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He XQ, Cui YY, Zhang Y, Yang CX. Fabrication of magnetic polydopamine@naphthyl microporous organic network nanosphere for efficient extraction of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and p-nitrophenol from wastewater samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462347. [PMID: 34166861 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the fabrication of a novel, well-defined core-double-shell-structured magnetic Fe3O4@polydopamine@naphthyl microporous organic network (MON), Fe3O4@PDA@NMON, for the efficient magnetic extraction of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) and p-nitrophenol (p-Npn) from wastewater samples. The hierarchical nanospheres were designed and constructed with the Fe3O4 nanoparticle core, the inner shell of a polydopamine (PDA) layer, and the outer shell of a porous naphthyl MON (NMON) coating, allowing efficient and synergistic extraction of OH-PAHs and p-Npn via hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interactions. The Fe3O4@PDA@NMON nanospheres were well characterized and employed as an efficient sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for analyzing of OH-PAHs and p-Npn. Under optimal conditions, the Fe3O4@PDA@NMON-based-MSPE-HPLC-UV method afforded wide linear range (0.18-500 μg L-1), low limits of detection (0.070 μg L-1 for p-Npn, 0.090 μg L-1 for 2-OH-Nap, 0.090 μg L-1 for 9-OH-Fluo and 0.055 μg L-1 for 9-OH-Phe, respectively), large enrichment factors (92.6-98.4), good precisions (intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs); <6.4%, n=6) and less consumption of the adsorbent. Furthermore, trace OH-PAHs and p-Npn with concentrations of 0.29-0.80 μg L-1 were successfully detected in various wastewater samples. Fe3O4@PDA@NMON also functioned as a good adsorbent to enrich a wide scope of trace contaminants containing hydrogen bonding sites and aromatic structures, highlighting the potential of functional MONs in sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Qiao He
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cui
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cheng-Xiong Yang
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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2
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Neumann AC, Melnik S, Niessner R, Stoeger E, Knopp D. Microcystin-LR Enrichment from Freshwater by a Recombinant Plant-derived Antibody Using Sol-Gel-Glass Immunoextraction. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:207-214. [PMID: 30318489 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Eutrophication of water bodies can promote cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) blooms, which has become a source of increasing concern for both recreational and drinking water use. Many bacterial species can produce toxins that pose threats to wildlife, domestic animals and humans. Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) is the most frequent and most toxic microcystin congener. For the first time, lab-scale investigations were performed to test the application of a recombinant plant-derived anti-MC-LR antibody immobilized on an immunoaffinity support material to selectively extract the toxin from spiked freshwater samples. As a comparison, its hybridoma-derived counterpart (murine monoclonal antibody) was evaluated. The antibody-doped material was prepared via an optimized sol-gel process; its stability and binding efficiency of MC-LR in spiked freshwater samples were thoroughly tested using the ELISA and orthogonal LC-MS methods. For removal, two column-based procedures with sequential or continuous cyclic sample addition and a suspension mode (moving adsorbent) were tested. Noteworthy the results obtained with a crude antibody fraction were fully compatible with the highly purified preparation. This study paves the way for further investigation being focused on novel applications of plant-derived anti-MC-LR antibodies in bioremediation to selectively deplete the toxin from freshwater: a green and promising technology without secondary pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Cathrine Neumann
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technical University Munich
| | - Stanislav Melnik
- Department for Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology and Crop Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technical University Munich
| | - Eva Stoeger
- Department for Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology and Crop Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technical University Munich
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Determination of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by HPLC-photoionization tandem mass spectrometry in wood smoke particles and soil samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4523-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Liu L, Luo Y, Bi J, Li H, Lin JM. Quantification of selected monohydroxy metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine. Sci China Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-015-5357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Hu Y, Du C, Li Y, Fan L, Li X. A gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric probe for rapid detection of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine. Analyst 2015; 140:4662-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00722d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct and rapid detection of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) is of great importance owing to its high carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Chunyan Du
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Yunchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Louzhen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
