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Hamididin RM, El Keshky MES. Does the dark triad predict intention to commit corrupt acts? The mediating role of financial anxiety among Saudi students. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2023.2177498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Radeah Mohammed Hamididin
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mogeda El Sayed El Keshky
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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2
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Le rôle de l’alexithymie dans les comportements violents : Une révision des études disponibles à la lumière du modèle de traitement de l’information sociale. ANNALES MÉDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES, REVUE PSYCHIATRIQUE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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3
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Smith R, Chuning AE, Tidwell CA, Allen JJB, Lane RD. Psychopathic tendencies are selectively associated with reduced emotional awareness in the context of early adversity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277475. [PMID: 36548297 PMCID: PMC9778717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear at present whether psychopathic tendencies are associated with lower or higher levels of emotional awareness (EA). Given that psychopathy includes a proficiency for manipulating others, one might expect an elevated ability to identify and use information about others' emotions. On the other hand, empathic deficits in psychopathy could arise from reduced emotional awareness. Further, heterogeneity in psychopathy may also play a role, wherein 'secondary' psychopathy is associated with early adversity and high negative affect, while 'primary' psychopathy is not. In this paper, we tested the relationship between EA and psychopathic tendencies in 177 undergraduate students (40 males) who completed the levels of emotional awareness scale (LEAS), the triarchic psychopathy measure (TPM), the affective (empathy-related) subscales of the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI), and two measures of early adversity: the childhood experiences of care and abuse questionnaire (CECA) and the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ). We found that lower LEAS scores were associated with higher TPM and lower IRI empathy scores, but these relationships were primarily present in those with early adversity and high negative affect. This suggests that lower EA may be selectively associated with higher levels of secondary psychopathy, while those with higher levels of primary psychopathy remain capable of higher EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Smith
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anne E. Chuning
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Colin A. Tidwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - John J. B. Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Lane
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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Mushtaq A, Inam A, Najmussaqib A, Afshan A, Ermagan-Caglar E. Mediating Role of Psychological Maladjustment in Relation Between Dark Triad, Psychological Distress and Subjective Happiness of Pakistani Emerging Adults. Front Psychol 2022; 13:906334. [PMID: 35874377 PMCID: PMC9304974 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.906334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from adolescence to adulthood is fraught with challenges that might have impacts on later life and personality development. Earlier research investigated Dark Triad traits in connection to emotional problems. The current study, on the other hand, focused on investigating the mediating role of psychological maladjustment in the relation of Dark Triad traits, psychological distress, and subjective happiness in emerging adults. A sample of 546 participants aged 18–25 years (M = 21.2 years) from Pakistan have participated to complete an online survey. Standardized assessment tools were used to measure the targeted variables. Results indicated that Machiavellianism and psychopathy were positively associated with psychological distress, whereas narcissism appeared to be a non-significant predictor. Subjective happiness was positively associated with Machiavellianism and negatively associated with psychopathy. In addition, mediation analysis through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) indicated that the Dark Triad traits (Machiavellianism and psychopathology), psychological distress, and subjective wellbeing were explained by psychological maladjustment. Implications and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia Mushtaq
- Department of Applied Psychology, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Asia Mushtaq
| | - Ayesha Inam
- Department of Humanities, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arooj Najmussaqib
- Department of Applied Psychology, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anjum Afshan
- Bilquis Postgraduate College for Women, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Affiliated College of Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Geng Y, Zhan T, Zhang Y, Shi L, Yu J, Jin W. Why don’t you tell me? The mediating role of self-concealment in the relationship between Machiavellianism and break-up distress. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Young AC, Kyranides MN. Understanding Emotion Regulation and Humor Styles in Individuals with Callous-Unemotional Traits and Alexithymic Traits. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 156:147-166. [PMID: 35015960 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2021.2017831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alexithymia is a personality trait which is characterized by impairments in identifying and describing emotions. Both psychopathic and alexithymic personality traits have been associated with impairments in emotion processing. This study aims to clarify the conceptual overlap between psychopathic traits (focusing on callous-unemotional traits) and alexithymic traits, with emotion regulation strategies and humor styles using a community sample. A battery of self-report measures was distributed through an online platform to 538 male and female participants between the ages of 18 to 65. Hierarchal linear regression analyses demonstrated that emotion regulation strategies were the strongest predictors and accounted for the largest variance of callous-unemotional traits and alexithymic traits. More specifically, expressive suppression arose as a positive predictor while cognitive reappraisal arose as a negative predictor for both personality traits. Aggressive humor (maladaptive) arose as a positive predictor while self-defeating humor (maladaptive) and affiliative humor (adaptive) arose as negative predictors for callous-unemotional traits. In contrast, self-defeating humor arose as a positive predictor for alexithymic traits while affiliative humor and self-enhancing humor arose as negative predictors. Findings indicate that there are similarities and differences between these personality traits. The implications regarding tailoring interventions that target specific deficits associated with each personality trait are discussed.
