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Tsitlakidou P, Tasopoulos N, Chatzopoulou P, Mourtzinos I. Current status, technology, regulation and future perspectives of essential oils usage in the food and drink industry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:6727-6751. [PMID: 37158299 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, essential oils (EOs) have a wide use in many applications such as in food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and animal feed products. Consumers' preferences concerning healthier and safer foodstuffs lead to an increased demand for natural products, in replacement of synthetic substances, used as preservatives, flavourings etc. EOs, besides being safe, are promising alternatives as natural food additives, and much research has been carried out on their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The initial purpose of this review is to discuss conventional and 'green' extraction techniques along with their basic mechanism for the isolation of EOs from aromatic plants. This review aims to provide a broad overview of the current knowledge about the chemical constitution of EOs while considering the existence of different chemotypes, since bioactivity is attributed to the chemical composition - qualitative and quantitative - of EOs. Although the food industry primarily uses EOs as flavourings, an overview on recent applications of EOs in food systems and active packaging is provided. EOs exhibit poor solubility in water, oxidation susceptibility, negative organoleptic effect and volatility, restricting their use. Encapsulation techniques have been proven to be one of the best approaches to preserve the biological activities of EOs and minimize their effects on food sensory qualities. Herein, different encapsulation techniques and their basic mechanism for loading EOs are discussed. EOs are highly accepted by consumers, who are often under the misconception that 'natural' means safe. This is, however, an oversimplification, and the possible toxicity of EOs should be taken into consideration. Thus, in the final section of the current review, the focus is on current EU legislation, safety assessment and sensory evaluation of EOs. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petroula Tsitlakidou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tasopoulos
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalina Chatzopoulou
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DIMITRA, Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mourtzinos
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Zhang Y, Wu Y, Chen S, Yang B, Zhang H, Wang X, Granvogl M, Jin Q. Flavor of rapeseed oil: An overview of odorants, analytical techniques, and impact of treatment. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:3983-4018. [PMID: 34148290 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As one of the three major vegetable oils in the world, rapeseed oil is appreciated for its high nutritional value and characteristic flavor. Flavor is an essential attribute, determining rapeseed oil quality and consumer acceptance. The present manuscript provides a systematic literature review of recent advances and knowledge on the flavor of rapeseed oil, which focuses on aroma-active as well as off-flavor compounds, flavor analysis techniques (i.e., extraction, qualitative, quantitative, sensory, and chemometric methods), and effects of treatments (storage, dehulling, roasting, microwave, flavoring with herbs, refining, and oil heating) on flavor from sensory and molecular perspectives. One hundred thirty-seven odorants found in rapeseed oil from literature are listed and possible formation pathways of some key aroma-active compounds are also proposed. Future flavor analysis techniques will evolve toward time-saving, portability, real-time monitoring, and visualization, which aims to obtain a "complete" flavor profile of rapeseed oil. The changes of volatile compounds in rapeseed oil under different treatments are summarized in this view. Studies to elucidate the influence of different treatments on the formation of aroma-active compounds are needed to get a deeper understanding of factors leading to the variations of rapeseed oil flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youfeng Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry (170a), Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yuqi Wu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Sirui Chen
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Binbin Yang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Michael Granvogl
