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Nguyen SM, Wiepz GJ, Schotzko M, Simmons HA, Mejia A, Ludwig KD, Zhu A, Brunner K, Hernando D, Reeder SB, Wieben O, Johnson K, Shah D, Golos TG. Impact of ferumoxytol magnetic resonance imaging on the rhesus macaque maternal-fetal interface†. Biol Reprod 2021; 102:434-444. [PMID: 31511859 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferumoxytol is a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle used off-label as an intravascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. Additionally, ferumoxytol-uptake by macrophages facilitates detection of inflammatory sites by MRI through ferumoxytol-induced image contrast changes. Therefore, ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI holds great potential for assessing vascular function and inflammatory response, critical to determine placental health in pregnancy. This study sought to assess the fetoplacental unit and selected maternal tissues, pregnancy outcomes, and fetal well-being after ferumoxytol administration. In initial developmental studies, seven pregnant rhesus macaques were imaged with or without ferumoxytol administration. Pregnancies went to term with vaginal delivery and infants showed normal growth rates compared to control animals born the same year that did not undergo MRI. To determine the impact of ferumoxytol on the maternal-fetal interface (MFI), fetal well-being, and pregnancy outcome, four pregnant rhesus macaques at ~100 gestational day underwent MRI before and after ferumoxytol administration. Collection of the fetoplacental unit and selected maternal tissues was performed 2-3 days following ferumoxytol administration. A control group that did not receive ferumoxytol or MRI was used for comparison. Iron levels in fetal and MFI tissues did not differ between groups, and there was no significant difference in tissue histopathology with or without exposure to ferumoxytol, and no effect on placental hormone secretion. Together, these results suggest that the use of ferumoxytol and MRI in pregnant rhesus macaques does not negatively impact the MFI and can be a valuable experimental tool in research with this important animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney M Nguyen
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC), Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gregory J Wiepz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC), Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michele Schotzko
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC), Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Heather A Simmons
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC), Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andres Mejia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC), Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kai D Ludwig
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ante Zhu
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Radiology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kevin Brunner
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC), Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Diego Hernando
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Radiology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott B Reeder
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Radiology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, and
| | - Oliver Wieben
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Radiology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kevin Johnson
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Radiology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dinesh Shah
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC), Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Maher W, Krikowa F, Foster S. Decomposition of six common selenium species found in animal tissues using microwave digestion with nitric acid and ICP-MS. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry M. Ohlendorf
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service c/o Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Biology; University of California Davis; California
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Dua TK, Dewanjee S, Gangopadhyay M, Khanra R, Zia-Ul-Haq M, De Feo V. Ameliorative effect of water spinach, Ipomea aquatica (Convolvulaceae), against experimentally induced arsenic toxicity. J Transl Med 2015; 13:81. [PMID: 25890105 PMCID: PMC4359489 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ipomea aquatica (Convolvulaceae) is traditionally used against Arsenic (As) poisoning in folk medicines in India. The present study was designed to explore the therapeutic role of aqueous extract of I. aquatica (AEIA) against As-intoxication. Methods AEIA was chemically standardized by spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis. The cytoprotective role of AEIA was measured on isolated murine hepatocytes. The effect on redox status were measured after incubating the hepatocytes with NaAsO2 (10 μM) + AEIA (400 μg/ml). The protective effect of AEIA (400 μg/ml) in expressions of apoptotic proteins were estimated in vitro. The protective role of AEIA was measured by in vivo assay in mice. Haematological, biochemical, As bioaccumulation and histological parameters were evaluated to ensure the protective role of AEIA (100 mg/kg) against NaAsO2 (10 mg/kg) intoxication. Results Phytochemical analysis revealed presence of substantial quantities of phenolics, flavonoids, saponins and ascorbic acid in AEIA. Incubation of murine hepatocytes with AEIA (0–400 μg/ml) + NaAsO2 (10 μM) exerted a concentration dependent cytoprotective effect. Incubation of murine hepatocytes with NaAsO2 (10 μM, ~ IC50) induced apoptosis via augmenting oxidative stress. NaAsO2 treated hepatocytes exhibited significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced levels of ROS production, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation with concomitant depletion of antioxidant enzymes (p < 0.05-0.01) and GSH (p < 0.01) levels. However, AEIA (400 μg/ml) + NaAsO2 (10 μM) could significantly (p < 0.05-0.01) reinstate the aforementioned parameters to near-normal status. Besides, AEIA (400 μg/ml) could significantly counteract (p <0.05-0.01) ROS mediated alteration in the expressions of apoptotic proteins viz. Bcl-2, BAD, Cyt C, Apaf 1, caspases, Fas and Bid. In in vivo bioassay, NaAsO2 (10 mg/kg) treatment in mice caused significantly (p < 0.05-0.01) elevated As bioaccumulation, ATP levels, DNA fragmentations and oxidative stress in the liver, kidney, heart, brain and testes along with alteration in cytoarchitecture of these organs. In addition, the serum biochemical and haematological parameters were significantly (p < 0.05-0.01) altered in the NaAsO2-treated animals. However, concurrent administration of AEIA (100 mg/ml) could significantly reinstate the NaAsO2-induced pathogenesis. Conclusion Presence of substantial quantities of dietary antioxidants within AEIA would be responsible for overall protective effect. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0430-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun K Dua
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | | | - Ritu Khanra
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | | | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, 84084, Italy.
