1
|
Sakulthaew C, Chokejaroenrat C, Panya S, Songsasen A, Poomipuen K, Imman S, Suriyachai N, Kreetachat T, Comfort S. Developing a Slow-Release Permanganate Composite for Degrading Aquaculture Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1025. [PMID: 37370344 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Copious use of antibiotics in aquaculture farming systems has resulted in surface water contamination in some countries. Our objective was to develop a slow-release oxidant that could be used in situ to reduce antibiotic concentrations in discharges from aquaculture lagoons. We accomplished this by generating a slow-release permanganate (SR-MnO4-) that was composed of a biodegradable wax and a phosphate-based dispersing agent. Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and its synergistic antibiotics were used as representative surrogates. Kinetic experiments verified that the antibiotic-MnO4- reactions were first-order with respect to MnO4- and initial antibiotic concentration (second-order rates: 0.056-0.128 s-1 M-1). A series of batch experiments showed that solution pH, water matrices, and humic acids impacted SDM degradation efficiency. Degradation plateaus were observed in the presence of humic acids (>20 mgL-1), which caused greater MnO2 production. A mixture of KMnO4/beeswax/paraffin (SRB) at a ratio of 11.5:4:1 (w/w) was better for biodegradability and the continual release of MnO4-, but MnO2 formation altered release patterns. Adding tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP) into the composite resulted in delaying MnO2 aggregation and increased SDM removal efficiency to 90% due to the increased oxidative sites on the MnO2 particle surface. The MnO4- release data fit the Siepmann-Peppas model over the long term (t < 48 d) while a Higuchi model provided a better fit for shorter timeframes (t < 8 d). Our flow-through discharge tank system using SRB with TKPP continually reduced the SDM concentration in both DI water and lagoon wastewater. These results support SRB with TKPP as an effective composite for treating antibiotic residues in aquaculture discharge water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chainarong Sakulthaew
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chanat Chokejaroenrat
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sidaporn Panya
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Apisit Songsasen
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kitipong Poomipuen
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Saksit Imman
- Integrated Biorefinery Excellent Center (IBC), School of Energy and Environment, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Nopparat Suriyachai
- Integrated Biorefinery Excellent Center (IBC), School of Energy and Environment, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Torpong Kreetachat
- Integrated Biorefinery Excellent Center (IBC), School of Energy and Environment, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Steve Comfort
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
A New Approach to Atopic Dermatitis Control with Low-Concentration Propolis-Loaded Cold Cream. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091346. [PMID: 34575421 PMCID: PMC8466707 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is difficult to treat. Traditional cold cream, a water-in-oil emulsion made from beeswax, is used to alleviate AD symptoms in clinical practice, although its effectiveness has not been scientifically proven. The addition of propolis has the potential to impart anti-inflammatory properties to cold cream. However, in high concentrations, propolis can trigger allergic reactions. Thus, the objective of this work was to develop a cold cream formulation based on purified beeswax containing the same amount of green propolis present in raw beeswax. The impact of adding this low propolis concentration to cold cream on AD control was evaluated in patients compared to cold cream without added propolis (CBlank). Raw beeswax was chemically characterized to define the propolis concentration added to the propolis-loaded cold cream (CPropolis). The creams were characterized as to their physicochemical, mechanical, and rheological characteristics. The effect of CPropolis and CBlank on the quality of life, disease severity, and skin hydration of patients with AD was evaluated in a triple-blind randomized preclinical study. Concentrations of 34 to 120 ng/mL of green propolis extract reduced TNF-α levels in LPS-stimulated macrophage culture. The addition of propolis to cold cream did not change the cream’s rheological, mechanical, or bioadhesive properties. The preclinical study suggested that both creams improved the patient’s quality of life. Furthermore, the use of CPropolis decreased the disease severity compared to CBlank.