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry (170a), Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Balkrishna A, Das SK, Pokhrel S, Joshi A, Verma S, Sharma VK, Sharma V, Sharma N, Joshi CS. Colchicine: Isolation, LC-MS QTof Screening, and Anticancer Activity Study of Gloriosa superba Seeds. Molecules 2019; 24:E2772. [PMID: 31366123 PMCID: PMC6696218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colchicine was extracted from Gloriosa superba seeds using the Super Critical Fluid (CO2) Extraction (SCFE) technology. The seeds were purified upto 99.82% using column chromatography. Colchicine affinity was further investigated for anticancer activity in six human cancer cell lines, i.e., A549, MCF-7, MDA-MB231, PANC-1, HCT116, and SiHa. Purified colchicine showed the least cell cytotoxicity and antiproliferation and caused no G2/M arrest at clinically acceptable concentrations. Mitotic arrest was observed in only A549 and MDA-MB231 cell lines at 60nM concentration. Our finding indicated the possible use of colchicine at a clinically acceptable dose and provided insight into the science behind microtubule destabilization. However, more studies need to be conducted beforethese findings could be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Drug Discovery & Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation (Trust), Near Patanjali Yogapeeth-I, Haridwar Pin- 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Subrata K Das
- Drug Discovery & Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation (Trust), Near Patanjali Yogapeeth-I, Haridwar Pin- 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Subarna Pokhrel
- Drug Discovery & Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation (Trust), Near Patanjali Yogapeeth-I, Haridwar Pin- 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Alpana Joshi
- Drug Discovery & Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation (Trust), Near Patanjali Yogapeeth-I, Haridwar Pin- 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sudeep Verma
- Drug Discovery & Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation (Trust), Near Patanjali Yogapeeth-I, Haridwar Pin- 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vinai K Sharma
- Drug Discovery & Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation (Trust), Near Patanjali Yogapeeth-I, Haridwar Pin- 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vinamra Sharma
- Drug Discovery & Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation (Trust), Near Patanjali Yogapeeth-I, Haridwar Pin- 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Niti Sharma
- Drug Discovery & Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation (Trust), Near Patanjali Yogapeeth-I, Haridwar Pin- 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - C S Joshi
- Drug Discovery & Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation (Trust), Near Patanjali Yogapeeth-I, Haridwar Pin- 249405, Uttarakhand, India.
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del Valle J, Aguilera J. Revision: Extracción con CO2 a alta presión. Fundamentos y aplicaciones en la industria de alimentos / Review: High pressure CO2 extraction. Fundamentals and applications in the food industry. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/108201329900500101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical extraction (SFE) is a unit operation that exploits the dissolving power of supercritical fluids (SF) under conditions above their critical temperature and pressure. It is possible to obtain solvent-free extracts using SF and the extraction is faster than using conventional organic solvents. These advantages are due to the high volatility of SF (gases under normal environmental conditions) and improved transport properties (i.e., high diffusivity and low viscosity). When using carbon diox ide (CO,) in particular, moderate-temperature processing and high selectivity towards valuable microconstituents in natural products can be achieved. This article presents a review of transport properties and solubilities in SF, particularly CO2, as well as other underlying factors that are respon sible for the kinetics and phase equilibrium in SFE processes. It also describes the selective CO 2 ex traction of essential oils, pungent principles, carotenoid pigments, antioxidants, antimicrobials, and related substances to be used as ingredients for the food, drug and perfume industries, from spices, herbs and other plant materials. These very important applications are discussed from the point of view of the potential applications of SFE in Latin America. The two most important commercial ap plications of SFE in the food industry, namely hop extraction and coffee decaffeination, are reviewed to a limited extent. Some other potential applications briefly described include extraction and frac tionation of edible fats and oils, purification of solid matrices, and concentration of fermentation broths, fruit juices and other extracts. In most cases CO2 extracts are compared with counterparts obtained using conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. del Valle
- Laboratorio de Extracción de Materiales Biológicos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile
| | - J.M. Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Extracción de Materiales Biológicos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile