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Pereira R, Pereira ML, Ribeiro R, Gonçalves F. Tissues and hair residues and histopathology in wild rats (Rattus rattus L.) and Algerian mice (Mus spretus Lataste) from an abandoned mine area (Southeast Portugal). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 139:561-75. [PMID: 16099561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Data gathered in this study suggested the exposure of rats and Algerian mice, living in an abandoned mining area, to a mixture of heavy metals. Although similar histopathological features were recorded in the liver and spleen of both species, the Algerian mouse has proved to be the strongest bioaccumulator species. Hair was considered to be a good biological material to monitor environmental contamination of Cr in rats. Significant positive associations were found between the levels of this element in hair/kidney (r=0.826, n=9, p<0.01) and hair/liver (r=0.697, n=9, p=0.037). Although no association was found between the levels of As recorded in the hair and in the organs, the levels of this element recorded in the hair, of both species, were significantly higher in animals captured in the mining area, which met the data from the organs analysed. Nevertheless, more studies will be needed to reduce uncertainty about cause-effect relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Pereira R, Ribeiro R, Gonçalves F. Scalp hair analysis as a tool in assessing human exposure to heavy metals (S. Domingos mine, Portugal). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2004; 327:81-92. [PMID: 15172573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hair samples from the scalp were used in a preliminary assessment of heavy metals exposure (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn) of the human population living near an abandoned cupric pyrite mine (Mina de S. Domingos, Southeast Alentejo, Portugal). In parallel with the collection of hair samples, individuals from two different communities at the South and North of the mine area answered a questionnaire designed to obtain information about potential exposure pathways to these elements. The questionnaire allowed data collection about the most frequently consumed foodstuffs, drinking water sources, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and health condition. Higher concentrations, and subsequently higher ranges, of Cd, Cu and As were recorded in individuals living near the mine (MSD group), in opposition to individuals living several kilometers apart. Additionally, the concentrations recorded in the hair of some individuals from the MSD group were above the reference values for non-exposed individuals, suggesting their enhanced exposure. However, no significant differences were found for the average concentration of these elements between villages. Individuals from the CP and SC groups presented significantly higher concentrations of Zn and Mn in scalp hair. These results were in agreement with the concentrations of these elements recorded in soil samples. The water supplies of the area do not seem to be potential sources of trace elements for human beings. In opposition, individuals that frequently consume milk and cheese obtained from cattle that usually breeds in the area presented significantly higher concentrations of As and Mn in their scalp hair. Our results suggest that the population of S. Domingos mine area and neighbour localities may be exposed to some of the elements analysed namely Mn and Zn. The most likely exposure pathways seemed to be animal foodstuffs, however, a more detailed analysis of these products, as well as garden vegetables and fruits, should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Portugal.
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Determination of selenium in infant foods using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with direct slurry sample introduction. OPEN CHEM 2004. [DOI: 10.2478/bf02475577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSlurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption (SS ETAAS) was applied to the development of a sensitive and precise method for selenium determination in infant foods without sample pretreatment. Suspensions prepared in a medium containing 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.5 or 5% v/v concentrated HNO3 were directly introduced into the furnace. The accuracy of the procedure was confirmed by analysis of a standard reference material and comparison with hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric (HGAAS) procedure. The characteristic mass is 44 pg and detection limit 0.43 μg·l−1.
