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Raguindin RKM, Mercado CC. Localized surface plasmon resonance shift of biosynthesized and functionalized quasi-spherical gold nanoparticle systems. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24211-24227. [PMID: 37583667 PMCID: PMC10424193 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04092e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and more environment-friendly means of gold nanoparticle synthesis is necessary in many applications, as in ion detection. Leaf extracts have become effective and economical reducing agents for gold nanoparticle formation, however, effects of extract combinations have not been thoroughly investigated. With the exploitation of combined extract effects, gold nanoparticles were synthesized then functionalized and investigated to produce selected nanoparticle systems which are capable of detecting aqueous lead(ii) ions with minimum detection limits of 10-11 ppm. The measured localized surface plasmon resonance absorption peaks of the gold nanoparticles were 541-800 nm for the synthesis and 549 nm for the functionalization. The diameters of different gold nanoparticle systems were 17-37 nm. These were mostly quasi-spherical in morphology with some rod-, triangular-, and hexagonal plate-like particles. The biosynthesis used polyphenols and acids present in the extracts in the reduction of gold ions into gold nanoparticles, and in the nanoparticle capping and stabilization. Functionalization replaced the capping compounds with alliin, S-allylcysteine, allicin, and ajoene. Gold nanoparticle stability in aqueous systems was verified for two weeks up to five months. The investigations concluded the practicability of the gold nanoparticles in lead(ii) ion detection with selectivity initially verified for other divalent cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Kristan M Raguindin
- Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City 1101 Philippines
| | - Candy C Mercado
- Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City 1101 Philippines
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2
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Yang J, Carey P, Ren F, Lobo BC, Gebhard M, Leon ME, Lin J, Pearton S. Nanosensor networks for health-care applications. NANOSENSORS FOR SMART CITIES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7158339 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819870-4.00023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized transistors provide effective sensors for a variety of viruses (Zika, severe acute respiratory syndrome), toxins (botulinum), cancers (breast and prostate), and disease or injury biomarkers (troponin, cerebrospinal fluid). A hallmark of this approach is high specificity, rapid response (<5 minutes), and ability to be integrated with wireless data transmission capabilities. The ultimate goal is hand-held point-of-care detection that can streamline patient diagnosis.
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3
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Lim JW, Kim TY, Choi SW, Woo MA. 3D-printed rolling circle amplification chip for on-site colorimetric detection of inorganic mercury in drinking water. Food Chem 2019; 300:125177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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4
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Pan J, Li Q, Zhou D, Chen J. Label-free and highly sensitive fluorescence detection of lead(ii) based on DNAzyme and exonuclease III-assisted cascade signal amplification. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06522e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A Pb2+ biosensor has been constructed based on Exo III-assisted cascade signal amplification using 2-amino-5,6,7-trimethyl-1,8-naphthyridine as the signal indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management
- Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental Science & Technology
- Guangzhou 510650
- China
| | - Qiong Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management
- Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental Science & Technology
- Guangzhou 510650
- China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology
| | - Danhua Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management
- Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental Science & Technology
- Guangzhou 510650
- China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment
| | - Junhua Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management
- Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental Science & Technology
- Guangzhou 510650
- China
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5
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Sensitive electrochemical DNA-based biosensors for the determination of Ag+ and Hg2+ ions and their application in analysis of amalgam filling. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Perween M, Srivastava DN. A Cost-Effective, Unmodified Platform for the Detection of Heavy Metals via Anodic Stripping Voltammetry at Nanomolar Level. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mosarrat Perween
- Analytical Division and Centralized Instrument Facility; CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg; Bhavnagar 364002 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Gijubhai Badheka Marg; Bhavnagar 364002 India
| | - Divesh N. Srivastava
- Analytical Division and Centralized Instrument Facility; CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg; Bhavnagar 364002 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Gijubhai Badheka Marg; Bhavnagar 364002 India
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7
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Mohsin M, Diwan H, Khan I, Ahmad A. Genetically encoded FRET-based nanosensor for in vivo monitoring of zinc concentration in physiological environment of living cell. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Kim M, Lim JW, Kim HJ, Lee SK, Lee SJ, Kim T. Chemostat-like microfluidic platform for highly sensitive detection of heavy metal ions using microbial biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 65:257-64. [PMID: 25461167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reporter-gene-based microbial biosensors have high potential for detecting small molecules, including heavy metal ions (HMIs), in a sensitive and selective manner by involving low costs. However, the sensitivity and dynamic range of the sensing mechanism are largely limited by the conventional culture environment that relies on the batch-type addition of the small molecules in nutrients and the subsequent genetic induction of sensing microbes. Here, we describe a high-throughput, chemostat-like microfluidic platform that can continuously supply both nutrients and inducers (HMIs) using microfabricated ratchet structures and a mixing microchannel network. We found that the microfluidic platform not only allowed microbial biosensors to be highly concentrated in a detection microchamber array but also enabled them to continuously grow and control synthetic genetic circuits in response to heavy metals. We also demonstrated that the combination of the platform and microbial biosensors enhanced the sensitivity for detecting divalent lead and cadmium ions by approximately three orders of magnitude relative to conventional batch-type methods. Because the platform is portable and only requires small sample volumes and fluorescent detection, the chemostat-like microfluidic platform in conjunction with microbial biosensors could be widely utilized to facilitate the specific and sensitive detection of molecular analytes on a chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kim