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Natural phytochemicals and probiotics as bioactive ingredients for functional foods: Extraction, biochemistry and protected-delivery technologies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Guo Y, Kannan K. Analytical Methods for the Measurement of Legacy and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants in Complex Sample Matrices. PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS): ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63299-9.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Supercritical CO2 extraction of bioactive Tyrian purple precursors from the hypobranchial gland of a marine gastropod. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Lekar’ AV, Borisenko SN, Filonova OV, Vetrova EV, Maksimenko EV, Borisenko NI, Minkin VI. Extraction of caftaric and cichoric acids from Echinacea purpurea L. in subcritical water. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s199079311308006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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López M, Arce L, Garrido J, Ríos A, Valcárcel M. Selective extraction of astaxanthin from crustaceans by use of supercritical carbon dioxide. Talanta 2012; 64:726-31. [PMID: 18969665 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2004.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Revised: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An on-line supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) system coupled to a continuous flow manifold including a UV detector was used as a screening system to extract astaxanthin from crayfish, which was found to be the major carotenoid present in the samples. This compound constitutes the principal additive used to dye salmon flesh. The flow manifold was used to confirm the presence of astaxanthin in the crustacean samples. Also, an HPLC/UV-vis method was used to ascertain that this compound was the major carotenoid extracted under the optimum SFE conditions employed. The influence of SFE operating variables such as pressure, temperature, equilibration time, extraction time, trap temperature, and volume of CO(2) modifier was examined in order to maximize the efficiency of analyte extraction. The use of supercritical CO(2) enables the expeditious, selective, quantitative extraction of astaxanthin from crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Marie Curie Annex Building, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Daneshvand B, Ara KM, Raofie F. Comparison of supercritical fluid extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction of fatty acids from quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) seed using response surface methodology and central composite design. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1252:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Bai XN, Cheng J, Liang W, Ma LQ, Liu YB, Shi GL, Wang YN. Antifungal Activity of Extracts by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction from Roots of Stellera chamaejasme L. and Analysis of Their Constituents Using GC-MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-27537-1_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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12
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Guava (Psidium guajava L.) seed oil obtained with a homemade supercritical fluid extraction system using supercritical CO2 and co-solvent. J Supercrit Fluids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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F'Oliakoff M, George MW, Howdle SM, Bagratashvili VN, Han BX, Yan HK. Supercritical fluids: Clean solvents for green chemistry. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.19990170303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yang TJ, Tsai FJ, Chen CY, Yang TCC, Lee MR. Determination of additives in cosmetics by supercritical fluid extraction on-line headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 668:188-94. [PMID: 20493297 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new hyphenated technique couples supercritical fluid extraction in situ derivatization and on-line headspace solid-phase microextraction to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SFE in situ derivatization on-line HS-SPME-GC-MS) for the determination of paraben preservatives and polyphenolic antioxidants in cosmetics. The preservatives and antioxidants were extracted from the cosmetic matrices with supercritical carbon dioxide at a pressure of 13,840 kPa. The supercritical fluid extraction was performed at 55 degrees C for 10 min of static extraction then 15 min of dynamic extraction. The extractant subsequently was derivatized in situ with the silylation reagent N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 0.1% trimethylchlorosilane. The product was then adsorbed on a polyacrylate solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber in the headspace. Sea sand was used as a dispersive material in the SFE step. The analytical linear ranges for the preservatives and antioxidants were found to be from 10 to 1000 ng g(-1) with RSD values below 7.8%. The detection limits ranged from 0.5 to 8.3 ng g(-1). These results are better than those obtained by using only SPME or SFE for trace preservatives and antioxidants analysis in cosmetic matrices. The new method was successfully utilized to determine the amounts of preservatives and antioxidants in real cosmetics without the need for tedious pretreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzung-Jie Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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Castro-Vargas HI, Rodríguez-Varela LI, Ferreira SR, Parada-Alfonso F. Extraction of phenolic fraction from guava seeds (Psidium guajava L.) using supercritical carbon dioxide and co-solvents. J Supercrit Fluids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wu Y. Retention Mechanism Studies on Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (pSFC) and Related Unified Chromatography Techniques. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- a Analytical Research , Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey , 07065 , USA