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Misra BB, Dey S. Immunolocalization of α-santalol in sandalwood. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2014.910709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Eisold U, Kupstat A, Klier D, Primus PA, Pschenitza M, Niessner R, Knopp D, Kumke MU. Probing the physicochemical interactions of 3-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene with different monoclonal and recombinant antibodies by use of fluorescence line-narrowing spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3387-94. [PMID: 24481618 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of interactions between antigens and antibodies is of utmost importance both for fundamental understanding of the binding and for development of advanced clinical diagnostics. Here, fluorescence line-narrowing (FLN) spectroscopy was used to study physicochemical interactions between 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3OH-BaP, as antigen) and a variety of solvent matrices (as model systems) or anti-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon antibodies (anti-PAH). We focused the studies on the specific physicochemical interactions between 3OH-BaP and different, previously obtained, monoclonal and recombinant anti-PAH antibodies. Control experiments performed with non-binding monoclonal antibodies and bovine serum albumin (BSA) indicated that nonspecific interactions did not affect the FLN spectrum of 3OH-BaP. The spectral positions and relative intensities of the bands in the FLN spectra are highly dependent on the molecular environment of the 3OH-BaP. The FLN bands correlate with different vibrational modes of 3OH-BaP which are affected by interactions with the molecular environment (π-π interactions, H-bonding, or van-der-Waals forces). Although the analyte (3OH-BaP) was the same for all the antibodies investigated, different binding interactions could be identified from the FLN spectra on the basis of structural flexibility and conformational multiplicity of the antibodies' paratopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Eisold
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Golm, Germany
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Li X, Zenobi R. Use of Polyetheretherketone as a Material for Solid Phase Extraction of Hydroxylated Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3526-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303402s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution
and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich,
Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich,
Switzerland
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Magnetic molecular imprint-based extraction of sulfonylurea herbicides and their determination by capillary liquid chromatography. Mikrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-013-0942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Determination of diniconazole in agricultural samples by sol-gel immunoaffinity extraction procedure coupled with HPLC and ELISA. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46929. [PMID: 23056532 PMCID: PMC3466172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the European Union (EU), the use of diniconazole-M is no longer authorized. However, residues of diniconazole-M occur in various plant commodities. Methodology/Principal Findings A selective and simple analytical method for the trace level determination of diniconazole in soil, fruit, vegetables and water samples was developed based on immunoaffinity extraction followed by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The ELISA was based on monoclonal antibodies highly specific to diniconazole and was a fast, cost-effective, and selective screening method for the detection of diniconazole. The results of the ELISA correlated well with gas chromatography (GC) results, with the correlation coefficient of 0.9879 (n = 19). A simple gel permeation chromato- graphy clean-up method was developed to purify extracts from matrices containing high amounts of fat and natural pigments, without the need for a large dilution of the sample. The immunoaffinity column (IAC) capacity was 0.180 mg g−1. The columns could be re-used approximately 20 times with no significant alteration in capacity. The recoveries from complex samples were in the range of 89.2% to 96.1% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.770%–6.11% by ELISA. The results were in good agreement with those obtained by HPLC method. Conclusion/Significance The IAC extraction procedure coupled with HPLC and ELISA analysis could be also used as alternative effective analytical methods for the determination of diniconazole concentrations in complex samples.
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Highly selective and non-conventional sorbents for the determination of biomarkers in urine by liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1029-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Co-isolation of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone with sol–gel immunoaffinity columns for their determination in wheat and wheat products. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5828-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Seiss M, Oxynos A, Hickel R, Reichl FX. Development and application of a simplified sample preparation method for determination of TEGDMA and related metabolites. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 91:452-8. [PMID: 19489012 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of biological samples obtained from in vivo experiments can be often challenging. In general it is not possible to apply the commonly used matrices that are necessary for the experiments to the desired analysis systems without further conditioning or sample purification steps. Besides possible adverse effects for instruments, interference between analytes and matrices can affect the correct measurement of analytes. Different methods of sample preparation can be used to convert biological samples into samples suitable for analysis; SPE and HS-SPME are two well established methods. Research of in vivo metabolism of triethyleneglycoledimethacrylate (TEGDMA), one of the most frequently contained comonomer in dental restorative materials, demands sample preparation methods that offer separation of TEGDMA and its related metabolites from biological matrices. In the presented study two methods for sample preparation were developed in order to analyze TEGDMA as well as its metabolites triethyleneglycole (TEG), 2,3-epoxymethacrylicacid methylester (2,3-EMME), and methacrylacid methylester (MAME) in Krebs-Henseleit buffer samples to facilitate a subsequent analysis via GC-MS. An easy and time-saving separation protocol was developed. Recovery rates of TEGDMA and TEG after SPE were 21 +/- 3% and 105 +/- 12%, respectively, recovery rate after headspace extraction of 2,3-EMME and MAME was higher at 48 degrees C compared with 20 degrees C extraction temperature. The tested range for 2,3-EMME and MAME concentration after HS-SPME extraction was 0.1-100 mg/L and both analytes showed a good linearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Seiss