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Ando M, Takizawa M, Suwabe S, Yamato S, Shimada K. Determination of selenium in human serum by liquid chromatography/electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry after acid digestion and derivatization using 2,3-diaminonaphthalene. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2003; 9:619-622. [PMID: 15100472 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of selenium in biological samples is very important and numerous analytical methods for the element have been developed. One of the most convenient and widely used methods for routine determination of serum selenium is a fluorometric method using 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN); however, this method lacks specificity. We observed that 4,5-benzopiazselenol (BPS), a selenium derivative of DAN, is ionized with electron capture in an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface, and subsequently established a method for determining total human serum selenium by means of liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. All pretreatment procedures were carried out in a single test tube to minimize selenium loss. The recovery of organic or inorganic selenium spiked to human serum was 97-103%. The detection limit of BPS was equivalent to 0.2 ng of selenium and the lower quantitative limit of serum selenium was 10 ng mL(-1). The coefficient of variation of standard concentrations in control serum samples was 4.5%. The purity of the observed peak obtained from serum samples was confirmed using the ion cluster technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ando
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 5-13-2 Kamishinei-cho, Niigata 950-2081, Japan
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French JB, Nisbet IC, Schwabl H. Maternal steroids and contaminants in common tern eggs: a mechanism of endocrine disruption? Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2001; 128:91-8. [PMID: 11166677 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(00)00181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We looked for evidence for the hypothesis that exposure of female birds to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) results in alteration of blood steroid hormone concentrations and alters subsequent hormone transfer of steroids to eggs. Eggs of three-egg clutches were collected from a PCB-exposed common tern (Sterna hirundo) colony (Ram Island, Buzzards Bay, MA, USA) and from a relatively clean colony (Bodkin Island, Chesapeake Bay, MD, USA), and were analyzed for concentrations of organochlorine contaminants and steroid hormones (17beta-estradiol, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone and androstenedione). There was no relationship between total PCBs and steroid concentrations considering all eggs together, considering eggs of different laying order or considering differences between sequentially laid eggs in a clutch. Similarly, concentrations of di- and tri-chlorinated biphenyls and steroids in eggs were not related. The concentrations of PCBs, mercury and selenium were below estimated thresholds for toxicity to embryos. Maternal steroids, except estradiol, were present in yolk of all eggs, with increasing concentrations in the second and third eggs laid. Our data provided no evidence for a maternal toxicological event that might alter the amount of maternal steroid hormone transferred to eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B French
- USGS-Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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Mena M, Gómez M, Palacios M, Cámara C. Fast on-line selenium determination in enriched yeast slurry by microwave digestion–hydride generation–atomic absorption spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-141x(99)00018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Low volume microwave digestion for the determination of selenium in marine biological tissues by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Lemly AD. Assessing the toxic threat of selenium to fish and aquatic birds. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1996; 43:19-35. [PMID: 24193731 DOI: 10.1007/bf00399568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A procedure is given for evaluating the toxic threat of selenium to fish and wildlife. Toxic threat is expressed as hazard, and is based on the potential for food-chain bioaccumulation and reproductive impairment in fish and aquatic birds, which are the most sensitive biological responses for estimating ecosystem-level impacts of selenium contamination. Five degrees of hazard are possible depending on the expected environmental concentrations of selenium, exposure of fish and aquatic birds to toxic concentrations, and resultant potential for reproductive impairment. The degree of hazard is given a numerical score: 5 = high hazard, 4 = moderate hazard, 3 = low hazard, 2 = minimal hazard, and 1 = no identifiable hazard. A separate hazard score is given to each of five ecosystem components; water, sediments, benthic macroinvertebrates, fish eggs, and aquatic bird eggs. A final hazard characterization is determined by adding individual scores and comparing the total to the following evaluation criteria: 5 = no hazard, 6-8 = minimal hazard, 9-11 = low hazard, 12-15 = moderate hazard, 16-25 = high hazard. An example is given to illustrate how the procedure is applied to selenium data from a typical contaminant monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Lemly
- United States Forest Service, Coldwater Fisheries Research Unit, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech University, 24061-0321, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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13
