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Weller MG. Ten Basic Rules of Antibody Validation. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2018; 13:1177390118757462. [PMID: 29467569 PMCID: PMC5813849 DOI: 10.1177/1177390118757462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The quality of research antibodies is an issue for decades. Although several papers have been published to improve the situation, their impact seems to be limited. This publication makes the effort to simplify the description of validation criteria in a way that the occasional antibody user is able to assess the validation level of an immunochemical reagent. A simple, 1-page checklist is supplied for the practical application of these criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Weller
- Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
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Demey H, Tria SA, Soleri R, Guiseppi-Elie A, Bazin I. Sorption of his-tagged Protein G and Protein G onto chitosan/divalent metal ion sorbent used for detection of microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15-24. [PMID: 26667644 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive, specific, simple, and rapid chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) was developed for the determination of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) by using strategies for oriented immobilization of functionally intact polyclonal antibodies on chitosan surface. Several physicochemical parameters such as metal ion adsorption, hexahistidine-tagged Protein G sorption, the dilution ratio polyclonal antibody concentration, and peroxidase-labeled MC-LR concentration were studied and optimized. The sorption in batch system of G-histidine and G-proteins was studied on a novel sorbent consisting of chitosan/divalent metal ions. Transition metals as Ni++ and Zn++ were immobilized through interaction with -NH2 groups of chitosan in order to supply a material capable to efficiently remove the proteins from aqueous solutions. The maximum uptake of divalent metals onto the chitosan material was found to be 230 mg g-1 for Zn++ and 62 mg g-1 for Ni++. Experimental data were evaluated using the Langmuir and Freundlich models; the results were well fitted with the Langmuir model; chitosan/Ni++ foam was found to be the best sorbent for G-protein, maximum sorption capacity obtained was 17 mg g-1, and chitosan/Zn++ was found to be the best for G-histidine with a maximum sorption capacity of 44 mg g-1. Kinetic data was evaluated with pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order models; the sorption kinetics were in all cases better represented by a pseudo-second-order model. Under optimum conditions, the calibration curve obtained for MC-LR gave detection limits of 0.5 ± 0.06 μg L-1, the 50 % inhibition concentration (IC50) was 2.75 ± 0.03 μg L-1, and the quantitative detection range was 0.5-25 μg L-1. The limit of detection (LOD) attained from the calibration curves and the results obtained demonstrate the potential use of CLEIA with chitosan support as a screening tool for the analysis of pollutants in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hary Demey
- École des Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès CEDEX, France
| | - Scherrine A Tria
- École des Mines d'Alès, Laboratoire de Génie de L'Environnement Industriel, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès CEDEX, France
| | - Romain Soleri
- École des Mines d'Alès, Laboratoire de Génie de L'Environnement Industriel, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès CEDEX, France
| | - Anthony Guiseppi-Elie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 ETB, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ingrid Bazin
- École des Mines d'Alès, Laboratoire de Génie de L'Environnement Industriel, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès CEDEX, France.
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Weller MG. Quality Issues of Research Antibodies. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2016; 11:21-7. [PMID: 27013861 PMCID: PMC4803150 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s31614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
According to several recent studies, an unexpectedly high number of landmark papers seem to be not reproducible by independent laboratories. Nontherapeutic antibodies used for research, diagnostic, food analytical, environmental, and other purposes play a significant role in this matter. Although some papers have been published offering suggestions to improve the situation, they do not seem to be comprehensive enough to cover the full complexity of this issue. In addition, no obvious improvements could be noticed in the field as yet. This article tries to consolidate the remarkable variety of conclusions and suggested activities into a more coherent conception. It is concluded that funding agencies and journal publishers need to take first and immediate measures to resolve these problems and lead the way to a more sustainable way of bioanalytical research, on which all can rely with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Weller