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Amorim LCA, Dimandja JM, Cardeal ZDL. Analysis of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2900-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Hu Y, Zhou Z, Xue X, Li X, Fu J, Cohen B, Melikian AA, Desai M, Tang MS, Huang X, Roy N, Sun J, Nan P, Qu Q. Sensitive biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): urinary 1-hydroxyprene glucuronide in relation to smoking and low ambient levels of exposure. Biomarkers 2008; 11:306-18. [PMID: 16908438 DOI: 10.1080/13547500600626883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted in a Chinese population with occupational or environmental exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A total of 106 subjects were recruited from coke-oven workers (workers), residents in a metropolitan area (residents) and suburban gardeners (gardeners). All subjects were monitored twice for their personal exposures to PAHs. The biological samples were collected for measurements of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and cotinine in urine. The geometric means of personal exposure levels of pyrene, benz(a)anthracene (BaA) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in workers were 1.470, 0.978 and 0.805 microg m-3, respectively. The corresponding levels in residents were 0.050, 0.034 and 0.025 microg m-3; and those in gardeners were 0.011, 0.020 and 0.008 microg m-3, respectively. The conjugate of 1-OHP with glucuronide (1-OHP-G) is the predominant form of pyrene metabolite in urine and it showed strong associations with exposures not only to pyrene, but also to BaA, BaP and total PAHs. Most importantly, a significant difference in 1-OHP-G was even detected between the subgroups with exposures to BaP at < 0.010 and > 0.010 but < 0.020 microg m-3, suggesting that 1-OHP-G is a good marker that can be used for the risk assessment of BaP exposure at levels currently encountered in ambient air. Furthermore, multiple regression analyses of 1-OHP-G on PAHs exposure indicated that cigarette smoke was a major confounding factor and should be considered and adjusted for while using 1-OHP to estimate PAHs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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Luan T, Fang S, Zhong Y, Lin L, Chan SM, Lan C, Tam NF. Determination of hydroxy metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by fully automated solid-phase microextraction derivatization and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1173:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lord HL, Rajabi M, Safari S, Pawliszyn J. A study of the performance characteristics of immunoaffinity solid phase microextraction probes for extraction of a range of benzodiazepines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:506-19. [PMID: 17314025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunoaffinity solid phase microextraction (SPME) probes have been developed with antibodies specific for the benzodiazepine class of drugs, covalently immobilized to glass rods. This involved both purification of the polyclonal antibodies to isolate the drug-specific fraction, and optimization of the immobilization procedure. Such probes have been used previously for the extraction of 7-aminoflunitrazepam. This article presents a comprehensive study of their performance and characteristics beyond that described previously, and an evaluation of their application to additional benzodiazepines. The influence of non-specific drug binding (nsb) was determined, with the result that nsb was found to be insignificant for the probes when used in their dynamic range. Immobilized antibodies had specific affinities in the range of 10(9)-10(10)M(-1). Cross-reactivity was evaluated both for a range of benzodiazepines as well as a structurally unrelated molecule (erythromycin). For analysis of benzodiazepines individually or in the presence of erythromycin, limits of detection were 0.001-0.015 ng/mL depending on the antibody, and the dynamic range (based on 80-90% antigenic site occupancy) extended to 0.2-2 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Lord
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Brenn-Struckhofova Z, Cichna-Markl M, Böhm C, Razzazi-Fazeli E. Selective Sample Cleanup by Reusable Sol−Gel Immunoaffinity Columns for Determination of Deoxynivalenol in Food and Feed Samples. Anal Chem 2006; 79:710-7. [PMID: 17222041 DOI: 10.1021/ac061672w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes the development of a simple and highly selective method for the determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in food and feed samples. It combines sample cleanup with sol-gel immunoaffinity columns containing monoclonal anti-DON antibodies and quantification of DON by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The sol-gel immunoaffinity columns are as selective as commercial DON immunoaffinity columns but superior with regard to production costs, storage stability, and reusability. In applying the method for the analysis of maize, wheat, and spaghetti samples, it offers detection limits (LOD, S/N = 3) of 240, 200, and 207 ng/g, and recoveries of 83, 99, and 97%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Brenn-Struckhofova
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Luan TG, Yu KSH, Zhong Y, Zhou HW, Lan CY, Tam NFY. Study of metabolites from the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:2289-96. [PMID: 16806399 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 04/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The PAH metabolites produced during degradation of fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene by a bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediments were analyzed using the on-fiber silylation solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combining with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Seventeen metabolites at trace levels were identified in different PAH degradation cultures based on the full scan mass spectra. In fluorene degradation cultures, 1-, 2-, 3- and 9-hydroxyfluorene, fluorenone, and phthalic acid were detected. In phenanthrene and pyrene degradation cultures, various common metabolites such as phenanthrene and pyrene dihydrodiols, mono-hydroxy phenanthrene, dihydroxy pyrene, lactone and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, methyl ester, and phthalic acid were found. The detection of various common and novel metabolites demonstrates that SPME combining with GC-MS is a quick and convenient method for identification as well as monitoring the real time changes of metabolite concentrations throughout the degradation processes. The knowledge of PAH metabolic pathways and kinetics within indigenous bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediments contributes to enhance the bioremediation efficiency of PAH in real environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xiangangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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Cichna-Markl M. Selective sample preparation with bioaffinity columns prepared by the sol–gel method. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1124:167-80. [PMID: 16842802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bioaffinity materials prepared by entrapping highly selective bioligands in the pores of a sol-gel glass offer unique advantages for the clean-up of complex sample matrices. The inclusion of sol-gel bioaffinity columns frequently allows the efficient elimination of interfering matrix components and enrichment of analytes in a simple step. After introducing the basic principles the paper reviews the methods for the production of protein-doped sol-gel materials and discusses the characteristics of sol-gel affinity columns by comparing their stability, selectivity, binding capacity and reusability. The potential of sample clean-up with sol-gel affinity columns is demonstrated giving applications in environmental, food and clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Cichna-Markl
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Tsagkogeorgas F, Ochsenkühn-Petropoulou M, Niessner R, Knopp D. Encapsulation of biomolecules for bioanalytical purposes: Preparation of diclofenac antibody-doped nanometer-sized silica particles by reverse micelle and sol–gel processing. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 573-574:133-7. [PMID: 17723516 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the sol-gel technique has attracted increasing interest as a unique approach to immobilize biomolecules for bioanalytical applications as well as biochemical and biophysical studies. For this purpose, crushed biomolecule-doped sol-gel glass monoliths have been widely used. In the present work, for the first time, the encapsulation of anti-diclofenac antibodies in silica nanoparticles was carried out by a combination of reverse micelle and sol-gel technique. Cyclohexane was used for the preparation of the microemulsion as organic solvent, while surfactant Igepal CO-520 was found to be the optimal stabilizer. The antibody source was a purified IgG fraction originating from a polyclonal rabbit antiserum. Tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) was used as precursor. Rather uniform, monodispersed and spherical silica particles of about 70nm diameter size were fabricated, as was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (SEM/EDX). The biological activity of the encapsulated antibodies was evaluated by incubation of the nanoparticles with a diclofenac standard solution and analysis of the filtrate and followed washing solutions by a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using non-doped particles as blanks. While only about 6% of the added diclofenac was nonspecifically retained by the blank, the corresponding amount of about 66% was much higher with the antibody-doped particles. An obvious advantage of this approach is the general applicability of the developed technique for a mild immobilization of different antibody species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Tsagkogeorgas
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou 9, 157 73 Athens, Greece
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Determination of bisphenol A in canned fish by sol–gel immunoaffinity chromatography, HPLC and fluorescence detection. Eur Food Res Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-006-0350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nichkova M, Marco MP. Biomonitoring human exposure to organohalogenated substances by measuring urinary chlorophenols using a high-throughput screening (HTS) immunochemical method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:2469-77. [PMID: 16646491 DOI: 10.1021/es0518629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The widespread contamination of the environment by persistent organochlorinated substances is well-known. High-throughput immunochemical methods may improve routine assessment of the exposure of the population to these chemicals by analyzing urinary biomarkers. Trichlorophenols (TCP) have often been considered as biomarkers of many organochlorinated compounds. With the aim to assess exposure of the population to these substances a high-throughput immunosorbent solid-phase extraction (HTS-IS-SPE) procedure coupled to ELISA for simultaneous analyses of 2,4,6-TCP immunoreactivity equivalents (2,4,6-TCP-IR equiv) in multiple hydrolyzed urine samples has been developed. Around 100 urine samples can be processed simultaneously with an inter- and intraassay precision lower than 23% CV and a limit of detection of 0.3 microg L(-1). The analyses by HTS-IS-SPE-ELISA and HTS-IS-SPE-GC/MS of urine samples (N = 117) collected from three different population groups point to a broad exposure of the Catalonian population to organohalogenated substances including the recently emerging organobrominated pollutants. Environment and edible products seem to be the most likely sources of exposure, since excretion of 2,4,6-TCP-IR equiv has been found to be independent from the occupational sector. An excellent correlation was observed between the 2,4,6-TCP-IR equiv determined by HTS-IS-SPE-ELISA and the concentrations measured by HTS-IS-SPE-GC/MS (R2 = 0.912). The results show that immunochemical screening methods, based on the quantification of urinary biomarkers, can be excellent tools for exposure assessment. The HTS-IS-SPE-ELISA presented here has proved to be efficient, precise, accurate, rapid, and specific, which opens up the possibility for a broad variety of applications where routine testing of large number of samples is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Nichkova
- Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), Department of BiologicalOrganic Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Jorge Girona, 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain