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Determination of arsenic, selenium and mercury in an estuarine sediment standard reference material using flow injection and atomic absorption spectrometry. Mikrochim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01244356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Karaküçük S, Ertugrul Mirza G, Faruk Ekinciler O, Saraymen R, Karaküçük I, Ustdal M. Selenium concentrations in serum, lens and aqueous humour of patients with senile cataract. ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1995; 73:329-32. [PMID: 8646578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Sc) is a trace element which incorporates into the selenoenzyme glutathion peroxidase. Cataractogenesis may be caused either by the excess or deficiency of this trace element. More recently, its potential of becoming a possible environmental pollutant has been emphasized. In an attempt to reveal the relationship of this element with cataractogenesis, we detected its level in 48 serum, 36 lens and 9 aqueous humour samples of 48 patients with senile cataract, comparing the results with appropriate controls. Selenium levels (mean +/- SD) of cataractous patients were found to be 0.28 +/- 0.04 microgram/ml (CI: 0.27 to 0.29 microgram/ml) in sera (controls: 0.32 +/- 0.04 microgram/ml; CI: 0.30 to 0.34 microgram/ml, p < 0.0001), 5.43 +/- 3.07 microgram/g dry weight (CI: 4.43 to 6.43 microgram/g dry weight) in lens (controls: 4.43 +/-2.53 microgram/g dry weight; CI: 2.78 to 6.08 microgram/g dry weight; p=0.374) and 0.19 +/- 0.06 microgram/ml (CI:0.15 to 0.23 microgram/ml) in aqueous humour samples (controls: 0.31 +/-0.12 microgram/ml; CI: 0.24 to 0.38 microgram/ml, p = 0.02). When patient subgroups were analyzed, serum Se levels were found to be 0.28 +/- 0.05 microgram/ml (CI: 0.26 to 0.30 microgram/ml in the nuclear cataract and 0.28 +/- 0.02 microgram/ml (CI: 0.27 to 0.30 microgram/ml) in the cortical cataract. Lens Se levels, on the other hand, were detected as 5.91 +/- 3.56 microgram/g dry weight (CI:4.49 to 7.33 microgram/g dry weight) in the nuclear cataract and 4.47 +/- 1.40 microgram/g dry weight (CI: 3.68 to 5.26 microgram/g dry weight) in the cortical cataract. It is anticipated that decreased Se in aqueous humour and sera of patients with senile cataract may reflect defective antioxidative defense systems which may lead to the formation of cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karaküçük
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Ankara
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Blus LJ, Henny CJ, Hoffman DJ, Grove RA. Accumulation in and effects of lead and cadmium on waterfowl and passerines in northern Idaho. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1995; 89:311-318. [PMID: 15091521 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(94)00069-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/1994] [Accepted: 08/30/1994] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Waterfowl and passerines in northern Idaho in 1987 had high levels of lead in their blood and tissues that originated primarily from mining and smelting activities. Four Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and one common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) found dead contained 8 to 38 microg/g (wet mass) of lead in their livers. These levels exceed the lower lethal limit of 5 microg/g in experimental birds. Two of the Canada geese (one each from the contaminated and reference areas) died with ingested lead shotgun pellets (shot) in their gizzards, whereas the other three birds from the contaminated area contained no ingested shot and evidently died from ingesting environmental lead in sediment or biota. Lead burdens in most American robins (Turdus migratorius) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were high, whereas those in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were slightly elevated. Lead accumulated to potentially hazardous levels in blood and tissues of some nestling robins (maxima of 0.87 microg/g in blood and 5.6 microg/g in liver) and mallards (maxima of 10.2 microg/g in blood and 2.8 microg/g in liver). In mallards, lead levels and associated physiological characteristics of blood were significantly different in juveniles (HY) versus adults (AHY). Activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) was about 87 to 95% lower than values for control birds in experimental studies. Activity of ALAD was significantly inversely correlated with blood lead levels. Cadmium was detected in kidneys of most birds, but even the maximum concentration of 7.5 microg/g in an AHY mallard was below known harmful levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Blus
- National Biological Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 3080 SE Clearwater Drive, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA
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16
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Determination of arsenic in mussels by slurry sampling and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Mikrochim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01243016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Henny CJ, Blus LJ, Hoffman DJ, Grove RA. Lead in hawks, falcons and owls downstream from a mining site on the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1994; 29:267-288. [PMID: 24221348 DOI: 10.1007/bf00547991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/1993] [Revised: 10/15/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mining and smelting at Kellogg-Smelterville, Idaho, resulted in high concentrations of lead in Coeur d'Alene (CDA) River sediments and the floodplain downstream, where American Kestrels (Falco sparverius), Northern Harriers (Circus cyaneus), Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus), and Western Screech-owls (Otus kennicotti) nested. Nestling American Kestrels contained significantly higher (P=0.0012) blood lead concentrations along the CDA River (0.24 µg/g, wet wt) than the nearby reference area (0.087 µg/g). A 35% inhibition of blood δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in