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Infection and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kuk Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Infection and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taesung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Zhang Y, Li X, Liu G, Wang Z, Kong T, Tang J, Zhag P, Yang W, Li D, Liu L, Xie G, Wang J. Development of ELISA for detection of mercury based on specific monoclonal antibodies against mercury-chelate. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:854-64. [PMID: 21437665 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunoassays for heavy metals offer an alternative approach to traditional techniques for detection of mercury. In this study, a mercury-chelate was prepared with 1-(4-aminobenzyl) ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (aminobenzyl-EDTA). The resulting complex was linked to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or bovine serum albumin via the amino group and used as the immunizing antigen or detection antigen, respectively. BALB/c mice were immunized with KLH-aminobenzyl-EDTA-Hg and spleen cells from BALB/C mice were fused with Sp2/0 cells. One cell line (5F7) produced monoclonal antibodies with preferential selectivity and sensitivity for aminobenzyl-EDTA-Hg. This cell line had an affinity constant of 4.31 × 10(9) L/mol and its cross-reactivity (CR) with other metals was <2%. The antibody was used for competitive indirect ELISA (CI-ELISA) for Hg(2+) measurements. The detection range was 0.087-790.4 μg/L and the lower limit of detection was 0.042 μg/L. The concentrations of mercury in environmental water samples obtained by CI-ELISA correlated well with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), and the mean recovery was 88.82% to 104.64%. These results indicate that this method could be used for monitoring mercury of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
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11
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He Y, Zhang X, Zhang S, Baloda M, Gurung AS, Zeng K, Liu G. Visual detection of Hg²⁺ in aqueous solution using gold nanoparticles and thymine-rich hairpin DNA probes. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:4464-70. [PMID: 21628095 PMCID: PMC3220944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a sensitive method for visual detection of mercury ions (II) (Hg²⁺) in aqueous solution by using gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) and thymine (T)-rich hairpin DNA probes. The thiolated hairpin DNA probe was immobilized on the Au-NP surface through a self-assembling method. Another thymine-rich, digoxin-labeled DNA probe was introduced to form DNA duplexes on the Au-NP surface with thymine-Hg²⁺-thymine (T-Hg²⁺-T) coordination in the presence of Hg²⁺. The Au-NPs associated with the formed duplexes were captured on the test zone of a lateral flow strip biocomponent (LFSB) by immunoreaction events between the digoxin on the duplexes and anti-digoxin antibodies on the LFSB. The accumulation of Au-NPs produced a characteristic red band on the test zone, enabling visual detection of Hg²⁺ without instrumentation. A detection limit of 0.1 nM was obtained under optimal experimental conditions. This method provides a simple, rapid, sensitive approach for the detection of Hg²⁺ and shows great promise for point-of-care and in-field detection of environmentally toxic mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing He
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou 510095, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105
| | - Xibao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Sanquan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Meenu Baloda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105
| | - Anant S. Gurung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105
| | - Kang Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105
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Zhou Y, Tian XL, Li YS, Pan FG, Zhang YY, Zhang JH, Yang L, Wang XR, Ren HL, Lu SY, Li ZH, Chen QJ, Liu ZS, Liu JQ. An enhanced ELISA based on modified colloidal gold nanoparticles for the detection of Pb(II). Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3700-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Cao RG, Zhu B, Li J, Xu D. Oligonucleotides-based biosensors with high sensitivity and selectivity for mercury using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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14
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Detection of cadmium by a fiber-optic biosensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:1213-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Lin TJ, Chung MF. Using Monoclonal Antibody to Determine Lead Ions with a Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Fiber-optic Biosensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2008; 8:582-593. [PMID: 27879723 PMCID: PMC3681130 DOI: 10.3390/s8010582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel reflection-based localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) fiber-optic probe has been developed to determine the heavy metal lead ion concentration. Monoclonal antibody as the detecting probe containing massive amino groups to capture Pb(II)-chelate complexes was immobilized onto gold nanoparticle-modified optical fiber (NMAuOF). The optimal immobilizing conditions of monoclonal antibody on to the NMAuOF are 189 μg/mL in pH7.4 PBS for 2 h at 25°C. The absorbability of the functionalized NMAuOF sensor increases to 12.2 % upon changing the Pb(II)-EDTA level from 10 to 100 ppb with a detection limit of 0.27 ppb. The sensor retains 92.7 % of its original activity and gives reproducible results after storage in 5% D-( )-Trehalose dehydrate solution at 4°C for 35 days. In conclusion, the monoclonal antibody-functionalized NMAuOF sensor shows a promising result for determining the concentration of Pb(II) with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsao-Jen Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung-Cheng University, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan.
