of depressive symptoms among community-dwelling Korean older adults: findings from the Korean longitudinal study of aging (2006-2016). BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:246. [PMID: 35395760 PMCID: PMC8991942 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression among older adults is an important public health concern associated with increased risk of suicide and decreased physical, cognitive, and social functioning. This study identified trajectories of depressive symptoms and investigated predictive variables of group-based trajectory modeling among Korean community-dwelling older adults. METHODS Participants comprised 2016 community-dwelling Korean adults over 65 years. Data from the years 2006-2016 of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging, a nationally representative panel survey that has been conducted every two years since 2006, were used. We employed a group-based trajectory modeling analysis to identify depressive symptom trajectories. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of each class of depressive symptoms. RESULTS Five depressive symptom trajectory groups were identified: Group 1, "None" (28.9%); Group 2, "Slowly worsening" (24.3%); Group 3, "Rapidly worsening" (17.5%); Group 4 "Improving" (12.4%); and Group 5, "Persistently severe" (16.9%). Older adults followed five distinct depressive symptom trajectories over 10 years. Mini-Mental State Examination scores, number of chronic diseases, educational level, and social activity were predictors associated with increasing depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that many older adults living in the community have depressive symptoms. To prevent and treat depression and aid successful mental health aging among older adults, the development of interventions should be tailored to target specific needs for each symptom trajectory. It is necessary to develop community-based interventions and strategies to identify and prevent depressive symptom trajectories among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Shin
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Nursing, 606 Nursing Education Building, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Cho
- Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Nursing, 606 Nursing Education Building, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Characterization of Depressive Symptom Trajectories in Women between Childbirth and Diagnosis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040538. [PMID: 35455653 PMCID: PMC9030055 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhomogeneity of postpartum mood and mother–child attachment was estimated from immediately after childbirth to 12 weeks postpartum in a cohort of 598 young mothers. At 3-week intervals, depressed mood and mother–child attachment were assessed using the EPDS and the MPAS, respectively. The diagnosis was based on clinical interviews at the end of the 12-week follow-up. The latent class mixed model estimated multiple distinct patterns in depressed mood and mother–child attachment. The baseline EPDS cluster contained 72% of the study population and showed low EPDS values during the follow-up period, while the five remaining clusters showed either deterioration or improvement of the EPDS levels. The majority of women with postpartum depression showed deteriorating, and the majority of adjustment disorder cases improving, behavior. While the cases with more pronounced EPDS values were found to constitute more homogeneous clusters in terms of diagnosis, subclinical or only temporarily increased EPDS levels represented less homogeneous clusters. Higher EPDS levels correlated with the higher risk factor profiles. The four MPAS/EPDS clusters demonstrated that higher EPDS lead to lower mother–child attachment, and vice versa.
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10
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Tsang RSM, Gallacher JE, Bauermeister S. The long arm of childhood socioeconomic deprivation on mid- to later-life cognitive trajectories: A cross-cohort analysis. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12322. [PMID: 35664888 PMCID: PMC9159813 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Earlier studies of the effects of childhood socioeconomic status (SES) on later-life cognitive function consistently report a social gradient in later-life cognitive function. Evidence for their effects on cognitive decline is, however, less clear. Methods The sample consists of 5324 participants in the Whitehall II study, 8572 in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), and 1413 in the Kame Project, who completed self-report questionnaires on their early life experiences and underwent repeated cognitive assessments. We characterized cognitive trajectories using latent class mixed models, and explored associations between childhood SES and latent class membership using logistic regressions. Results We identified distinct trajectories classes for all cognitive measures examined. Childhood socioeconomic deprivation was associated with an increased likelihood of being in a lower trajectory class. Discussion Our findings support the notions that cognitive aging is a heterogeneous process and early life circumstances may have lasting effects on cognition across the life-course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby S M Tsang
- Department of Psychiatry University of Oxford Warneford Hospital Oxford UK
| | - John E Gallacher
- Department of Psychiatry University of Oxford Warneford Hospital Oxford UK
| | - Sarah Bauermeister
- Department of Psychiatry University of Oxford Warneford Hospital Oxford UK
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11
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de la Torre-Luque A, Ayuso-Mateos JL. Depression in late life: Linking the immunometabolic dysregulation with clinical features. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2021; 14:181-185. [PMID: 34861927 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsmen.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro de la Torre-Luque
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Jose Luis Ayuso-Mateos
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Ge M, Zhu D, Lee H. WITHDRAWN: Health risk assessment of rural older population. Work 2021:WOR205350. [PMID: 34275921 DOI: 10.3233/wor-205350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshu Ge
- The school of Finace, RenMin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Shanghai National Accounting Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Hallie Lee
- Economic management Department, DePauw University, Greencastle, USA
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13