nestling Northern Harriers (P=0.0001), 55% in nestling American Kestrels (P=0.0001) and 81% in adult American Kestrels (P=0.0004) provided additional evidence of lead exposure in the CDA River population. In nestling American Kestrels and Northern Harriers, ALAD activity was negatively correlated with lead in blood. An earlier report on Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) showed slightly less inhibition of ALAD than in American Kestrels, but no significant reduction in hemoglobin or hematocrit and no negative influence on production rates. The adult and nestling American Kestrels along the CDA River contained about twice as much blood lead as Ospreys during the same years (adult 0.46 vs. 0.20 µg/g, and nestling 0.24 vs. 0.09 µg/g), but adults showed a 7.5% reduction in hemoglobin (P=0.0356) and nestlings an 8.2% reduction in hemoglobin (P=0.0353) and a 5.8% reduction in hematocrit (P=0.0482). We did not observe raptor deaths related to lead, and although the production rate for American Kestrels was slightly lower along the CDA River, we found no significant negative relation between productivity and lead. Limited data on the other raptors provide evidence of exposure to lead along the CDA River. Several traits of raptors apparently reduce their potential for accumulating critical levels of lead which is primarily stored in bones of prey species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Henny
- Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Northwest Research Group, National Biological Survey, 3080 SE Clearwater Drive, 97333, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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18
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Cervera ML, Montoro R. Critical review of the atomic spectrometric analysis of arsenic in foods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00323130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Blus LJ, Henny CJ, Hoffman DJ, Grove RA. Accumulation and effects of lead and cadmium on wood ducks near a mining and smelting complex in Idaho. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 1993; 2:139-154. [PMID: 24201555 DOI: 10.1007/bf00119436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/1992] [Accepted: 09/17/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
: A study of wood ducks (Aix sponsa) was conducted along the Coeur d'Alene River system in northern Idaho in 1986 and 1987. Most of this area has been subjected to severe contamination from lead and other metals from mining and smelting since the 1880s. In 1986, a preliminary study of wood duck nesting was conducted in the contaminated area; incubating hens captured in nest boxes were bled and weighed. Blood samples were used to determine lead and cadmium concentrations and physiological characteristics. In 1987, an intensive study of wood ducks involved trapping and monitoring nest boxes in the contaminated area. Blood and tissue samples were also taken from wood ducks from a reference area without known contamination from metals. Lead levels in blood and tissues of most wood ducks from the contaminated area frequently exceeded those considered hazardous to birds; maximum levels (wet weight) of lead were 8 μg g(-1) in blood and 14 μg g(-1) in liver. Changes in physiological characteristics constituted the only evidence of potentially adverse effects from lead. In the contaminated area, nesting success (55% unadjusted, 35% Mayfield estimate) was less than in other areas where predation was low and nest boxes were used; but lead concentrations and physiological characteristics of blood were similar in successful and unsuccessful hens.Values of ALAD, hemoglobin, and body mass were negatively correlated with blood concentrations of lead, whereas protoporphyrin was positively correlated with lead levels in the blood. Some of the protoporphyrin values (1,091 μg dl(-1) in a male and 756 μg dl(-1) in a female) equalled those associated with lead toxicosis in experimental birds. ALAD activity was low in most birds from the contaminated area; values of 0 were obtained from 11 birds. Lead levels in blood, ALAD, protoporphyrin, and hemoglobin were significantly different between birds from the contaminated and reference areas. Concentrations of lead in ingesta of wood ducks ranged from 0.9 to 610 μg g(-1) in the contaminated area and 0.2 to 0.6 μg g(-1) in the reference area. Levels of cadmium in kidneys of wood ducks ranged from 1μg g(-1) to 20 μg g(-1) in the contaminated area and from only to 0.1 μg g(-1) to 1 μg g(-1) in the reference area. Cadmium concentrations were less than known effect levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Blus
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 3080 SE Clearwater Dr., 97333, Corvallis, OR, USA
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20
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Custer TW, Mitchell CA. Trace elements and organochlorines in the shoalgrass community of the lower Laguna Madre, Texas. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1993; 25:235-246. [PMID: 24225804 DOI: 10.1007/bf00548024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/1991] [Revised: 05/15/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Our objectives were to measure concentrations of seven trace elements and 14 organochlorine compounds in sediment and biota of the shoalgrass (Halodule wrightii) community of the lower Laguna Madre of south Texas and to determine whether chemicals associated with agriculture (e.g. mercury, arsenic, selenium, organochlorine pesticides) were highest near agricultural drainages. Arsenic, mercury, selenium, lead, cadmium, and organochlorines were generally at background concentrations throughout the lower Laguna Madre. Nickel and chromium concentrations were exceptionally high in shrimp and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), which is difficult to explain because of no known anthropogenic sources for these trace elements. For sediment and blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), mercury was highest near agricultural drainages. Also, DDE was more frequently detected in blue crabs near agricultural drainages than farther away. In contrast, selenium concentrations did not differ among collecting sites and arsenic concentrations were lowest in shoalgrass, blue crabs, and brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) near agricultural drainages.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Custer