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Ding J, Li J, Chen J, Chen H, Ouyang W, Zhang R, Xue C, Zhang D, Amin S, Desai D, Huang C. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on vascular endothelial growth factor induction through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AP-1-dependent, HIF-1alpha-independent pathway. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:9093-100. [PMID: 16461351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510537200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and its derivatives is associated with an increased risk of skin cancers, and the carcinogenic effect of PAHs is thought to involve both tumor initiation and promotion. Whereas PAH tumor initiation is well characterized, the mechanisms involved in the tumor promotion of PAHs remain elusive. In the present study, we investigated the effects of PAHs on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by comparison of its induction between the active metabolite and its parent compound (B[a]PDE versus B[a]P) or between active compound and its relatively inactive analog (5-MCDE versus CDE). We found that exposure of cells to (+/-)-anti-benzo-[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (B[a]PDE) or (+/-)-anti-5-methylchrysene-1,2-diol-3,4-epoxide (5-MCDE) led to marked induction of VEGF in Cl41 cells, whereas benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) or chrysene-1,2-diol-3,4-epoxide (CDE) did not exhibit significant inductive effects. Exposure of cells to B[a]PDE and 5-MCDE did not induce HIF-1alpha activation, whereas AP-1 was significantly activated. Moreover, overexpression of TAM67 (a dominant-negative mutant c-Jun) dramatically blocked that VEGF induction. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that AP-1 was only able to specifically recognize and bind to its AP-1 potential binding site within -1136 and -1115 of the VEGF promoter region. Site-directed mutation of this AP-1 binding site eliminated the VEGF transcriptional activity induced by B[a]PDE, suggesting that the AP-1 binding site between -1136 and -1115 in the VEGF promoter region is critical for VEGF induction by B[a]PDE. In addition, overexpression of Deltap85 (a dominant-negative mutant PI-3K) impaired B[a]PDE- and 5-MCDE-induced VEGF induction. Considering our previous findings that PI-3K is an upstream mediator for c-Jun/AP-1 activation, we conclude that the VEGF induction by B[a]PDE and 5-MCDE is through PI-3K/AP-1-dependent and HIF-1alpha-independent pathways. These findings may help us to understand the mechanisms involved in PAH carcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ding
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA
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25
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Zhang X, Martens D, Krämer PM, Kettrup AA, Liang X. Development and application of a sol–gel immunosorbent-based method for the determination of isoproturon in surface water. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1102:84-90. [PMID: 16300773 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An immunosorbent was fabricated by encapsulation of monoclonal anti-isoproturon antibodies in sol-gel matrix. The immunosorbent-based loading, rinsing and eluting processes were optimized. Based on these optimizations, the sol-gel immunosorbent (SG-IS) selectively extracted isoproturon from an artificial mixture of 68 pesticides. In addition to this high selectivity, the SG-IS proved to be reusable. The SG-IS was combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) to determine isoproturon in surface water, and the linear range was up to 2.2 microg/l with correlation coefficient higher than 0.99 and relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 5% (n=8). The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for 25-ml surface water sample was 5 ng/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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26
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Braunrath R, Podlipna D, Padlesak S, Cichna-Markl M. Determination of bisphenol A in canned foods by immunoaffinity chromatography, HPLC, and fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:8911-7. [PMID: 16277382 DOI: 10.1021/jf051525j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations were determined in canned beverages, fruits, vegetables, and fat-containing foodstuffs bought in Austrian supermarkets. The analysis method consisted of sol-gel immunoaffinity chromatography followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. With one exception traces of BPA were detected in all samples. BPA recovery strongly depended on the food matrix, ranging from 27% in goulash to 103% in a lemon soft drink. The results obtained allow a more realistic picture of the BPA exposure caused by cans with an epoxy resin protective coating because--in contrast to several previous studies--only those fractions of the can contents that are actually consumed were analyzed. BPA concentrations ranging from 0.1 ng/mL (lemon soft drink) to 38 ng/g (ready-to eat soup from Thailand) were significantly lower than the European Union migration limit of 0.6 mg of BPA/kg of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Braunrath
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Vera-Avila LE, Vázquez-Lira JC, García de Llasera M, Covarrubias R. Sol-gel immunosorbents doped with polyclonal antibodies for the selective extraction of malathion and triazines from aqueous samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:5421-6. [PMID: 16082975 DOI: 10.1021/es048000c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sol-gel immunosorbents (IS) prepared by encapsulation of polyclonal antibodies in silica were packed in cartridges and evaluated for selective immunoaffinity extraction (IAE) of malathion and triazines from aqueous samples. Encapsulated atrazine antibodies highly cross-reacted with simazine and propazine but did not recognize prometon and prometryn. No cross-reactivity of malathion antibodies was observed with the closely related metabolites oxomalathion and isomalathion. Mean IS binding capacities per milligram of entrapped antibody were 0.33 nmol of malathion and 0.47 nmol of atrazine (approximately 100 ng each). This capacity remained constant for at least 10 weeks, and the cartridge reusability was excellent (>60 IAE runs); also, high preconcentration factors were feasible because the breakthrough of analytes from IS cartridges did not occur up to the 250 mL sample volumes, provided that the capacity was not surpassed. Simple and rapid methods for determination of malathion or three triazines in surface water were developed using off-line IAE and HPLC-UV. The application to 50 mL dam water samples spiked at approximately 1 ng/mL of pesticides resulted in recoveries of approximately 90% and RSD < 5% (n=7). LODs for this sample volume (direct injection of IS eluates) were in the range of 0.15-0.50 ng/mL. Lower LODs (0.03-0.1 ng/mL) were achieved by online analysis of whole eluates previously loaded in RP precolumns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz E Vera-Avila
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, DF, México.