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Schönegger P. What’s up with anti-natalists? An observational study on the relationship between dark triad personality traits and anti-natalist views. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2021.1946026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schönegger
- University of St Andrews, School of Philosophical, Anthropological and Film Studies & School of Economics and Finance, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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Akram U, Stevenson JC. Self-disgust and the dark triad traits: The role of expressive suppression. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gómez-Leal R, Megías-Robles A, Gutiérrez-Cobo MJ, Cabello R, Fernández-Abascal EG, Fernández-Berrocal P. Relationship between the Dark Triad and depressive symptoms. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8120. [PMID: 31803535 PMCID: PMC6886484 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dark Triad (DT) is composed of three closely related personality traits: psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism. These traits have been linked to emotional deficits. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between the DT traits, including sub-dimensions, and depressive symptoms in order to identify those factors most strongly associated with the development of depression in individuals scoring high on DT. For these purposes, a total of 791 adults (M = 35.76 years; 24.91% males) completed a questionnaire battery including DT traits and depression measures. A positive significant correlation was found between psychopathy and Machiavellianism traits (total score and all sub-dimensions) and depressive symptoms. For narcissism, the direction of the correlation was dependent on the sub-dimension assessed. A model explaining 26.2% of the depressive symptoms scores was composed of the callous affect and criminal tendencies sub-dimensions of psychopathy, cynical view of human nature, which is a sub-dimension of Machiavellianism, and entitlement and self-sufficiency, which are sub-dimensions of narcissism. In addition, some of the relationships found between DT sub-dimensions and depressive symptoms appeared to depend on gender. Our results could have implications for detection and intervention programs aimed at decreasing the negative emotional consequences suffered by individuals with high DT scores. Limitations and future lines of research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rosario Cabello
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Wendt GW, Bartoli AJ. Understanding the psychopathy-stress association in typical developing adults: The role of emotional deficits. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Patrikelis P, Lucci G, Alexoudi A, Korfias S, Messinis L, Nasios G, Papasilekas T, Sakas D, Gatzonis S. Addressing Evidence Linking Secondary Alexithymia to Aberrant Humor Processing. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:1803624. [PMID: 31396292 PMCID: PMC6668559 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1803624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we explore current literature and assess evidence linking secondary (acquired) alexithymia to aberrant humor processing, in terms of their neurobiological underpinnings. In addition, we suggest a possible common neuropathological substrate between secondary alexithymia and deficits in humor appreciation, by drawing on neurophysiologic and neuroradiological evidence, as well as on a recent and unique single-case study showing the cooccurrence of secondary alexithymia and deficit in humor appreciation. In summary, what emerges from the literature is that the cortical midline structures, in particular the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and the insular cortex, seem to play a crucial role in the expression of both alexithymia and defective humor processing, while though to a lesser extent, a right hemisphere and bilateral frontoparietal contribution becomes evident. Neurobiological evidence of secondary alexithymia and aberrant humor processing points to the putative role of ACC/mPFC and the insular cortex in representing crucial processing nodes whose damage may produce both the above clinical conditions. We believe that the association of secondary alexithymia and aberrant humor processing, especially humor appreciation deficit, and their correlation with specific brain regions, mainly ACG/mPFC, as emerged from the literature, may be of some heuristic importance. Increased awareness on this topic may be of aid for neurosurgeons when accessing emotion-relevant structures, as well as for neuropsychologists to intensify their efforts to plan evidence-based neurorehabilitative interventions to alleviate the deleterious effects of such interpersonal communication deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis Patrikelis
- First Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
- Department of Technologies, Communication and Society, International University of Rome “G. Marconi”, Italy
| | - Giuliana Lucci
- Department of Technologies, Communication and Society, International University of Rome “G. Marconi”, Italy
| | - Athanasia Alexoudi
- First Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Stefanos Korfias
- First Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Lambros Messinis
- Neuropsychology Section, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Patras and University of Patras Medical School, Greece
| | - Grigorios Nasios
- Department of Speech and Language Therapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Themistoklis Papasilekas
- First Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Damianos Sakas
- First Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos Gatzonis
- First Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Puthillam A, Karandikar S, Kapoor H. I see how you feel: How the dark triad recognizes emotions. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Muris P, Merckelbach H, Otgaar H, Meijer E. The Malevolent Side of Human Nature. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 12:183-204. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691616666070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The term dark triad refers to the constellation of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Over the past few years, the concept has gained momentum, with many researchers assuming that the dark triad is a prominent antecedent of transgressive and norm-violating behavior. Our purpose in this meta-analytic review was to evaluate (a) interrelations among narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy; (b) gender differences in these traits; (c) how these traits are linked to normal personality factors; and (d) the psychosocial correlates of the dark triad. Our findings show that dark triad traits are substantially intercorrelated, somewhat more prevalent among men than women, predominantly related to the Big Five personality factor of agreeableness and the HEXACO factor of honesty-humility, and generally associated with various types of negative psychosocial outcomes. We question whether dark triad traits are sufficiently distinct and argue that the way they are currently measured is too simple to capture the malevolent sides of personality. Because most research in this domain is cross-sectional and based on self-reports, we recommend using a cross-informant approach and prospective, longitudinal research designs for studying the predictive value of dark triad features.