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, North Central Research Group, P.O. Box 2618, 54602, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
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21
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Heinz GH, Fitzgerald MA. Reproduction of mallards following overwinter exposure to selenium. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1993; 81:117-122. [PMID: 15091819 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(93)90075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/1992] [Accepted: 05/26/1992] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Forty pairs of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed 15 ppm selenium as selenomethionine for about 21 weeks during winter. Twenty pairs served as controls. At the end of 21 weeks, which coincided with the onset of the reproductive season, selenium treatment was ended. Four birds died while on selenium treatment. Treated females lost weight, and their egg-laying was delayed. Hatching success of some of the first eggs laid by selenium-treated females was lower than that of controls, and a few of these early eggs contained deformed embryos, but, after a period of about two weeks off the selenium-treated diet, reproductive success returned to a level comparable with that of controls. The return to normal reproductive success was the result of a corresponding decrease in selenium concentrations in eggs once selenium treatment ended.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Heinz
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland 20708, USA
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22
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Rattner BA, Flickinger EL, Hoffman DJ. Morphological, biochemical, and histopathological indices and contaminant burdens of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) at three hazardous waste sites near Houston, Texas, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1993; 79:85-93. [PMID: 15091917 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(93)90181-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/1991] [Accepted: 10/16/1991] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Male cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) were studied at three industrial waste sites near Houston, Texas, to determine whether various morphological, biochemical, and histopathological indices provided evidence of contaminant exposure and toxic insult. Only modest changes were detected in cotton rats residing at waste sites compared with reference sites. No single parameter was consistently altered, except hepatic cytochrome P-450 concentration which was lower ( [Formula: see text] ) at two waste sites, and tended to be lower ( [Formula: see text] ) at a third waste site. Elevated petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations were detected in rats at one waste site, but contaminant burdens of rats from the other sites were unremarkable. Unlike rats captured in summer, those trapped in winter exhibited hepatocellular hypertrophy and up to a 65% increase in liver: body weight ratio, cytochrome P-450 concentration, and activities of aniline hydroxylase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, and glutathione S-transferase. Although genotoxicity has been previously documented in cotton rats residing at two of the waste sites, biomarkers in the present study provided little evidence of exposure and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Rattner
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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23
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Beyer WN, Stafford C. Survey and evaluation of contaminants in earthworms and in soils derived from dredged material at confined disposal facilities in the Great Lakes Region. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1993; 24:151-165. [PMID: 24227260 DOI: 10.1007/bf00547984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Soils derived from dredged material were collected, together with earthworms from nine confined disposal facilities located in the Great Lakes Region. These samples were analyzed for 18 elements, 11 organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and 24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The concentrations detected in earthworms were evaluated in terms of their potential hazard to wildlife, which for the sake of the evaluation were assumed to prey entirely either on earthworms or on other soil invertebrates having similar concentrations. The soil concentrations (dry wt.) of the contaminants of greatest concern were <1.9 to 32 ppm Cd, <0.053 to 0.94 ppm Hg, 4.6 to 550 ppm Pb, and <0.1 to 1.0 ppm PCBs. The concentrations in earthworms (dry wt., ingested soil included) were as high as 91 ppm Cd, 1.6 ppm Hg, 200 ppm Pb, and 1.8 ppm PCBs. Based on laboratory toxicity studies of relatively sensitive species, and on concentration factors calculated from the earthworm and soil data, we estimated that lethal or serious sublethal effects on wildlife might be expected at concentrations of 10 ppm Cd, 3 ppm Hg, 670 ppm Pb, and 1.7 ppm PCBs in alkaline surface soils derived from dredged material. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in earthworms were well below those in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Beyer
- Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 20708, Laurel, MD, USA