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de la Torre-Luque A, Ayuso-Mateos JL. Depression in late life: Linking the immunometabolic dysregulation with clinical features. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2021; 14:S1888-9891(21)00065-3. [PMID: 34229110 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro de la Torre-Luque
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Jose Luis Ayuso-Mateos
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
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14
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de la Torre-Luque A, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Sanchez-Carro Y, de la Fuente J, Lopez-Garcia P. Inflammatory and metabolic disturbances are associated with more severe trajectories of late-life depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 110:104443. [PMID: 31610452 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Late-life depression is a highly prevalent mental health condition with devastating consequences even from its earliest stages. Alterations in physiological functions, such as inflammatory and metabolic, have been described in patients with depression. However, little is known on the association between depression symptom course and metabolic and inflammation dysregulation. This study aimed to depict the course of depression symptoms while ageing, taking into consideration inter-individual heterogeneity. Moreover, it intended to study the associations between inflammatory and metabolic risk profiles and symptom trajectories. To do so, data from 13,203 adults aged 50-90 years (52.75% women; mean age at baseline = 65.07, SD = 10.00) were used. Blood sample and blood pressure measures were taken from 1536 participants (56.58% women; mean age at baseline = 61.73 years, sd = 7.64). Depression symptoms were assessed every two years across a 10-year follow-up. Trajectories were identified by means of latent class mixed modelling. Inflammation and metabolic risk profile scores were obtained from plasma and diagnostic-based indicators in the follow-up, using a robust latent-factor approach. Multigroup modelling was used to study the associations between the profiles and symptom trajectories. As a result, three heterogeneous trajectories of symptoms were identified (low-symptom, moderate-symptom and high-symptom trajectory). Participants depicting a high-symptom trajectory showed the greatest inflammation profile score and high metabolic risk. Moderate-symptom trajectory was also related to high inflammation and metabolic risk. To sum up, at-risk trajectories of symptoms were associated with high inflammation and risk of metabolic diseases. This study provides valuable evidence to advance personalised medicine and mental health precision, considering person-specific profiles and physiological concomitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro de la Torre-Luque
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS Princesa), Spain
| | - Jose Luis Ayuso-Mateos
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS Princesa), Spain.
| | - Yolanda Sanchez-Carro
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS Princesa), Spain
| | - Javier de la Fuente
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS Princesa), Spain
| | - Pilar Lopez-Garcia
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS Princesa), Spain
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15
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Xiang X, Cheng J. Trajectories of major depression in middle-aged and older adults: A population-based study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:1506-1514. [PMID: 31179582 PMCID: PMC6742519 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine depression trajectories and correlates in a nationally representative sample of middle-aged and older adults in the United States. METHODS The study sample consisted of 15 661 participants aged over 50 years from the US Health and Retirement Study. Major depression was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-SF). Depression trajectories were identified using a group-based trajectory modeling enhanced to account for nonrandom attrition. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to investigate predictors of depression trajectories. RESULTS Four depression trajectory groups were identified: "never" (85.8%), "increasing" (6.3%), "decreasing" (3.2%), and "persistently moderate/high" (4.7%). Baseline depressive symptom severity was a strong predictor of depression trajectories. Older age, male sex, and non-Hispanic African American race were associated with a lower risk of the three trajectories with small to high depression burden, whereas chronic disease count was associated with a higher risk of these trajectories. The risk of being on the increasing trajectory increased with mobility difficulties. Difficulties in household activities predicted membership in the persistently moderate/high group. CONCLUSIONS A small but nonignorable proportion of middle-aged and older adults have chronic major depression. Initial symptom severity and chronic disease burden are consistent risk factors for unfavorable depression trajectories and potential targets for screening and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Xiang
- School of Social WorkUniversity of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Jianjia Cheng
- School of Social WorkUniversity of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
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16
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Kiely KM, Brady B, Byles J. Gender, mental health and ageing. Maturitas 2019; 129:76-84. [PMID: 31547918 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a broad narrative review of the epidemiological evidence on how and why the mental health of older adults varies by gender. We draw upon international research literatures spanning gerontology and population mental health, as well as major reports from global health agencies. Compared with older men, older women are more likely to experience common mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, although the gender gap is smaller than it is at younger ages. In contrast, the mortality-related impacts of poor mental health, including suicide, are more severe for older men. These gendered patterns vary by country and other social contexts. Factors proposed to account for these findings include cultural and social norms, differentiation of gender roles, disadvantage and (dis)empowerment across the life course, and the coping styles of older men. However, little research has explicitly tested these explanations. Research to date has overwhelmingly focused on identifying differences in the mental health of older men and women. Notably, most studies have been restricted to binary comparisons, lacking the data to disentangle sex and gender dynamics, and few studies have examined the mental health of minority gendered adults in later life. Finally, there remains a need for high-quality population-based research into the mental health of those aged over 80 that includes coverage of people living in residential aged care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Kiely