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Nichkova M, Marco MP. Development and evaluation of C18 and immunosorbent solid-phase extraction methods prior immunochemical analysis of chlorophenols in human urine. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chen J, Yan Y, Li J, Ma Q, Stoner GD, Ye J, Huang C. Differential requirement of signal pathways for benzo[ a ]pyrene (B[ a ]P)-induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in rat esophageal epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1035-43. [PMID: 15718251 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been reported in several human cancers, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogen found in tobacco smoke and in the environment, induces cancer in multiple organ sites in animals and may be a causative agent for certain human cancers, such as esophageal cancer. In the present study, the effects of B[a]P on the induction of iNOS and the signaling pathways that lead to the induction were investigated in cultured rat esophageal epithelial (RE-149) cells. Treatment of RE-149 cells with B[a]P led to a marked increase in the expression of iNOS. The induction of iNOS by B[a]P was found to occur through an extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs)-dependent pathway, since inhibition of ERKs by either pretreatment of RE-149 cells with PD98059, an inhibitor of ERKs upstream kinase MEK1/2, or overexpression of DN-ERK2, blocked the induction of iNOS by B[a]P. Furthermore, impairing nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) activation by either NEMO-BDBP, an NFkappaB specific inhibitor, or overexpression of DN-IkappaBalpha or IKK-KM markedly inhibited the expression of B[a]P-induced iNOS, suggesting that the NFkappaB pathway is also required for the induction of iNOS by B[a]P. In addition, treatment of RE-149 cells with either SB202190, a p38 kinase inhibitor, or c-JunN-terminal kinase inhibitor II, resulted in an increased induction of iNOS. Pretreatment of RE-149 cells with wortmannin, a PI-3K inhibitor, or with rapamycin, an mTOR/p70S6K pathway inhibitor, had no effect on the expression of iNOS. These results suggest that B[a]P initiates the signaling pathways leading to the induction of iNOS in cultured rat esophageal epithelial cells. In view of the potential role of iNOS in the development of esophageal SCC in humans, we speculate that the induction of iNOS by B[a]P may be one mechanism by which B[a]P could produce carcinogenic effects in the human esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Chen
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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31
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Matschulat D, Deng A, Niessner R, Knopp D. Development of a highly sensitive monoclonal antibody based ELISA for detection of benzo[a]pyrene in potable water. Analyst 2005; 130:1078-86. [PMID: 15965533 DOI: 10.1039/b503636d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In Europe, a limit value of 10 ng L(-1) was set by the European Commission for benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in water intended for human consumption (Council Directive 98/83/EC) and, therefore, sensitive and reliable methods are needed to evaluate its presence. We report here on the development of a highly sensitive indirect competitive ELISA for the detection of B[a]P in potable water. Fourteen monoclonal antibodies were generated in mice using novel B[a]P derivatives. The immunoassay with the least interference and the best sensitivity was optimized and characterized. As co-solvent, ten percent methanol (v/v) was determined as the optimum concentration for B[a]P solubilization for use with the developed ELISA. With the purified antibody (clone 22F12) the average IC50 for B[a]P and corresponding detection limit at a signal:noise (S/N) ratio of 3 was 65 ng L(-1) and 24 ng L(-1), respectively. From the 16 EPA-designated PAHs, only chrysene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene showed a cross-reactivity (CR) higher than 20%. No CR was observed for two- and three-ringed aromatics as well as dibenz[ah]anthracene and benzo[ghi]perylene. The effect of pH value (range 6.5-9.5), ionic strength (specific electric conductivity 1 microS cm(-1)-2.5 mS cm(-1)), and inorganic ions (sodium, copper, iron, aluminium, manganese, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and nitrite at maximum permissible levels according to the Council Directive) on both signal and sensitivity of the ELISA was studied. No significant influence of these parameters on the ELISA competition curve was found. We suggest that the optimized ELISA can be used to monitor potable water samples without previous extraction from the samples. The assay should facilitate the cleanup of B[a]P contaminated sites where B[a]P levels fall close to the limit value of the new drinking water directive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Matschulat
- Institute of Hydrochemistry and Chemical Balneology, Technical University Munich, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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32
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Braunrath R, Cichna M. Sample preparation including sol–gel immunoaffinity chromatography for determination of bisphenol A in canned beverages, fruits and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1062:189-98. [PMID: 15679156 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes the development of a very simple method to prepare samples of canned food (beverages, fruits and vegetables) for the determination of bisphenol A by isocratic HPLC with fluorescence detection. The new sample preparation method makes use of the selectivity of bisphenol A antibodies immobilized in a silica matrix by an inexpensive and simple sol-gel technique. In spite of applying highly complex food matrices, immunoaffinity columns could be used for clean-up of at least 15 real samples. Limits of detection (S/N=3) ranged from 0.1 ng/ml for beverages to 4.3 ng/g for vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Braunrath