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17
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Rodríguez-Meizoso I, Cifuentes A, Román JS, Ibáñez E, Elvira C. A systematic study on the interactions between carnosic acid and ethylpyrrolidine methacrylate–methyl methacrylate copolymer in supercritical media. J Supercrit Fluids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ramírez P, Santoyo S, García-Risco MR, Señoráns FJ, Ibáñez E, Reglero G. Use of specially designed columns for antioxidants and antimicrobials enrichment by preparative supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1143:234-42. [PMID: 17224159 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new, specially designed column has been developed for fractionation of supercritical fluid extract of rosemary by using a preparative supercritical fluid chromatography system (Prep-SFC). The column evaluated in this work was prepared using a new packing method consisting of a combination of slurry and supercritical CO2 with commercial silica particles coated with a stationary phase commonly used in gas chromatography, such as SE-54 (5% phenyl-, 95% methylsilicone). The new packing procedure provided columns with reasonable efficiencies, with high stability and useful at high-pressure range. A 25 cm x 10 mm i.d. column packed with silica particles coated with 3% of SE-54 was prepared, and its separation power was tested for isolating fractions with high antioxidant and/or antimicrobial activity from a supercritical rosemary extract. The SFC conditions were selected based on a previous work done with a commercial LC-Diol packed column (130 bar, 80 degrees C), and different percentages of modifier in the mobile phase were tested (5 and 10%). Two cyclones were employed to collect the fractions which were then characterized by HPLC-diode array detection (DAD), GC, and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial assays. The use of coated packed columns allowed the fractionation of a complex mixture of rosemary supercritical extract with a minimum amount of modifier in the mobile phase (5% ethanol). At the optimum conditions it was possible to obtain two very active fractions in terms of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, with no residual rosemary aroma and with improved activities compared to the original supercritical extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Ramírez
- Sección Departamental Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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Zougagh M, Ríos A, Valcárcel M. Determination of total safranal by in situ acid hydrolysis in supercritical fluid media: Application to the quality control of commercial saffron. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 578:117-21. [PMID: 17723702 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 06/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A procedure allowing hydrolysis reactions to be conducted in a dynamic supercritical-CO2 medium was developed for quantifying total safranal (viz. free safranal present in the sample+safranal resulting from picrocrocin hydrolysis), which are the main component of the essential oil and responsible for the characteristic aroma of saffron. The proposed method allows total safranal amounts over the ranges 0.05-1.5 mg mL(-1) to be determined. The standard deviation achieved was 2%. This method was applied to the determination of safranal in natural saffron samples. The results obtained were compared with the "safranal value" total index, which is widely used as a quality measure of saffron products. The comparison revealed that the proposed method provides useful information not contained in the safranal value, based on the fact that, some samples with a high "safranal index" contain low concentrations of safranal. The proposed method is very useful for quality control in commercial saffron samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zougagh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus de Ciudad Real, E-13004 Ciudad Real, Spain
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20
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Phinney KW. Enantioselective separations by packed column subcritical and supercritical fluid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:639-45. [PMID: 15717170 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Revised: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective separations have been one of the most successful applications of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). Although analytical scale separations have dominated the literature, the use of SFC for preparative chiral separations is growing. Both analytical and preparative scale SFC separations seek to take advantage of the high efficiency, high throughput, and rapid method development associated with the technique. This review will cover recent developments in the application of SFC to enantioseparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W Phinney
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392, USA.