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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A non-enzymatic electrochemical immunosensor for microcystin-LR rapid detection based on Ag@MSN nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pan SD, Chen XH, Li XP, Cai MQ, Shen HY, Zhao YG, Jin MC. Double-sided magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer modified graphene oxide for highly efficient enrichment and fast detection of trace-level microcystins from large-volume water samples combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1422:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Deoxynivalenol-mimic nanobody isolated from a naïve phage display nanobody library and its application in immunoassay. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 887:201-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Yu H, Clark KD, Anderson JL. Rapid and sensitive analysis of microcystins using ionic liquid-based in situ dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pyo D, Yim M. Comparison of strip analysis and HPLC analysis for the quantitative analysis of cyanobacterial toxin. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2015.28.3.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Liu L, Xing C, Yan H, Kuang H, Xu C. Development of an ELISA and immunochromatographic strip for highly sensitive detection of microcystin-LR. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:14672-85. [PMID: 25120158 PMCID: PMC4179011 DOI: 10.3390/s140814672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody for microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) was produced by cell fusion. The immunogen was synthesized in two steps. First, ovalbumin/ bovine serum albumin was conjugated with 6-acetylthiohexanoic acid using a carbodiimide EDC (1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride)/ NHS (N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide) reaction. After dialysis, the protein was reacted with MC-LR based on a free radical reaction under basic solution conditions. The protein conjugate was used for immunization based on low volume. The antibodies were identified by indirect competitive (ic)ELISA and were subjected to tap water and lake water analysis. The concentration causing 50% inhibition of binding of MC-LR (IC50) by the competitive indirect ELISA was 0.27 ng/mL. Cross-reactivity to the MC-RR, MC-YR and MC-WR was good. The tap water and lake water matrices had no effect on the detection limit. The analytical recovery of MC-LR in the water samples in the icELISA was 94%-110%. Based on this antibody, an immunochromatographic biosensor was developed with a cut-off value of 1 ng/mL, which could satisfy the requirement of the World Health Organization for MC-LR detection in drinking water. This biosensor could be therefore be used as a fast screening tool in the field detection of MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Liu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, JiangSu 214122, China.
| | - Changrui Xing
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, JiangSu 214122, China.
| | - Huijuan Yan
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, JiangSu 214122, China.
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, JiangSu 214122, China.
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, JiangSu 214122, China.
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Immunoassays and biosensors for the detection of cyanobacterial toxins in water. SENSORS 2013; 13:15085-112. [PMID: 24196435 PMCID: PMC3871135 DOI: 10.3390/s131115085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Algal blooms are a frequent phenomenon in nearly all kinds of fresh water. Global warming and eutrophication by waste water, air pollution and fertilizers seem to lead to an increased frequency of occurrence. Many cyanobacteria produce hazardous and quite persistent toxins, which can contaminate the respective water bodies. This may limit the use of the raw water for many purposes. The purification of the contaminated water might be quite costly, which makes a continuous and large scale treatment economically unfeasible in many cases. Due to the obvious risks of algal toxins, an online or mobile detection method would be highly desirable. Several biosensor systems have been presented in the literature for this purpose. In this review, their mode of operation, performance and general suitability for the intended purpose will be described and critically discussed. Finally, an outlook on current developments and future prospects will be given.
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Srivastava A, Singh S, Ahn CY, Oh HM, Asthana RK. Monitoring approaches for a toxic cyanobacterial bloom. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8999-9013. [PMID: 23865979 DOI: 10.1021/es401245k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms, dominated by Microcystis sp. and associated microcystin variants, have been implicated in illnesses of humans and animals. Little is known regarding the formation of blooms and the presence of cyanotoxin variants in water bodies. Furthermore, the role played by ecological parameters, in regulating Microcystis blooms is complicate and diverse. Local authorities responsible for water management are often faced with the challenging task of dealing with cyanobacterial blooms. Therefore, the development of suitable monitoring approaches to characterize cyanobacterial blooms is an important goal. Currently, various biological, biochemical and physicochemical methods/approaches are being used to monitor cyanobacterial blooms and detect microcystins in freshwater bodies. Because these methods can vary as to the information they provide, no single approach seemed to be sufficient to accurately monitor blooms. For example, immunosensors are more suited for monitoring the presence of toxins in clear water bodies while molecular methods are more suited to detect potentially toxic strains. Thus, monitoring approaches should be tailored for specific water bodies using methods based on economic feasibility, speed, sensitivity and field applicability. This review critically evaluates monitoring approaches that are applicable to cyanobacterial blooms, especially those that focus on the presence of Microcystis, in freshwater bodies. Further, they were characterized and ranked according to their cost, speed, sensitivity and selectivity. Suggested improvements were offered as well as future research endeavors to accommodate anticipated environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Srivastava
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi-221 005, India