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
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Lopes AL, Augusto F. Preparation and characterization of polydimethylsiloxane/poly(vinylalcohol) coated solid phase microextraction fibers using sol–gel technology. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1056:13-9. [PMID: 15595527 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of a composite composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PDMS/PVA) as coating sorbent for SPME fibers is demonstrated here. Fused silica (FS) fibers were coated with PDMS/PVA composite through a sol-gel process, using methyltrimethoxysilane as reticulating agent. The chemical and physical properties of the sol-gel PDMS/PVA composite were determined by infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Electron scanning microscopy of the prepared fibers, showed that the coating obtained was highly microporous, having a thickness of approximately 5 microm. The fibers were tested for the headspace extraction of several organic compounds (o-xylene, naphthalene, ethyl caprate, p-chlorotoluene and PCB) prior to gas chromatographic analysis. The extractive capacity of the PDMS/PVA coating was found to be superior to that of pure conventional PDMS fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Leite Lopes
- Institute of Chemistry, Campinas State University (Unicamp), CP 6154-13084-971 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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34
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Use of cotton as a sorbent for on-line precolumn enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters prior to liquid chromatography determination. Microchem J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Hodgson RJ, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Tleugabulova D, Long H, Zhao X, Organ M, Brook MA, Brennan JD. Protein-Doped Monolithic Silica Columns for Capillary Liquid Chromatography Prepared by the Sol−Gel Method: Applications to Frontal Affinity Chromatography. Anal Chem 2004; 76:2780-90. [PMID: 15144188 DOI: 10.1021/ac0352124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of bioaffinity chromatography columns that are based on the entrapment of biomolecules within the pores of sol-gel-derived monolithic silica is reported. Monolithic nanoflow columns are formed by mixing the protein-compatible silica precursor diglycerylsilane with a buffered aqueous solution containing poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO, MW 10,000) and the protein of interest and then loading this mixture into a fused-silica capillary (150-250-microm i.d.). Spinodal decomposition of the PEO-doped sol into two distinct phases prior to the gelation of the silica results in a bimodal pore distribution that produces large macropores (>0.1 microm), to allow good flow of eluent with minimal back pressure, and mesopores (approximately 3-5-nm diameter) that retain a significant fraction of the entrapped protein. Addition of low levels of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane is shown to minimize nonselective interactions of analytes with the column material, resulting in a column that is able to retain small molecules by virtue of their interaction with the entrapped biomolecules. Such columns are shown to be suitable for pressure-driven liquid chromatography and can be operated at relatively high flow rates (up to 500 microL x min(-1)) or with low back pressures (<100 psi) when used at flow rates of 5-10 microL x min(-1). The clinically relevant enzyme dihydrofolate reductase was entrapped within the bioaffinity columns and was used to screen mixtures of small molecules using frontal affinity chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Inhibitors present in compound mixtures were retained via bioaffinity interactions, with the retention time being dependent on both the ligand concentration and the affinity of the ligand for the protein. The results suggest that such columns may find use in high-throughput screening of compound mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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36
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Delaunay-Bertoncini N, Hennion MC. Immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction for pharmaceutical and biomedical trace-analysis—coupling with HPLC and CE—perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 34:717-36. [PMID: 15019051 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique is based upon a molecular recognition mechanism. The high affinity and the high selectivity of the antigen-antibody interactions allow the specific extraction and the concentration of the analytes of interest in one step. In pharmaceutical and biological fields, where most often matrices are complex and analytes at trace-levels, this approach constitutes a unique tool for fast and solvent-free sample preparation. This review presents a general description of this extraction technique and gives numerous examples of its applications in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. It emphasizes the on-line coupling with chromatographic and electrophoretic separation techniques and introduces new developments. The future directions, especially with regards to the current development of analytical microsystems, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Delaunay-Bertoncini
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, CPE, Université Lyon I, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France.
