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López-Hernández Y, Lima-Rogel V, Mandal R, Zheng J, Zhang L, Oler E, García-López DA, Torres-Calzada C, Mejía-Elizondo AR, Poelsner J, López JA, Zubkowski A, Wishart DS. The Urinary Metabolome of Newborns with Perinatal Complications. Metabolites 2024; 14:41. [PMID: 38248844 PMCID: PMC10819924 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal pathological conditions such as infections and chronic diseases, along with unexpected events during labor, can lead to life-threatening perinatal outcomes. These outcomes can have irreversible consequences throughout an individual's entire life. Urinary metabolomics can provide valuable insights into early physiological adaptations in healthy newborns, as well as metabolic disturbances in premature infants or infants with birth complications. In the present study, we measured 180 metabolites and metabolite ratios in the urine of 13 healthy (hospital-discharged) and 38 critically ill newborns (admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)). We used an in-house-developed targeted tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based metabolomic assay (TMIC Mega) combining liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS) and flow injection analysis (FIA-MS/MS) to quantitatively analyze up to 26 classes of compounds. Average urinary concentrations (and ranges) for 167 different metabolites from 38 critically ill NICU newborns during their first 24 h of life were determined. Similar sets of urinary values were determined for the 13 healthy newborns. These reference data have been uploaded to the Human Metabolome Database. Urinary concentrations and ranges of 37 metabolites are reported for the first time for newborns. Significant differences were found in the urinary levels of 44 metabolites between healthy newborns and those admitted at the NICU. Metabolites such as acylcarnitines, amino acids and derivatives, biogenic amines, sugars, and organic acids are dysregulated in newborns with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), asphyxia, or newborns exposed to SARS-CoV-2 during the intrauterine period. Urine can serve as a valuable source of information for understanding metabolic alterations associated with life-threatening perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamilé López-Hernández
- Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, CONAHCyT-Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico
| | - Victoria Lima-Rogel
- Hospital Central “Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto”, San Luis Potosi 78290, Mexico; (V.L.-R.); (A.R.M.-E.)
| | - Rupasri Mandal
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (R.M.); (J.Z.); (L.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - Jiamin Zheng
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (R.M.); (J.Z.); (L.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - Lun Zhang
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (R.M.); (J.Z.); (L.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - Eponine Oler
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (R.M.); (J.Z.); (L.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | | | - Claudia Torres-Calzada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (C.T.-C.); (J.P.)
| | - Ana Ruth Mejía-Elizondo
- Hospital Central “Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto”, San Luis Potosi 78290, Mexico; (V.L.-R.); (A.R.M.-E.)
| | - Jenna Poelsner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (C.T.-C.); (J.P.)
| | - Jesús Adrián López
- Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, microRNAs and Cancer Laboratory, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico;
| | - Ashley Zubkowski
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (R.M.); (J.Z.); (L.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - David S. Wishart
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (R.M.); (J.Z.); (L.Z.); (A.Z.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (C.T.-C.); (J.P.)
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2
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Steinbusch LK, Wang P, Waterval HW, Stassen FA, Coene KL, Engelke UF, Habets DD, Bierau J, Körver‐Keularts IM. Targeted urine metabolomics with a graphical reporting tool for rapid diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:1113-1123. [PMID: 33843072 PMCID: PMC8518793 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current diagnostic work-up of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) is rapidly moving toward integrative analytical approaches. We aimed to develop an innovative, targeted urine metabolomics (TUM) screening procedure to accelerate the diagnosis of patients with IEM. Urinary samples, spiked with three stable isotope-labeled internal standards, were analyzed for 258 diagnostic metabolites with an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) configuration run in positive and negative ESI modes. The software automatically annotated peaks, corrected for peak overloading, and reported peak quality and shifting. Robustness and reproducibility were satisfactory for most metabolites. Z-scores were calculated against four age-group-matched control cohorts. Disease phenotypes were scored based on database metabolite matching. Graphical reports comprised a needle plot, annotating abnormal metabolites, and a heatmap showing the prioritized disease phenotypes. In the clinical validation, we analyzed samples of 289 patients covering 78 OMIM phenotypes from 12 of the 15 society for the study of inborn errors of metabolism (SSIEM) disease groups. The disease groups include disorders in the metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids, ketones, purines and pyrimidines, carbohydrates, porphyrias, neurotransmitters, vitamins, cofactors, and creatine. The reporting tool easily and correctly diagnosed most samples. Even subtle aberrant metabolite patterns as seen in mild multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (GAII) and maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) were correctly called without difficulty. Others, like creatine transporter deficiency, are illustrative of IEM that remain difficult to diagnose. We present TUM as a powerful diagnostic screening tool that merges most urinary diagnostic assays expediting the diagnostics for patients suspected of an IEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K.M. Steinbusch
- Department of Clinical GeneticsMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Clinical GeneticsMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Huub W.A.H. Waterval
- Department of Clinical GeneticsMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Fons A.P.M. Stassen
- Department of Clinical GeneticsMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Karlien L.M. Coene