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Brooke Brady
- UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; ARC Centre for Excellence in Population Ageing Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julie Byles
- Priority Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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17
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Xiang X. Seven-Year Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms and Their Predictors Among Older Americans. J Aging Health 2019; 32:795-806. [PMID: 31169060 DOI: 10.1177/0898264319852835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study examined the trajectories of depressive symptoms and associated factors in older adults using an enhanced group-based trajectory modeling. Method: The study sample consisted of 7,573 adults aged ≥65 years from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (Rounds 1-7). Depressive trajectories were estimated using a group-based trajectory modeling accounting for nonrandom attrition. Results: A four-trajectory model including "persistently low" (77.7%), "increasing" (7.9%), "declining," (5.5%), and "persistently high" (8.9%) was the best fit using methods accounting for nonrandom attrition. In comparison, methods not accounting for attrition estimated that only 3.2% of older adults were on the "persistently high" trajectory. There were significant differences in depressive trajectories by age, race/ethnicity, sex, physical, and cognitive functioning, and social connections. Discussion: Persistently high depressive symptoms affected a larger proportion of older adults than previously estimated. Depression had a more long-term and increasing course in the oldest-old.
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18
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de la Torre-Luque A, de la Fuente J, Prina M, Sanchez-Niubo A, Haro JM, Ayuso-Mateos JL. Long-term trajectories of depressive symptoms in old age: Relationships with sociodemographic and health-related factors. J Affect Disord 2019; 246:329-337. [PMID: 30594876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed at depicting the course of depression symptoms over the old age, with a special interest in a) uncovering its relationships with sociodemographic and health-related factors; b) analysing its predictive role on healthy-ageing outcomes later in life. METHODS The sample comprised 8317 older adults (46.02% men) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Robust structural equation modelling was used to identify symptom trajectories and their relationships with time-varying factors. Trajectory class and covariates were used to predict outcomes (quality of life, satisfaction with life, and daily living functioning) in a 2-year follow-up. RESULTS Three trajectory classes (so-called, normative, subclinical, chronic symptom trajectories) were identified for both sexes. Rising hearing difficulties and history of psychiatric problems were consistently associated with the chronic symptom trajectory. Lower education level, history of psychiatric problems, and increasing visual difficulties were connected with the subclinical trajectories. Finally, participants with either a subclinical or a chronic symptom trajectory showed worse outcomes than the remaining participants in the follow-up. CONCLUSION This study highlighted the presence of varying courses of depression symptoms (each showing some distinctive features from other another) over the old age, pointing to some relevant implications for clinical assessment and treatment prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro de la Torre-Luque
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS Princesa), Spain.
| | - Javier de la Fuente
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS Princesa), Spain
| | - Matthew Prina
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Sanchez-Niubo
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Ayuso-Mateos
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS Princesa), Spain
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19
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Carrière I, Norton J, Farré A, Wyart M, Tzourio C, Noize P, Pérès K, Fourrier-Réglat A, Ritchie K, Ancelin ML. Antidepressant use and cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly people - The Three-City Cohort. BMC Med 2017; 15:81. [PMID: 28424070 PMCID: PMC5397783 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is very common in late-life depression, principally affecting executive skills and information processing speed. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of antidepressant treatment on cognitive performances over a 10-year period. METHODS The community-based cohort included 7381 participants aged 65 years and above. Five cognitive domains (verbal fluency, psychomotor speed, executive function, visuospatial skills and global cognition) were assessed up to five times over 10 years of follow-up. Treatment groups included participants under a specific antidepressant class at both baseline and the first follow-up and their follow-up cognitive data were considered until the last consecutive follow-up with a report of antidepressant use of the same class. Linear mixed models were used to compare baseline cognitive performance and cognitive decline over time according to antidepressant treatment. The models were adjusted for multiple confounders including residual depressive symptoms assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale. RESULTS At baseline, 4.0% of participants were taking antidepressants. Compared to non-users, tricyclic antidepressant users had lower baseline performances in verbal fluency, visual memory and psychomotor speed, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor users in verbal fluency and psychomotor speed. For the two other cognitive abilities, executive function and global cognition, no significant differences were found at baseline irrespective of the antidepressant class. Regarding changes over time, no significant differences were observed in comparison with non-users whatever the cognitive domain, except for a slight additional improvement over the follow-up in verbal fluency skills for tricyclic antidepressant users. CONCLUSIONS In this large elderly general population cohort, we found no evidence for an association between antidepressant use and post-treatment cognitive decline over 10 years of follow-up in various cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Carrière
- Inserm U1061, Neuropsychiatry: epidemiological and clinical research, 39 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 34493, 34093, Montpellier cedex 05, France. .,Univ. Montpellier, U1061, Montpellier, France.