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Shi Y, Wu J, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Wen Z, Dai H, Wang H, Li Z. A graphene oxide based biosensor for microcystins detection by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 38:31-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Weller MG. A unifying review of bioassay-guided fractionation, effect-directed analysis and related techniques. SENSORS 2012; 12:9181-209. [PMID: 23012539 PMCID: PMC3444097 DOI: 10.3390/s120709181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The success of modern methods in analytical chemistry sometimes obscures the problem that the ever increasing amount of analytical data does not necessarily give more insight of practical relevance. As alternative approaches, toxicity- and bioactivity-based assays can deliver valuable information about biological effects of complex materials in humans, other species or even ecosystems. However, the observed effects often cannot be clearly assigned to specific chemical compounds. In these cases, the establishment of an unambiguous cause-effect relationship is not possible. Effect-directed analysis tries to interconnect instrumental analytical techniques with a biological/biochemical entity, which identifies or isolates substances of biological relevance. Successful application has been demonstrated in many fields, either as proof-of-principle studies or even for complex samples. This review discusses the different approaches, advantages and limitations and finally shows some practical examples. The broad emergence of effect-directed analytical concepts might lead to a true paradigm shift in analytical chemistry, away from ever growing lists of chemical compounds. The connection of biological effects with the identification and quantification of molecular entities leads to relevant answers to many real life questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Weller
- Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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Bahlmann A, Falkenhagen J, Weller MG, Panne U, Schneider RJ. Cetirizine as pH-dependent cross-reactant in a carbamazepine-specific immunoassay. Analyst 2011; 136:1357-64. [PMID: 21331395 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00928h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was hyphenated with a previously reported carbamazepine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as a screening approach to water analysis in order to identify possible interferences from transformation products. Treated wastewater was analysed and three substances were recognized by the antibody besides carbamazepine: the metabolites 10,11-dihydro-10,11-epoxycarbamazepine and 2-hydroxycarbamazepine plus the structurally not obviously related antihistamine cetirizine. The molar cross-reactivity against cetirizine was found to be pH-dependent and assessed to be 400% at pH 4.5 and 22% at pH 10.5. Performing the ELISA at pH 10.5 greatly improved the accuracy when carbamazepine was determined in surface and wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Bahlmann
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Zhang J, Lei J, Xu C, Ding L, Ju H. Carbon Nanohorn Sensitized Electrochemical Immunosensor for Rapid Detection of Microcystin-LR. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1117-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902914r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Ministry of Education of China), Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Lei
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Ministry of Education of China), Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Ministry of Education of China), Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Lin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Ministry of Education of China), Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Ministry of Education of China), Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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Clavé G, Ronco C, Boutal H, Kreich N, Volland H, Franck X, Romieu A, Renard PY. Facile and rapid access to linear and truncated microcystin analogues for the implementation of immunoassays. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 8:676-90. [PMID: 20090987 DOI: 10.1039/b920193a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of simplified microcystin-LR analogues based on Adda [(2S,3S,8S,9S,4E,6E)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecadienoic acid] or its corresponding aldol precursor linked to a polypeptide moiety have been synthesised and assessed for their binding affinity by the monoclonal antibody mAb MC159, an anti-microcystin-LR mAb recently selected by us for the detection of microcystins through various immunoassay formats. Some modifications have been brought to the enantiospecific synthesis of N-Boc-Adda developed by Pearson et al. (Org. Lett., 2000, 2, 2901) which enabled us to access in an economical and time-saving manner a small library of MC-LR linear analogues. Among which Adda was chosen to synthesise, as an illustrative example, a fluorescent probe derived from this beta-amino acid. This probe was subsequently solid-phase immobilised by means of oxime ligation in order to lead to biochips suitable for microcystin detection through the SPIT-FRI method.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Clavé
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA-CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Schmidtkunz C, Bernd Stich H, Welsch T. Improving the Selectivity and Confidence in the HPLC Analysis of Microcystins in Lake Sediments. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902767999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schmidtkunz
- a Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry , Ulm University , Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans Bernd Stich
- b Institute for Lake Research–State Institute for Environment, Measurement and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg , Langenargen, Germany
| | - Thomas Welsch
- a Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry , Ulm University , Ulm, Germany