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Ramírez P, Señoráns FJ, Ibañez E, Reglero G. Separation of rosemary antioxidant compounds by supercritical fluid chromatography on coated packed capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1057:241-5. [PMID: 15584246 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant compounds in rosemary extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were separated by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) on packed capillary columns. The columns contained silica particles coated with SE-54 (5% phenyl, 95% methyl silicone) and Carbowax 20 M [poly(ethylene glycol)]. The use of coated packed capillary columns allowed the separation of polar compounds by SFC with neat CO2. The SFC conditions were selected on the basis of previous work. High pressures (up to 370 atm; 1 atm = 10,325 Pa) and moderate temperatures (up to 100 degrees C) were used to separate the compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity such as carnosic acid and camosol while lower pressures were sufficient to separate the compounds of the essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Ramírez
- Area de Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
This survey attempts to summarise thermodynamic applications of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with an emphasis on the results published during the last 10 years. In addition to a review of thermodynamic measurements by SFC, it contains brief sections on instrumental considerations and on the sources of auxiliary information needed when processing the retention data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Roth
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61142 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Caja López MDM, Blanch GP, Herraiz M. Derivatization of Chiral Amino Acids in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Anal Chem 2003; 76:736-41. [PMID: 14750870 DOI: 10.1021/ac034638f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new method is proposed to perform the derivatization of chiral amino acids occurring in complex samples using supercritical carbon dioxide as both the reaction medium and the agent used to extract the obtained derivatives prior to accomplishing the subsequent enantiomeric chromatographic analysis. The derivatization step under supercritical conditions involves the esterification of the carboxyl group and the acylation of the amino group of the amino acids without using a catalyst. A Chirasil-L-Val capillary column enabled the separation of the D- and L-forms of the amino acids as their N(O)-pentafluoropropionyl 1-propyl esters. Relative standard deviation values obtained from the gas chromatographic analysis for the derivatized amino acids ranged from 5 to 15%.
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Ellington E, Bastida J, Viladomat F, Codina C. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of colchicine and related alkaloids from seeds of Colchicum autumnale L. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2003; 14:164-169. [PMID: 12793464 DOI: 10.1002/pca.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A method for the extraction of the alkaloids colchicine, 3-demethylcolchicine and colchicoside from seeds of Colchicum autumnale by supercritical carbon dioxide has been established. Several parameters such as pressure, temperature, percentage of modifier and extraction time have been examined. Two extraction steps with constant carbon dioxide density (0.90 g/mL) and flux (1.5 mL/min) were required to extract the alkaloids in 110 min using 3% methanol as modifier. The quantitative determination of the alkaloids was performed by HPLC; the percentages of recovery were higher than 98% for the three alkaloids. This extraction procedure was compared with a conventional method involving maceration and sonication, and the same levels of alkaloids were obtained in each case. The supercritical carbon dioxide method is, however, very efficient, more rapid and more environmentally friendly than conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Ellington
- Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Edaphology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Gómez-Prieto MS, Caja MM, Herraiz M, Santa-María G. Supercritical fluid extraction of all-trans-lycopene from tomato. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:3-7. [PMID: 12502377 DOI: 10.1021/jf0202842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A procedure is proposed for the supercritical fluid extraction of all-trans-lycopene from tomato using carbon dioxide at 40 degrees C without modifier. The present method minimizes the risk of degradation via isomerization and oxidation of health-promoting ingredients, such as lycopene. The effect of different experimental variables on the solvating power of the supercritical fluid was evaluated in terms of both the selectivity achievable in the process and the yield of the extraction of all-trans-lycopene. Satisfactory separations of the all-trans-lycopene isomers from the cis counterparts were achieved using a C(30) column. The obtained extract contained 88% all-trans-lycopene and 12% cis-lycopene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salud Gómez-Prieto
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC. c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Nerín C, Asensio E, Jiménez C. Supercritical fluid extraction of potential migrants from paper and board intended for use as food packaging materials. Anal Chem 2002; 74:5831-6. [PMID: 12463369 DOI: 10.1021/ac020302e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of supercritical fluid extraction using CO2 for the extraction of contaminants in 15 samples of recycled paper and board (P&B) has been studied. An experimental design was used for simultaneous optimization of the variables involved in both the extraction step and the collection of the extract. Methanol was used as modifier. Several plastisizers such as diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, dioctyl adipate, and diethylhexyl phthalate (from 2 to 100 microg/g of paper) were found in the recycled P&B samples. A discriminate analysis applied to all results obtained allow us to classify the samples in three different groups according to the content of recycled pulp (0, 10-30, and > 80% of recycled pulp), the sample thickness (from <300 to >600 microm), and the surface treatment of the paper. The analytical behavior and the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, C.P.S. University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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27