| | - Joanna Norton
- Inserm U1061, Neuropsychiatry: epidemiological and clinical research, 39 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 34493, 34093, Montpellier cedex 05, France.,Univ. Montpellier, U1061, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Farré
- Inserm U1061, Neuropsychiatry: epidemiological and clinical research, 39 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 34493, 34093, Montpellier cedex 05, France.,Univ. Montpellier, U1061, Montpellier, France
| | - Marilyn Wyart
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes, France
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pernelle Noize
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Karine Pérès
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Annie Fourrier-Réglat
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Ritchie
- Inserm U1061, Neuropsychiatry: epidemiological and clinical research, 39 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 34493, 34093, Montpellier cedex 05, France.,Univ. Montpellier, U1061, Montpellier, France.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marie Laure Ancelin
- Inserm U1061, Neuropsychiatry: epidemiological and clinical research, 39 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 34493, 34093, Montpellier cedex 05, France.,Univ. Montpellier, U1061, Montpellier, France
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20
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Carrière I, Farré A, Norton J, Wyart M, Tzourio C, Noize P, Pérès K, Fourrier-Réglat A, Ancelin ML. Patterns of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and risk of falls and fractures in community-dwelling elderly people: the Three-City cohort. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:3187-3195. [PMID: 27311722 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this population-based elderly cohort, participants using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants have an increased risk of falls and fractures notably when the treatment was continued over 4 years. Among the various SSRI types, citalopram only was at significant risk for falls and fluoxetine for fractures. INTRODUCTION Increased risk of falls and fractures has been reported in elderly users of SSRIs. However, biases were insufficiently addressed notably temporality between exposure and outcome and confounding by residual depression. Our objective was to examine the associations between SSRIs and fall or fracture incidence focusing on their chronic use and different types of SSRIs. METHODS The population-based cohort included participants aged 65 years and above, who had not fallen before inclusion (n = 6599) or were free of recent fracture (n = 6823) and were followed up twice over 4 years. New fall and fracture events were self-reported and defined as at least two falls and one fracture, respectively, during the previous 2 years. SSRI users were compared with those taking no antidepressants. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox models with delayed entry and adjusted for many confounders including residual depressive symptoms. RESULTS Incidence of falls was 19.3 % over 4 years and that of fractures 9.5 %. After multi-adjustment, SSRI intake was significantly associated with a higher risk of falls (HR, 95 % CI = 1.58, 1.23-2.03) and fractures (HR, 95 % CI = 1.61, 1.16-2.24). The risks were significantly increased by 80 % in those continuing the treatment over 4 years. Citalopram intake only was at significant risk for falls and fluoxetine for fractures. CONCLUSIONS In this large community-dwelling elderly sample, SSRI users were at higher risk of falls and fractures. This association was not due to reverse causality or residual depressive symptoms. Different SSRI drugs may have specific adverse effects on falls and fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Carrière
- Inserm U1061, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 34493, 34093, Montpellier cedex 05, France.
- University of Montpellier, U1061, Montpellier, France.
| | - A Farré
- Inserm U1061, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 34493, 34093, Montpellier cedex 05, France
- University of Montpellier, U1061, Montpellier, France
| | - J Norton
- Inserm U1061, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 34493, 34093, Montpellier cedex 05, France
- University of Montpellier, U1061, Montpellier, France
| | - M Wyart
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes, France
| | - C Tzourio
- Inserm, ISPED, Centre U1219 - Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - P Noize
- Inserm, ISPED, Centre U1219 - Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - K Pérès
- Inserm, ISPED, Centre U1219 - Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - A Fourrier-Réglat
- Inserm, ISPED, Centre U1219 - Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - M L Ancelin
- Inserm U1061, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 34493, 34093, Montpellier cedex 05, France
- University of Montpellier, U1061, Montpellier, France
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