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Wu MY, Wang YS, Lin CC, Lin DL, Su LW, Huang MH, Liu RH. An empirical study on the selection of analytes and corresponding cutoffs for immunoassay and GC–MS in a two-step test strategy—buprenorphine example. Analyst 2009; 134:1848-56. [DOI: 10.1039/b902137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pyo D, Hahn JH. Determination of Trace Amount of Cyanobacterial Toxin in Water by Microchip Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2008; 30:97-105. [DOI: 10.1080/15321810802571887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lawton LA, Edwards C. Conventional laboratory methods for cyanotoxins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 619:513-37. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75865-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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A highly specific immunoassay for microcystin-LR detection based on a monoclonal antibody. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 603:111-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Diehnelt CW, Dugan NR, Peterman SM, Budde WL. Identification of microcystin toxins from a strain of Microcystis aeruginosa by liquid chromatography introduction into a hybrid linear ion trap-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Anal Chem 2007; 78:501-12. [PMID: 16408933 DOI: 10.1021/ac051556d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic heptapeptide microcystin toxins produced by a strain of Microcystis aeruginosa that has not been investigated previously were separated by liquid chromatography and identified by high-accuracy m/z measurements of their [M + H]+ ions and the fragment ions produced by collision-activated dissociation of the [M + H]+ ions. The cyanobacteria B2666 strain was cultured in a standard growth medium, and the toxins were released from the cells, extracted from the aqueous phase, and concentrated using standard procedures. The microcystins were separated by reversed-phase microbore liquid chromatography and introduced directly into a hybrid linear ion trap-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization. The known microcystins (MC) MC-LR, MC-LA, [MeSer7]MC-LR, MC-LL, MC-LF, and MC-L(Aba) were identified along with the two previously unreported structural variants [Asp3]MC-LA and [Asp3]MC-LL. In addition to the [M + H]+ ions, accurate m/z measurements were made of 12-18 product ions for each identified microcystin. The mean difference between measured and calculated exact m/z was less than 2 parts per million, which often allowed assignment of unique compositions to the observed ions. A mechanism is presented that accounts for an important collision-activated dissociation process that gives valuable sequence ions from microcystins that do not contain arginine. The analytical technique used in this work is capable of supporting fairly rapid and very reliable identifications of known microcystins when standards are not available and of most structural variants independent of additional information from other analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris W Diehnelt
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 26 West Martin L. King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA
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Allis O, Dauphard J, Hamilton B, Shuilleabhain AN, Lehane M, James KJ, Furey A. Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry Application, for the Determination of Extracellular Hepatotoxins in Irish Lake and Drinking Waters. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3436-47. [PMID: 17402708 DOI: 10.1021/ac062088q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the determination of hepatotoxins; microcystins (MCs), and nodularin (Nod) in lake water and domestic chlorinated tap water has been developed using liquid chromatography hyphenated with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Optimization of the mass spectrometer parameters and mobile-phase composition was performed to maximize the sensitivity and reproducibility of the method. Detection of the hepatotoxins was carried out using multiple reaction monitoring experiments, thus improving the selectivity of the method. A total ion chromatogram and a precursor ion scan on ion m/z 135 was also applied to all samples to detect unknown microcystins or microcystins for which there are no standards available. A comprehensive validation of the LC-ESI-MS/MS method was completed that took into account matrix effects, specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. Good linear calibrations were obtained for MC-LR (1-200 microg/L; R2=0.9994) in spiked lake and tap water samples (1-50 microg/L; R2=0.9974). Acceptable interday repeatability was achieved for MC-LR in lake water with RSD values (n=9) ranging from 9.9 (10 microg/L) to 5.1% (100 microg/L). Excellent limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) were achieved with spiked MCs and Nod samples; LOD=0.27 microg/L and LOQ=0.90 microg/L for MC-LR in the "normal linear range" and LOD=0.08 microg/L and LOQ=0.25 microg/L in the "low linear range" in both lake and chlorinated tap water. Similar results were obtained for a suite of microcystins and nodularin. This sensitive and rapid method does not require any sample preconcentration, including the elimination of solid-phase extraction (SPE) for the effective screening of hepatotoxins in water below the 1 microg/L WHO provisional guideline limit for MC-LR. Furthermore, SPE techniques are time-consuming, nonreproducible at trace levels, and offer poor recoveries with chlorinated water. The application of this LC-ESI-MS/MS method for routine screening of hepatotoxins in lake and chlorinated tap water (average Cl2=0.23 mg/L) is achieved and this study represents the first direct method for the screening of hepatotoxins in chlorinated tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Allis