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24
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Hoffman DJ, Heinz GH, LeCaptain LJ, Bunck CM, Green DE. Subchronic hepatotoxicity of selenomethionine ingestion in mallard ducks. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1991; 32:449-64. [PMID: 2016754 DOI: 10.1080/15287399109531495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two-year-old male mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) received a control diet (0.2 ppm Se) or diets containing 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 ppm Se as selenomethionine for 14 wk. Se accumulated readily in the liver in a dose-dependent manner, reaching a mean concentration of 29 ppm (wet weight) in the 32 ppm group. Dietary Se of 2 ppm or greater increased plasma glutathione peroxidase activity. Mortality (10%) and histopathological effects, including bile duct hyperplasia and hemosiderin pigmentation of the liver and spleen, occurred in the 32 ppm group. These histopathological effects were accompanied by lower hemoglobin concentrations (16 and 32 ppm groups) and hematocrit (32 ppm group), and elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase activity (32 ppm group) indicative of cholestatic liver injury. Other manifestations of hepatotoxicity included significant linear dose responses for hepatic oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentrations and ratio of GSSG to reduced glutathione (GSH). Means for both of these responses differed from controls in groups receiving 8-32 ppm Se. Mean hepatic GSH and malondialdehyde (a measure of lipid peroxidation) concentrations were significantly elevated in the 16 and 32 ppm groups. Subchronic effects of selenomethionine, which occurs in vegetation, are of particular interest with respect to the health of wild aquatic birds in seleniferous locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hoffman
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD 20708
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25
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Custer TW, Mitchell CA. Contaminant exposure of willets feeding in agricultural drainages of the Lower Rio Grande Valley of South Texas. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1991; 16:189-200. [PMID: 24241892 DOI: 10.1007/bf00418104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) were collected in June and August 1986 at the outlets of two agricultural drainages into the Lower Laguna Madre of South Texas and at two other Texas coastal sites. Mean liver concentration of arsenic was higher in August than June. Over 20% of the livers had arsenic concentrations elevated above a suggested background level of 5.0 ppm dry weight (DW), but concentrations (maximum 15 ppm) were below those associated with acute toxicity. Selenium concentration in livers varied from 2.3 to 8.3 ppm DW for all locations and represented background levels. Mercury concentrations in livers for all locations (means = 2.0 to 3.4, maximum 17 ppm DW) were below those associated with avian mortality and similar to levels found in other estuarine/marine birds. DDE in carcasses was higher in adults (mean = 1.0 ppm wet weight) than juveniles (0.2 ppm), and higher in August (1.0 ppm) than June (0.5 ppm); however, DDE concentrations were generally at background levels. Based on brain cholinesterase activity, willets were not recently exposed to organophosphate pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Custer
- Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 20708, Laurel, MD, USA
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Saiki MK, Palawski DU. Selenium and other elements in juvenile striped bass from the San Joaquin Valley and San Francisco Estuary, California. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1990; 19:717-730. [PMID: 21318504 DOI: 10.1007/bf01183990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/1989] [Revised: 08/20/1989] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of selenium and other trace elements were determined in 55 whole body samples of juvenile anadromous striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from the San Joaquin Valley and San Francisco Estuary, California. The fish (≤1 yr old-the predominant life stage in the San Joaquin Valley) were collected in September-December 1986 from 19 sites in the Valley and 3 sites in the Estuary, and analyzed for the following elements: aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), boron (B), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), magnesium (Mg), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn). When compared to concentrations in whole freshwater fish measured by surveys from other waters, a few samples contained higher levels, of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Se. The median concentrations of Al, As, Cu, Fe, Mg, Se, and Sr also differed significantly (P[Symbol: see text]0.05) among sites. However, only Se concentrations were highest (up to 7.9 μg/g dry weight) in samples from Valley sites exposed to agricultural subsurface (tile) drainwater; concentrations were lower in samples collected elsewhere. Water quality variables-especially those strongly influenced by tile drainwater (conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, and total hardness)-were also significantly correlated (P[Symbol: see text]0.05) with Se concentrations in fish. Selenium concentrations in striped bass from the Estuary were only one-fourth to one-half the concentrations measured in the most contaminated fish from the San Joaquin River.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Saiki
- National Fisheries Contaminant Research Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Field Research Station, 6924 Tremont Road, 95620, Dixon, California, USA