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Supercritical fluid extraction and liquid chromatographic-electrospray mass spectrometric analysis of stevioside fromStevia rebaudiana leaves. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Brocca D, Lasagni M, Collina E, Tettamanti M, Pitea D. Supercritical fluid extraction: an innovative tool for a fly ash-like model support. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:790-796. [PMID: 11878399 DOI: 10.1021/es015575q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The performance of the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique to obtain a new and more appropriate model support for PCDD/F formation studies was investigated. To characterize fly ash and model supports and relate their chemical-physical properties, surface area and pore size were determined. To evaluate the influence on reactivity of the different model supports with respect to raw fly ash, a kinetic study of the thermal behavior of dibenzofuran (DF) was performed. Rate constants as well as the activation and thermodynamic parameters for the different systems were also compared. The model support obtained from SFE was very similar to raw fly ash from the structural, physical-chemical, and kinetic points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brocca
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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29
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Yang C, Xu YR, Yao WX. Extraction of pharmaceutical components from Ginkgo biloba leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:846-849. [PMID: 11829655 DOI: 10.1021/jf010945f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has many remarkable pharmacological and clinical effects, and it is the most frequently used product as a phytomedicine in many countries. The combination of primary extraction with 70% ethanol followed by extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide provides an efficient and economical means for obtaining flavonoids and terpenoids from Ginkgo biloba leaves. The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is affected by pressure, temperature, and the concentration of modifier in the extractant. At the most favorable experimental conditions of 300 MPa, 60 degrees C, and carbon dioxide containing 5% ethanol as modifier, the yield of GBE powder is 2.1% (based on the air-dry weight of Ginkgo biloba leaves) compared to a yield of only 1.8% by conventional solvent extraction. The contents of flavonoids and terpenoids in SFE products are 35.9% and 7.3%, respectively, which are significantly higher than the general standards of 24% and 6%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental-Analytical Chemistry and Ecological Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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30
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Turne C, King JW, Mathiasson L. Supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography for fat-soluble vitamin analysis. J Chromatogr A 2001; 936:215-37. [PMID: 11761002 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extraction and chromatographic separation of fat-soluble vitamins is a challenging task, due to the sensitivity of these compounds towards light, oxygen, heat and pH. In light of this, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) are attractive techniques as they function at considerably milder conditions than conventional solvent-based analytical techniques. Moreover, supercritical techniques consume much less amounts of organic solvents than conventional ones. This review gives a brief description of suitable supercritical media as well as basic theory on SFE and SFC processes. Furthermore, guidelines are provided for optimizing the important extraction and separation parameters to facilitate a successful method development. Finally, applications employing SFE and/or SFC for fat-soluble vitamin enrichment and final determination are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Turne
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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31
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Careri M, Furlattini L, Mangia A, Musc M, Anklam E, Theobald A, von Holst C. Supercritical fluid extraction for liquid chromatographic determination of carotenoids in Spirulina Pacifica algae: a chemometric approach. J Chromatogr A 2001; 912:61-71. [PMID: 11307988 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An experimental design procedure was used to investigate the effects of some operating parameters on the supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin from Spirulina Pacifica algae, a carotenoid-rich dietary product. Variables tested were temperature and pressure of the supercritical fluid, dynamic extraction time and percentage of ethanol added as the modifier. Each variable was tested at three levels; 31 experiments were performed in random order. Analyses of the extracts were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-Vis photodiode array detection. Analytical responses (chromatographic peak areas) were processed by using a stepwise multiple regression analysis, in order to find polynomial functions describing the relationships between variables and responses. For all the analytes the experimental conditions providing the highest extraction yield inside the experimental domain considered were found. Supercritical fluid extraction results obtained in these conditions were compared with those obtained by performing solvent extraction in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the supercritical fluid extraction procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Careri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy
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32
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Abstract
The separation of chiral compounds by sub- and supercritical fluid chromatography has been a field of great progress since the first demonstration of a chiral separation by SFC in 1985. Almost all of the chiral selectors used in gas or liquid chromatography have been successfully applied to sub-/supercritical chromatography. Easier and faster method development, high efficiency, superior and rapid separations of a wide variety of analytes, extended-temperature capability, analytical and preparative-scale equipment improvements and a selection of detection options have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Terfloth
