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Sobanski N, Tuzson B, Scheidegger P, Looser H, Hüglin C, Emmenegger L. A High-Precision Mid-Infrared Spectrometer for Ambient HNO 3 Measurements. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22239158. [PMID: 36501859 PMCID: PMC9739400 DOI: 10.3390/s22239158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Precise and accurate measurements of ambient HNO3 are crucial for understanding various atmospheric processes, but its ultra-low trace amounts and the high polarity of HNO3 have strongly hindered routine, widespread, direct measurements of HNO3 and restricted field studies to mostly short-term, localized measurement campaigns. Here, we present a custom field-deployable direct absorption laser spectrometer and demonstrate its analytical capabilities for in situ atmospheric HNO3 measurements. Detailed laboratory characterizations with a particular focus on the instrument response under representative conditions for tropospheric measurements, i.e., the humidity, spectral interference, changing HNO3 amount fractions, and air-sampling-related artifacts, revealed the key aspects of our method: (i) a good linear response (R2 > 0.98) between 0 and 25 nmol·mol−1 in both dry and humid conditions with a limit of detection of 95 pmol·mol−1; (ii) a discrepancy of 20% between the spectroscopically derived amount fractions and indirect measurements using liquid trapping and ion chromatography; (iii) a systematic spectral bias due to water vapor. The spectrometer was deployed in a three-week field measurement campaign to continuously monitor the HNO3 amount fraction in ambient air. The measured values varied between 0.1 ppb and 0.8 ppb and correlated well with the daily total nitrates measured using a filter trapping method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sobanski
- Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Béla Tuzson
- Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Philipp Scheidegger
- Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Looser
- Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hüglin
- Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Emmenegger
- Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Flow-based ammonia gas analyzer with an open channel scrubber for indoor environments. Talanta 2013; 116:527-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jia L, Xu Y. Characterization of condensed phase nitric acid particles formed in the gas phase. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:412-418. [PMID: 21520810 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nitric acid hydrates has been observed in a chamber during the dark reaction of NO2 with 03 in the presence of air. The size of condensed phase nitric acid was measured to be 40-100 nm and 20-65 nm at relative humidity (RH) < or = 5% and RH = 67% under our experimental conditions, respectively. The nitric acid particles were collected on the glass fiber membrane and their chemical compositions were analyzed by infrared spectrum. The main components of nitric acid hydrates in particles are HNO3 x 3H2O and NO3- x H2O (x > or = 4) at low RH, whereas at high RH HNO3 x H2O, HNO3 x 2H2O, HNO3 x 3H2O and NO3- x xH2O (x > or = 4) all exist in the condensed phase. At high RH HNO3 x xH2O (x < or = 3) collected on the glass fiber membrane is greatly increased, while NO3- x xH2O (x > or = 4) decreased, compared with low RH. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to report that condensed phase nitric acid can be generated in the gas phase at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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Otten P, Bruynseels F, van Grieken R. Nitric Acid Interaction with Marine Aerosols Sampled by Impaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19860950518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Huang RJ, Hoffmann T. Development of a Coupled Diffusion Denuder System Combined with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Separation and Quantification of Molecular Iodine and the Activated Iodine Compounds Iodine Monochloride and Hypoiodous Acid in the Marine Atmosphere. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1777-83. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801839v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Huang
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Baumann K. Discrete measurements of reactive gases and fine particle mass and composition during the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Lindgren PF. Diffusion scrubber-ion chromatography for the measurement of trace levels of atmospheric HCl. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90259-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Benner CL, Eatough DJ, Eatough NL, Bhardwaja P. Comparison of annular denuder and filter pack collection of HNO3 (g), HNO2((g), SO2 (g), and particulate-phase nitrate, nitrite and sulfate in the south-west desert. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90013-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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10
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Sturges WT, Harrison RM. The use of nylon filters to collect hcl: efficiencies, interferences and ambient concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(89)90525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Evaluation of laboratory and field performance of denuder tubes: A theoretical approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(89)90411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Dasch JM, Cadle SH, Kennedy KG, Mulawa PA. Comparison of annular denuders and filter packs for atmospheric sampling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(89)90558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Winiwarter W. A calculation procedure for the determination of the collection efficiency in annular denuders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(89)90526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Paul Thomas C, Alder JF. Annular denuder tube preconcentrator for nitrobenzene determination by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Anal Chim Acta 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)80411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Field measurements of the dissociation of ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(89)90418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Febo A, De Santis F, Liberti A, Perrino C. Nitric acid-nitrate aerosol measurements by a diffusion denuder: A performance evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(88)90101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Benner CL, Eatough NL, Lewis EA, Eatough DJ, Huang AA, Ellis EC. Diffusion coefficients for ambient nitric and nitrous acids from Denuder experiments in the 1985 nitrogen species methods comparison study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(88)90395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Fox D, Stockburger L, Weathers W, Spicer C, Mackay G, Schiff H, Eatough D, Mortensen F, Hansen L, Shepson P, Kleindienst T, Edney E. Intercomparison of nitric acid diffusion denuder methods with tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(88)90202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Eatough NL, McGregor S, Lewis EA, Eatough DJ, Huang AA, Ellis EC. Comparison of six denuder methods and a filter pack for the collection of ambient HNO3(g), HNO2(g) and SO2(g) in the 1985 NSMC study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(88)90388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Keuken MP, Schoonebeek CA, van Wensveen-Louter A, Slanina J. Simultaneous sampling of NH3, HNO3, HC1, SO2 and H2O2 in ambient air by a wet annular denuder system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(88)90486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Durham J, Spiller L, Ellestad T. Nitric acid-nitrate aerosol measurements by a diffusion denuder: A performance evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(87)90041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Ferm M. A Na2CO3-coated denuder and filter for determination of gaseous HNO3 and particulate NO−3- in the atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(86)90153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Durham J, Stockburger L. Nitric acid-air diffusion coefficient: Experimental determination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(86)90098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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