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory MedicineRadboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Udo F.H. Engelke
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory MedicineRadboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Daphna D.J. Habets
- Department of Clinical GeneticsMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Jörgen Bierau
- Department of Clinical GeneticsMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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3
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Peetsold M, Goorden S, Breuning M, Williams M, Bakker J, Jacobs E, Hussaarts-Odijk L, Peeters C. Fumarase Deficiency: A Case With a New Pathogenic Mutation and a Review of the Literature. J Child Neurol 2021; 36:310-323. [PMID: 33052056 DOI: 10.1177/0883073820962931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fumarase deficiency (FD) is a rare and severe autosomal disorder, caused by inactivity of the enzyme fumarase, due to biallelic mutations of the fumarase hydratase (FH) gene. Several pathogenic mutations have been published. The article describes an infant with failure to thrive, microcephaly, axial hypotonia, and developmental retardation with increased excretion of fumarate, no activity of fumarase and a homozygous mutation of the FH gene, which was until recently only known as a variant of unknown significance. Carriers of pathogenic mutations in the FH gene are at risk for developing renal cell carcinoma and should therefore be screened. Both parents were healthy carriers of the mutation and had decreased levels of enzyme activity. In addition, the article presents an overview and analysis of all cases of FD reported thus far in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Peetsold
- Department of Pediatrics, 72471Alrijne Medical Center, Leiderdorp, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Goorden
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Disease, 26066Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Breuning
- Department of Clinical Genetics, 4501Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Monique Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, 4501Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Bakker
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, 6984Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ed Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 4501Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lydia Hussaarts-Odijk
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Center of Lysosomal and Metabolic disorders, 6984Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cacha Peeters
- Department of Neurology, 4501Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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4
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Zhang L, Walsh MF, Jairam S, Mandelker D, Zhong Y, Kemel Y, Chen YB, Musheyev D, Zehir A, Jayakumaran G, Brzostowski E, Birsoy O, Yang C, Li Y, Somar J, DeLair D, Pradhan N, Berger MF, Cadoo K, Carlo MI, Robson ME, Stadler ZK, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Joseph V, Offit K. Fumarate hydratase FH c.1431_1433dupAAA (p.Lys477dup) variant is not associated with cancer including renal cell carcinoma. Hum Mutat 2019; 41:103-109. [PMID: 31444830 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fumarate hydratase (FH) mutations underpin the autosomal recessive syndrome. FH deficiency and the autosomal dominant syndrome hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC). The FH c.1431_1433dupAAA (p.Lys477dup) genomic alteration has been conclusively shown to contribute to FH deficiency when occurring with another FH germline alteration. However, a sufficiently large dataset has been lacking to conclusively determine its clinical significance to cancer predisposition in the heterozygous state. We reviewed a series of 7,571 patients with cancer who received germline results through MSK-IMPACT testing at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The FH c.1431_1433dupAAA (p.Lys477dup) variant was detected in 24 individuals, none of whom was affected with renal cancer. Eleven of the 372 patients with renal cancer were identified to carried pathogenic FH variants associated with HLRCC. None of these 372 patients with renal cancer carried the FH c.1431_1433dupAAA variant. Our data indicate the FH c.1431_1433dupAAA is not associated with cancer including renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Michael F Walsh
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Sowmya Jairam
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Diana Mandelker
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York.,Niehaus Center for Inherited Cancer Genomics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Yelena Kemel
- Niehaus Center for Inherited Cancer Genomics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Ying-Bei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | | | - Ahmet Zehir
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Gowtham Jayakumaran
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Edyta Brzostowski
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Ozge Birsoy
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Ciyu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Joshua Somar
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Deborah DeLair
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Nisha Pradhan
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael F Berger
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Karen Cadoo
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York
| | - Maria I Carlo
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York
| | - Mark E Robson
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York
| | - Zsofia K Stadler
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York
| | - Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Vijai Joseph
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York
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5