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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33
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Determination of solubilities of uranium complexes in supercritical CO2 by on-line laser-induced fluorescence. Anal Chem 2000; 72:4015-21. [PMID: 10994959 DOI: 10.1021/ac0003450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new approach to the measurement of solubilities in supercritical CO2 is reported, utilizing laser-induced fluorescence. This selective technique was found to be capable of rapid multipoint solubility measurements with high sensitivity (10(-9) M). The sensitivity enables measurements to be performed with small amounts of analytes and at low pressure, 80-130 atm, typically below the range of other methods. Four uranyl complexes were investigated using this method, UO2(TTA)2.H20, UO2(TTA)2.TBP, UO2(TTA)2.TOPO, and UO2(NO3)2.2TBP (where TTA = thenoyltrifluoroacetone, TBP = tributyl phosphate, and TOPO = trioctyl phosphine oxide). Comparison with solubility data previously obtained with UV-visible spectroscopy shows good agreement between the techniques. We have shown that the Chrastil solubility equation is equally valid at lower ScF densities, and consequently, solubility values determined at high pressures can be extrapolated to the low-pressure regions and vice versa for solid materials.
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34
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Supercritical fluid extraction and accelerated solvent extraction of dioxins from high- and low-carbon fly ash. Anal Chem 2000; 72:3916-21. [PMID: 10959982 DOI: 10.1021/ac9914972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the replacement of Soxhlet extraction by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) or accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) for the removal of dioxins from municipal waste incinerator fly ash. SFE is very matrix dependent; higher percent recoveries versus Soxhlet extraction can be obtained for low-carbon-level fly ash, but only a few percent of dioxins can be extracted from high-carbon-level fly ash. The addition of large quantities of toluene in the extraction cell prior to extraction of high-carbon fly ash improves the recovery of the lowest chlorinated dioxins (approximately 90%), but a maximum of 20% of the octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins can be extracted. Since large quantities of toluene are needed to improve the recoveries, ASE with toluene was tested. Recoveries similar to Soxhlet extraction can be obtained in 2 h at 80 degrees C. Increasing the temperature to 150 degrees C increases the extraction rate and yields recoveries of approximately 110-160% compared to 48-h Soxhlet extraction for all congeners for both low- and high-carbon fly ashes. These results question the choice of Soxhlet extraction as a reference method for dioxin determination.
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35
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2.10. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-3456(00)80022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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36
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Choi YH, Kim J, Kim YC, Yoo KP. Selective extraction of ephedrine fromEphedra sinica using mixtures of CO2, diethylamine, and methanol. Chromatographia 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02497302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Choi YH, Chin YW, Kim J, Jeon SH, Yoo KP. Strategies for supercritical fluid extraction of hyoscyamine and scopolamine salts using basified modifiers. J Chromatogr A 1999; 863:47-55. [PMID: 10591463 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The supercritical fluid extraction behaviors of hyoscyamine and scopolamine were investigated and found to be highly dependent upon the chemical nature of the compounds. Free bases of hyoscyamine and scopolamine were freely soluble in supercritical CO2 with increasing temperature and pressure; however, the salts of these alkaloids were not soluble under any experimental conditions. It was found that alkaline modifiers such as methanol basified with diethylamine could enhance the solubilities and extraction yields of these alkaloids from plant matrices as compared to other modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, South Korea
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38
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Scalia S, Giuffreda L, Pallado P. Analytical and preparative supercritical fluid extraction of chamomile flowers and its comparison with conventional methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 21:549-58. [PMID: 10701421 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was compared with Soxhlet extraction, steam distillation and maceration for the isolation of the active components present in chamomile flowerheads. The obtained fractions were analysed by GC-MS and reversed-phase HPLC. The yield of essential oil achieved by a 30-min extraction with pure CO2 at 90 atm and 40 degrees C was 4.4 times higher than that produced by steam distillation performed for 4 h. The recovery of the flavonoid apigenin obtained by supercritical CO2 after a 30-min extraction at 200 atm and 40 degrees C was 71.4% compared to Soxhlet extraction performed for 6 h and 124.6% compared to maceration performed for 3 days. However, the highly polar flavonoid apigenin-7-glucoside was not extracted by 100% CO2 (recovery values < 1.1%). Its extraction efficiency was markedly improved by the addition of the polar modifier methanol (5%, v/v) to the CO2 fluid, yet the obtained recoveries were unsatisfactory (14.6-19.5%). The SFE method was scaled-up for preparative applications using a pilot plant with three separation stages operating in series. Large-scale SFE was technically feasible with pure CO2 as the extracting fluid. However, the use of CO2 modified with organic solvents was not effective at the pilot-plant scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Scalia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy.