- PROTEOBIO, Mass Spectrometry Centre for Proteomics and Biotoxin Research, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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Sheng JW, He M, Shi HC, Qian Y. A comprehensive immunoassay for the detection of microcystins in waters based on polyclonal antibodies. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 572:309-15. [PMID: 17723494 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are a group of closely related toxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by common cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), and microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) is among the most frequent and most toxic microcystin congeners. In this study, a free amino group was introduced to MC-LR at its seventh amino acid residue with 2-mercaptoethylamine, and the product aminoethyl-MC-LR was coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and horseradish peroxidise (HRP) by glutaraldehyde to be complete antigen (MC-LR-BSA) and labelled hapten (MC-LR-HRP), respectively. Polyclonal antibodies against MC-LR were generated by immunization with MC-LR-BSA. A direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dc-ELISA) was established to detect the MCs in waters, which showed a good cross-reactivity with MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LF, MC-LW and nodularin, and have a detection limit for MC-LR 0.12 microg L(-1), the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) for MC-LR was 0.63+/-0.06 microg L(-1) and the quantitative detection range was from 0.17 to 2.32 microg L(-1), the analysis result of water samples showed good recovery and reliability. So the comprehensive and reliable dc-ELISA will well potentially suit for sensitive analysis for total MCs in drinking as well as resource water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wu Sheng
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Key Joint Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Fabel S, Niessner R, Weller MG. Effect-directed analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with gas-segmented enzyme inhibition. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1099:103-10. [PMID: 16197955 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography system with UV-detector was equipped with an on-line acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay to achieve effect-directed analysis of potentially toxic samples. The enzyme activity was detected colorimetrically using Ellman's reagent. The inhibition and substrate conversion took place in glass capillaries at a 100 microL/min flow rate. Extra-column band spreading in the reaction coils reduces the sensitivity and separation power of biochemical detectors severely. Knitted reactors exhibited no reduction of longitudinal dispersion in the tested flow range. The implementation of air-segmentation allowed an extended inhibition and substrate conversion time without a significant loss of chromatographic resolution. The limit of detection of two model compounds carbofuran (carbamate) and paraoxon-ethyl (organophosphate) was determined to be 13 ng (injected mass) and 7.4 ng, respectively, applying an isocratic chromatography method. A mixture of five insecticides was separated by a gradient elution and the inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity could be detected with high resolution. The band width at half height of the enzyme inhibition detector signal after a reaction time of about 8 min or 4.2 m of capillary, respectively, increased only by a factor of 1.4 compared to the UV-detector signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Fabel
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 München, Germany
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26
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Pyo D, Lee J, Choi E. Trace analysis of microcystins in water using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Microchem J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2004.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Visser NFC, Lingeman H, Irth H. Sample preparation for peptides and proteins in biological matrices prior to liquid chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:535-58. [PMID: 15834556 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The determination of peptides and proteins in a biological matrix normally includes a sample-preparation step to obtain a sample that can be injected into a separation system in such a way that peptides and proteins of interest can be determined qualitatively and/or quantitatively. This can be a rather challenging, labourious and/or time-consuming process. The extract obtained after sample preparation is further separated using a compatible separation system. Liquid chromatography (LC) is the generally applied technique for this purpose, but capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is an alternative, providing fast, versatile and efficient separations. In this review, the recent developments in the combination of sample-preparation procedures with LC and CZE, for the determination of peptides and proteins, will be discussed. Emphasis will be on purification from and determination in complex biological matrices (plasma, cell lysates, etc.) of these compounds and little attention will be paid to the proteomics area. Additional focus will be put on sample-preparation conditions, which can be 'hard' or 'soft', and on selectivity issues. Selectivity issues will be addressed in combination with the used separation technique and a comparison between LC and CZE will be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F C Visser
- Faculty of Sciences, Division of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lindner P, Molz R, Yacoub-George E, Dürkop A, Wolf H. Development of a highly sensitive inhibition immunoassay for microcystin-LR. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
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Rapala J, Erkomaa K, Kukkonen J, Sivonen K, Lahti K. Detection of microcystins with protein phosphatase inhibition assay, high-performance liquid chromatography–UV detection and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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