| | - Mon-Fu Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung-Cheng University, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
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Huang GS, Wang MT, Su CW, Chen YS, Hong MY. Picogram detection of metal ions by melanin-sensitized piezoelectric sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:319-25. [PMID: 17543514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A heavy metal ion sensor was constructed by cross-linking melanin onto the gold electrode of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). A mercury ion sensitivity of 518+/-37 Hz/ppm was observed, a substantial increase in sensitivity compared to previous reports of 10-50 Hz/ppm with the limit of detection at 5 ppb. Detection of other metal ions including Sn(2+), Ge(4+), Li(+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), Bi(3+), Co(2+), Al(3+), Ni(2+), Ag(+), and Fe(3+) were also performed. Unexpectedly, binding of Mn(7+), Pb(2+), Cd(2+), and Cr(3+) increased resonant frequencies. The surface profile of melanin thin film upon binding to metal ions was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Structural change of melanin upon binding to metal ions was characterized by circular dichroism and by infrared spectroscopy. The current study provides the first example of melanin-coated piezoelectric sensor showing high sensitivity and selectivity to metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Steven Huang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC.
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17
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Selective Detection of Hg(II) Ions from Cu(II) and Pb(II) Using AlGaN∕GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1149/1.2778997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Assal HS, . HME, . NAELG. Health Related Quality of Life among Egyptian Patients on Hemodialysis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2006.314.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Yin F. A Novel Capacitive Sensor Based on Human Serum Albumin–Chelant Complex as Heavy Metal Ions Chelating Proteins. ANAL LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120035897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Bontidean I, Ahlqvist J, Mulchandani A, Chen W, Bae W, Mehra RK, Mortari A, Csöregi E. Novel synthetic phytochelatin-based capacitive biosensor for heavy metal ion detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2003; 18:547-53. [PMID: 12706561 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(03)00026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel capacitance biosensor based on synthetic phytochelatins for sensitive detection of heavy metals is described. Synthetic phytochelatin (Glu-Cys)(20)Gly (EC20) fused to the maltose binding domain protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified for construction of the biosensor. The new biosensor was able to detect Hg(2+), Cd(2+), Pb(2+), Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) ions in concentration range of 100 fM-10 mM, and the order of sensitivity was S(Zn)>S(Cu)>S(Hg)>>S(Cd) congruent with S(Pb). The biological sensing element of the sensor could be regenerated using EDTA and the storage stability of the biosensor was 15 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya Bontidean
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
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Determination of Heavy Metal Inos Using Conductometric Biosensor Based on Sol-Gel Immobilized Urease. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2002. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2002.23.8.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Xin Y, Zhenhuan L, Zucheng J, Jianguo C, Songqin W. Study of the Simultaneous Determination of Trace Arsenic and Mercury by Flow Injection/Hydride Generation/ICP-AES. ANAL LETT 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719908542956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Swart DJ, Ezer M, Pacquette HL, Simeonsson JB. Laser-Induced Fluorescence of Se, As, and Sb in an Electrothermal Atomizer. Anal Chem 1998; 70:1324-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970898j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Swart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - M. Ezer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - H. L. Pacquette
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - J. B. Simeonsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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