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The Dark Triad, emotional expressivity and appropriateness of emotional response: Fear and sadness when one should be happy? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jauk E, Freudenthaler HH, Neubauer AC. The Dark Triad and Trait Versus Ability Emotional Intelligence. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. A growing body of studies investigates emotional intelligence (EI) in relation to the Dark Triad (DT) personality traits. DT traits seem to be generally associated with lower EI, but findings are still inconsistent, especially with respect to narcissism. The vast majority of studies investigating EI correlates of DT traits relied on self-report measures in terms of trait EI. Currently, there are only sparse reports of relationships between DT traits, trait EI, and performance measures of ability EI. Thus, we investigated the relationships between these constructs in a sample of N = 540 individuals. We performed analyses separately for both sexes as recent research indicates that correlations might differ between women and men. Results showed that in women, reduced trait and ability EI are linked to psychopathy, but not the other DT traits. In men, the pattern of results was more complex: Narcissism was primarily related to lower ability EI, whereas psychopathy was primarily associated with lower trait EI. Machiavellianism was related to higher levels of trait EI in men. These findings suggest that among the DT traits, psychopathy goes along with reduced EI in women, whereas in men narcissism is associated with lower ability EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Jauk
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Austria
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Morie KP, Nich C, Hunkele K, Potenza MN, Carroll KM. Alexithymia level and response to computer-based training in cognitive behavioral therapy among cocaine-dependent methadone maintained individuals. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 152:157-63. [PMID: 25982006 PMCID: PMC4458169 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alexithymia, a characteristic marked by poor ability to identify, define and communicate emotions, has been associated with poorer treatment outcome, including traditional clinician delivered CBT. Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT4CBT), an effective adjunct to treatment, may provide a means of conveying skills without requiring interaction with a clinician. METHODS Seventy-three methadone maintained, cocaine dependent individuals participating in an 8-week randomized clinical trial comparing standard methadone maintenance to methadone maintenance plus CBT4CBT completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) at pretreatment, post-treatment, and follow-ups conducted one, two, and 6 months after treatment. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences on baseline TAS-20 scores by multiple demographic and substance use variables including gender and substance use severity. Higher TAS-20 scores were associated with somewhat higher levels of distress as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory and multiple Brief Severity Index scales. TAS-20 scores remained relatively stable throughout the duration of treatment and follow-up. Indicators of treatment process, including treatment retention, adherence and therapeutic alliance, were not significantly correlated with TAS-20 scores. There was a significant interaction of alexithymia and treatment condition, such that individuals with higher baseline scores on the TAS-20 submitted significantly higher percentages of cocaine-negative urine toxicology specimens and reported a higher percentage of abstinence days, and longer periods of consecutive abstinence within treatment when assigned to CBT4CBT compared with treatment as usual. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that individuals with increased alexithymia may benefit from computerized CBT; possibly via reduced demands on interpersonal skills and interactions associated with computerized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Morie
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Charla Nich
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Karen Hunkele
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kathleen M Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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How do emotional restrictions affect the use of humor? A behavior genetic analysis of alexithymia and humor styles. Twin Res Hum Genet 2015; 18:138-41. [PMID: 25673092 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2014.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the first behavioral genetic study of relationships between alexithymia and four styles of humor: affiliative, self-enhancing, self-defeating, and aggressive. A total of 509 MZ pairs and 264 DZ pairs of twins completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) and the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ). Consistent with our predictions, alexithymia correlated negatively with affiliative and self-enhancing humor and positively with self-defeating and aggressive humor. All but one of the 16 phenotypic correlations that we report are significant at the 0.01 level. Also consistent with our predictions, the phenotypic correlations between alexithymia and humor styles were primarily attributable to correlated genetic factors and to a lesser extent to correlated non-shared environmental factors. Correlated shared environmental factors had no significant effect. Implications and limitations of this study are discussed.
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Jonason PK, Krause L. The emotional deficits associated with the Dark Triad traits: Cognitive empathy, affective empathy, and alexithymia. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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