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Beyer WN, Miller G, Simmers JW. Trace elements in soil and biota in confined disposal facilities for dredged material. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1990; 65:19-32. [PMID: 15092276 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(90)90163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/1989] [Accepted: 12/21/1989] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We studied the relation of trace element concentrations in soil to those in house mice (Mus musculus), common reed (Phragmites australis) and ladybugs (Coccinella septempunctata at five disposal facilities for dredged material. The sites had a wide range of soil trace element concentrations, acid soils and a depauperate fauna. They were very poor wildlife habitat because they were dominated by the common reed. Bioassay earthworms exposed to surface soils from three of the five sites died, whereas those exposed to four of five soils collected a meter deep survived, presumably because the deeper, unoxidized soil, was not as acid. Concentrations of Ni and Cr in the biota from each of the sites did not seem to be related to the concentrations of the same elements in soil. Although Pb, Zn and Cu concentrations in biota were correlated with those in soil, the range of concentrations in the biota was quite small compared to that in soil. The concentrations of Pb detected in mice were about as high as the concentrations previously reported in control mice from other studies. Mice from the most contaminated site (530 ppm Pb in soil) contained only slightly more Pb (8 ppm dry wt) than did mice (2-6 ppm dry wt) from sites containing much less Pb (22-92 ppm in soil). Despite the acid soil conditions, very little Cd was incorporated into food chains. Rather, Cd was leaching from the surface soil. We concluded that even the relatively high concentrations of trace elements in the acid dredged material studied did not cause high concentrations of trace elements in the biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Beyer
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland 20708, USA
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Clark DR, Ogasawara PA, Smith GJ, Ohlendorf HM. Selenium accumulation by raccoons exposed to irrigation drainwater at Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge, California, 1986. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1989; 18:787-94. [PMID: 2619319 DOI: 10.1007/bf01160292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In February-March 1986, eight raccoons (Procyon lotor) were collected at Kesterson Reservoir (Merced Co., California), which had received selenium-contaminated irrigation drainwater, and four raccoons were collected at the nearby Volta Wildlife Area, which had not. Selenium concentrations in Kesterson raccoons averaged 19.9 ppm (micrograms/g dry wt) in liver, 28.3 ppm (dry wt) in hair, 21.6 ppm (dry wt) in feces, and 2.61 ppm (wet wt) in blood and exceeded Volta concentrations by 12, 30, 21, and 10 times, respectively. Selenium concentrations in livers of Kesterson raccoons were less than those in five of nine other mammal species sampled in 1984. Selenium concentrations in hair provided the strongest statistical separation between study areas. Hemoglobin levels in two Kesterson raccoons equalled levels reported in rats with selenium-induced anemia, but the raccoons showed no illness. Amyloidosis in one Kesterson raccoon may have been selenium-induced. Our data indicate that raccoon births peaked about 2 months later than was previously reported. Based on our sample of 12 raccoons, we found no evidence that contamination by irrigation drainwater had negative effects on raccoons inhabiting Kesterson.
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Hoffman DJ, Heinz GH, Krynitsky AJ. Hepatic glutathione metabolism and lipid peroxidation in response to excess dietary selenomethionine and selenite in mallard ducklings. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1989; 27:263-71. [PMID: 2543834 DOI: 10.1080/15287398909531296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies were conducted with mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings to determine the effects of excess dietary selenium (Se) on hepatic glutathione concentration and associated enzymes, and lipid peroxidation. Day-old ducklings were fed 0.1, 10, 20, or 40 ppm Se as seleno-DL-methionine or sodium selenite for 6 wk. Selenium from selenomethionine accumulated in a dose-dependent manner in the liver, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of hepatic-reduced glutathione (GSH) and total hepatic thiols (SH). These effects were accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in the ratio of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to GSH, and an increase in malondialdehyde concentration as evidence of lipid peroxidation. Hepatic and plasma GSH peroxidase activity was initially elevated at 10 ppm Se as selenomethionine, whereas GSSG reductase activity was elevated at higher dietary concentrations of Se. Selenium from sodium selenite accumulated in the liver to an apparent maximum at 10 ppm in the diet, resulting in an increase in hepatic GSH and GSSG accompanied by a small decrease in total hepatic SH. Sodium selenite resulted in an increase in hepatic GSSG reductase activity at 10 ppm and in plasma GSSG reductase activity at 40 ppm. A small increase in lipid peroxidation occurred at 40 ppm. These findings indicate that excess dietary Se as selenomethionine has a more pronounced effect on hepatic glutathione metabolism and lipid peroxidation in ducklings than does selenite, which may be related to the pattern of accumulation. Effects of Se as selenite appear to be less pronounced in ducklings than reported in laboratory rodents. The effects of selenomethionine, which occurs in vegetation, are of particular interest with respect to the health of wild aquatic birds in seleniferous locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hoffman
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland 20708
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