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39
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Measurement of enantiomeric purity by ratio chromatograms with a photometric detector using quartz plates as a multiple retarder. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Darr JA, Poliakoff M. New Directions in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Coordination Chemistry in Supercritical Fluids. Chem Rev 1999; 99:495-542. [PMID: 11848991 DOI: 10.1021/cr970036i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jawwad A. Darr
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, Notts., England, U.K
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41
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Glazkov IN, Revelsky IA, Efimov IP, Zolotov YA. Supercritical fluid extraction of water samples containing ultratrace amounts of organic micropollutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-667x(1999)11:10<729::aid-mcs6>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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42
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Scalia S, Williams JR, Shim JH, Law B, Morgan ED. Supercritical fluid extraction of bile acids from bovine bile raw materials. Chromatographia 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02467648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Bonazzi D, Cavrini V, Gatti R, Boselli E, Caboni M. Determination of imidazole antimycotics in creams by supercritical fluid extraction and derivative UV spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 18:235-40. [PMID: 9863963 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method was developed for the isolation of imidazole antimycotic drugs (miconazole, econazole, clotrimazole and bifonazole) from cream preparations. The SFE process involved static (1 min) and dynamic (4 min) extraction steps using pure and 10% methanol modified carbon dioxide. The SFE step was then followed by derivative UV spectrophotometric analysis. The method proved to be suitable for quality control assays of the examined antimycotics in commercial cream formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bonazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Bologna, Italy
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44
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Numerical simulations of solvation in simple polar fluids: dependence on the thermodynamic state below and above the critical point. Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(98)00058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Morales M, Berry A, McIntyre P, Aparicio R. Tentative analysis of virgin olive oil aroma by supercritical fluid extraction–high-resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Windal I, Eppe G, Catherine Gridelet A, De Pauw E. Supercritical fluid extraction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins from fly ash: the importance of fly ash origin and composition on extraction efficiency. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Björklund E, Järemo M, Mathiasson L, Åke Jönsson J, Karlsson L. Illustration of important mechanisms controlling mass transfer in supercritical fluid extraction. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- T. L. Chester
- Miami Valley Laboratories, The Procter & Gamble Company, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707
| | - J. D. Pinkston
- Miami Valley Laboratories, The Procter & Gamble Company, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707
| | - D. E. Raynie
- Miami Valley Laboratories, The Procter & Gamble Company, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707
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49
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Yu T, Luo SK, Chen SJ. Correlation of Supercritical Fluid Extraction with Supercritical Fluid Chromatography in Aqueous Matrixes. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9711854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiing Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Kang Luo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shin Jyh Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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50
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Carrott MJ, Wai CM. UV−Visible Spectroscopic Measurement of Solubilities in Supercritical CO2 Using High-Pressure Fiber-Optic Cells. Anal Chem 1998; 70:2421-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac971077h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Carrott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843
| | - C. M. Wai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843
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