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Heinonen HR, Mehine M, Mäkinen N, Pasanen A, Pitkänen E, Karhu A, Sarvilinna NS, Sjöberg J, Heikinheimo O, Bützow R, Aaltonen LA, Kaasinen E. Global metabolomic profiling of uterine leiomyomas. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:1855-1864. [PMID: 29073636 PMCID: PMC5729474 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine leiomyomas can be classified into molecularly distinct subtypes according to their genetic triggers: MED12 mutations, HMGA2 upregulation, or inactivation of FH. The aim of this study was to identify metabolites and metabolic pathways that are dysregulated in different subtypes of leiomyomas. METHODS We performed global metabolomic profiling of 25 uterine leiomyomas and 17 corresponding myometrium specimens using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. RESULTS A total of 641 metabolites were detected. All leiomyomas displayed reduced homocarnosine and haeme metabolite levels. We identified a clearly distinct metabolomic profile for leiomyomas of the FH subtype, characterised by metabolic alterations in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathways, and increased levels of multiple lipids and amino acids. Several metabolites were uniquely elevated in leiomyomas of the FH subtype, including N6-succinyladenosine and argininosuccinate, serving as potential biomarkers for FH deficiency. In contrast, leiomyomas of the MED12 subtype displayed reduced levels of vitamin A, multiple membrane lipids and amino acids, and dysregulation of vitamin C metabolism, a finding which was also compatible with gene expression data. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals the metabolomic heterogeneity of leiomyomas and provides the requisite framework for strategies designed to target metabolic alterations promoting the growth of these prevalent tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna-Riikka Heinonen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics and Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Miika Mehine
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics and Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Netta Mäkinen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics and Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Annukka Pasanen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Esa Pitkänen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics and Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Auli Karhu
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics and Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Nanna S Sarvilinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 140, Helsinki FIN-00029, Finland
| | - Jari Sjöberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 140, Helsinki FIN-00029, Finland
| | - Oskari Heikinheimo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 140, Helsinki FIN-00029, Finland
| | - Ralf Bützow
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Lauri A Aaltonen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics and Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Eevi Kaasinen
- Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles Väg 2, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
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6
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Guitart AV, Panagopoulou TI, Villacreces A, Vukovic M, Sepulveda C, Allen L, Carter RN, van de Lagemaat LN, Morgan M, Giles P, Sas Z, Gonzalez MV, Lawson H, Paris J, Edwards-Hicks J, Schaak K, Subramani C, Gezer D, Armesilla-Diaz A, Wills J, Easterbrook A, Coman D, So CWE, O'Carroll D, Vernimmen D, Rodrigues NP, Pollard PJ, Morton NM, Finch A, Kranc KR. Fumarate hydratase is a critical metabolic regulator of hematopoietic stem cell functions. J Exp Med 2017; 214:719-735. [PMID: 28202494 PMCID: PMC5339674 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Strict regulation of stem cell metabolism is essential for tissue functions and tumor suppression. In this study, we investigated the role of fumarate hydratase (Fh1), a key component of the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and cytosolic fumarate metabolism, in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis-specific Fh1 deletion (resulting in endogenous fumarate accumulation and a genetic TCA cycle block reflected by decreased maximal mitochondrial respiration) caused lethal fetal liver hematopoietic defects and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) failure. Reexpression of extramitochondrial Fh1 (which normalized fumarate levels but not maximal mitochondrial respiration) rescued these phenotypes, indicating the causal role of cellular fumarate accumulation. However, HSCs lacking mitochondrial Fh1 (which had normal fumarate levels but defective maximal mitochondrial respiration) failed to self-renew and displayed lymphoid differentiation defects. In contrast, leukemia-initiating cells lacking mitochondrial Fh1 efficiently propagated Meis1/Hoxa9-driven leukemia. Thus, we identify novel roles for fumarate metabolism in HSC maintenance and hematopoietic differentiation and reveal a differential requirement for mitochondrial Fh1 in normal hematopoiesis and leukemia propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie V Guitart
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Theano I Panagopoulou
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Arnaud Villacreces
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Milica Vukovic
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Catarina Sepulveda
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Lewis Allen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Roderick N Carter
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Louie N van de Lagemaat
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Marcos Morgan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter Giles
- Wales Gene Park and Wales Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XQ, Wales, UK
| | - Zuzanna Sas
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Marta Vila Gonzalez
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Hannah Lawson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Jasmin Paris
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Joy Edwards-Hicks
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Katrin Schaak
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Chithra Subramani
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Deniz Gezer
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Alejandro Armesilla-Diaz
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Jimi Wills
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Aaron Easterbrook
- Mater Children's Private Hospital Brisbane, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - David Coman
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, The Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Chi Wai Eric So
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, England, UK
| | - Donal O'Carroll
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Douglas Vernimmen
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Neil P Rodrigues
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XQ, Wales, UK
| | - Patrick J Pollard
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew Finch
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
| | - Kamil R Kranc
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland, UK
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