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Xu X, Zhang J, Zhang L, Liu W, Weisel CP. Selective detection of monohydroxy metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:2299-2308. [PMID: 15384151 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitously present in the environment and associated with a variety of adverse health effects. Monohydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs), metabolites of PAHs, have been employed as biomarkers for human exposure assessment of PAHs. This manuscript describes new, selective detection methods for OH-PAHs using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Electrospray ionization was operated in the negative ion mode to detect the deprotonated PAH metabolites ([M-H](-)). Hydroxylated metabolites of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[c]phenanthrene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene were selected for the method development. Based on the collision-induced dissociation MS/MS spectra of the selected OH-PAHs, a characteristic ion fragmentation, loss of 28 Da from the [M--H](-) ion, was identified for all of these OH-PAHs. This characteristic fragmentation was exploited for selective screening for OH-PAHs in human urine by incorporating a constant neutral loss (CNL) scan with data-dependent scanning, using a triple quadruple mass spectrometer. Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) was also used to tentatively identify isomers of the target OH-PAHs in human urine. The excellent linearity (3-4 orders of magnitude) and signal-to-noise performance provided by the SRM method allowed development of a sensitive LC/MS/MS method for measuring OH-PAHs in urine samples. The limits of detection of the SRM method ranged from approximately 0.1-5 pg on column for a suite of OH-PAHs tested in the study. The LC-SRM method was applied, following enzymatic deconjugation and solid-phase extraction of the urine, to preliminarily determine the OH-PAH concentrations in urine specimens from six Chinese non-occupationally exposed workers and seven Chinese coke oven workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xu
- Environmental Biomarker Shared Resource, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ), Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Zhu QZ, Degelmann P, Niessner R, Knopp D. Selective trace analysis of sulfonylurea herbicides in water and soil samples based on solid-phase extraction using a molecularly imprinted polymer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:5411-5420. [PMID: 12521169 DOI: 10.1021/es0207908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized using the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl (MSM) as a template, 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid as a functional monomer, divinylbenzene as a cross-linker, and dichloromethane as a porogen. This polymer was used as a solid-phase extraction material for the quantitative enrichment of five sulfonylureas (nicosulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, sulfometuron-methyl, and chlorsulfuron) in natural water and soil samples and off-line coupled to a reversed-phase HPLC/diode array detection (HPLC/DAD). Washing solvent was optimized in terms of kind and volume for removing the matrix constituents nonspecifically adsorbed on the MIP. It has been shown that the nonspecific binding ability of the sulfonylureas to the polymer largely increased along with increasing the concentration of Ca2+ ions in the water sample, whereas complexation of divalent ions with EDTA eliminated this interference completely. The stability of MIP was tested by consecutive percolation of water sample, and it was shown that the performance of the MIP did not vary even after 200 enrichment and desorption cycles. Recoveries of the five sulfonylureas extracted from 1 L of tap water and surface water samples such as river water and rainwater at a 50 ng/L spike level were not lower than 96%. The recoveries of sulfonylureas extracted from 10-g soil sample at the 50 microg/kg level were in the range of 71-139%. Depending on the particular compound, the limit of detection varied from 2 to 14 ng/L in water and from 5 to 12 microg/kg in soil samples. The MIP was also compared with a commercially available C-18 column and an immunoaffinity support with encapsulated polyclonal anti-MSM antibodies in sol-gel glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Zhi Zhu
- Institute of Hydrochemistry and Chemical Balneology, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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39
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Stalikas C, Knopp D, Niessner R. Sol-gel glass immunosorbent-based determination of s-triazines in water and soil samples using gas chromatography with a nitrogen phosphorus detection system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:3372-3377. [PMID: 12188367 DOI: 10.1021/es020542b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient method for the selective extraction of s-triazine herbicides in environmental samples was developed using an immunosorbent of monoclonal antiatrazine antibodies, which were encapsulated in a sol-gel glass matrix. The cross-reactivity of the antibody for analytes structurally related with atrazine enabled the simultaneous extraction of several s-triazine herbicides (atrazine, propazine, terbuthylazine, cyanazine, desethyl atrazine). After trace enrichment on the immunoextraction column, the s-triazines were desorbed by means of an acidic buffer (pH 2.5) and further extracted with ethyl acetate before being injected into the GC. Compared to liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction with a hydrophobic SDB-L support, the GC-NPD chromatograms obtained after immunoaffinity enrichment of surface water (river water) samples or soil extracts and analysis were free from matrix interferences. Nonspecific adsorption of humic acids was not observed. The method allows for the determination of the herbicides in linear ranges up to 1.5 microg/L with correlation coefficients higherthan 0.99 and relative standard deviations between 4% and 7% (n = 5). The LODs for 50-mL water samples were in the range 0.02 microg/L (atrazine, propazine) to 0.1 microg/L (desethyl atrazine) (S/N = 3). In addition to its high selectivity, the immunosorbent proved to be reusable for a significant number of preconcentration runs. However, the composition of samples may influence the lifetime of the column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Stalikas
- Institute of Hydrochemistry and Chemical Balneology, Technical University Munich, München, Germany
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Jin W, Brennan JD. Properties and applications of proteins encapsulated within sol–gel derived materials. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chapter 32 New polymeric extraction materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(02)80069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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