Collapse
|
3
|
La Nasa J, Nardella F, Andrei L, Giani M, Degano I, Colombini MP, Ribechini E. Profiling of high molecular weight esters by flow injection analysis-high resolution mass spectrometry for the characterization of raw and archaeological beeswax and resinous substances. Talanta 2020; 212:120800. [PMID: 32113562 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a method to characterize high molecular esters in beeswax and resinous substances based on the use of microwave-assisted extraction and flow injection analysis-high resolution mass spectrometry that combines the high efficiency of the extraction procedure with the advantages of high resolution mass spectrometry. This approach allows us to identify archaeological beeswax and plant resinous substances by the characterization of the survived intact high molecular weight components. By this way, several raw materials (beeswax, pine resin and pitch, and resin extracted from Euphorbia tirucalli) were studied and used as reference substances. The procedure was then tested on an adhesive dated 44-42 ka BP recovered from Border Cave (KwaZulu-Natal, Africa), allowing us to detect the high molecular weight species even after almost 50,000 years, and then used to chemically investigate unknown archaeological adhesives from Antinoopolis (Egypt), dated to the 4th-5th century AD. The results allowed us to extend our knowledge on the long-term behavior of beeswax and resinous substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federica Nardella
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Andrei
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Giani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cerrato EJ, Cosano D, Esquivel D, Otero R, Jimémez-Sanchidrián C, Ruiz JR. A multi-analytical study of a wall painting in the Satyr domus in Córdoba, Spain. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 232:118148. [PMID: 32086044 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we conducted a careful study of the mortar and paint in the Roman wall painting housed by the triclinium of the so-called Domus in the Road Safety Education Park of Córdoba, Spain. A combination of X-ray diffraction, Raman and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopies allowed the different substances used to obtain the pigments present in the painting to be identified. The painting was found to contain five different colours (red, yellow, blue, green and white) in various hues. The red pigment was obtained from hematite and the yellow pigment from goethite. The blue pigment, which was the least abundant, was prepared from Egyptian blue, and the green pigment from green earths. Finally, the white pigment came from lime. The binders used were identified by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. The painting fragments studied contained vestiges of bee wax or its decomposition products, which suggests that the paint was applied encaustically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio J Cerrato
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Daniel Cosano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Dolores Esquivel
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rocío Otero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - César Jimémez-Sanchidrián
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Rafael Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cockitt J, Lamb A, Metcalfe R. An ideal solution? Optimising pretreatment methods for artificially mummified ancient Egyptian tissues. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8686. [PMID: 31785028 PMCID: PMC7064939 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although the analysis of skeletal remains dominates the study of ancient dietary stable isotopes, mummified bodies also allow short-term diet to be studied through the analysis of soft tissues. The application of resins, waxes and oils during mummification can affect the results obtained. This study assesses a range of methods for removing such substances from mummified tissue. METHODS An experimental mummification model following ancient Egyptian methods was created using a modern pig leg. Sub-samples of skin, muscle and bone were removed and coated with a range of substances used in Egyptian mummification. Four methods were used to clean these samples before the measurement of the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of their gelatinised collagen content using a ThermoFinnigan Flash Elemental analyser coupled to a DeltaPlus XL isotope ratio mass spectrometer via a ConFlo III interface. RESULTS The results showed that embalming materials can significantly affect dietary stable isotope ratios, and that these substances are most effectively removed using a mixture of polar and non-polar solvents. Results indicate that bone samples demineralised with HCl and skin samples produce more accurate results than bone samples demineralised with EDTA or muscle samples. CONCLUSIONS The choice of tissue and the preparation methods used can have a significant effect on the accuracy of stable isotope data obtained from mummified tissue, particularly when embalming materials are also present. A mixture of solvents appears to be a more effective cleaning agent than a single solvent. Demineralisation with HCl is preferable for well-preserved bone, as used in this study, but whether this is the case for more fragile, less well-preserved bone requires further study. Skin samples produce more consistent data than muscle, but visually distinguishing between these tissues is not simple on ancient mummies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenefer Cockitt
- KNH Centre for Biomedical EgyptologyUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Angela Lamb
- National Environmental Isotope FacilityBritish Geological SurveyKeyworth, NottinghamNG12 5GGUK
| | - Ryan Metcalfe
- KNH Centre for Biomedical EgyptologyUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hafting of Middle Paleolithic tools in Latium (central Italy): New data from Fossellone and Sant'Agostino caves. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213473. [PMID: 31220106 PMCID: PMC6586293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hafting of stone tools was an important advance in the technology of the Paleolithic. Evidence of hafting in the Middle Paleolithic is growing and is not limited to points hafted on spears for thrusting or throwing. This article describes the identification of adhesive used for hafting on a variety of stone tools from two Middle Paleolithic caves in Latium, Fossellone Cave and Sant’Agostino Cave. Analysis of the organic residue by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry shows that a conifer resin adhesive was used, in one case mixed with beeswax. Contrary to previous suggestions that the small Middle Paleolithic tools of Latium could be used by hand and that hafting was not needed since it did not improve their functionality, our evidence shows that hafting was used by Neandertals in central Italy. Ethnographic evidence indicates that resin, which dries when exposed to air, is generally warmed by exposure to a small fire thus softened to be molded and pushed in position in the haft. The use of resin at both sites suggests regular fire use, as confirmed by moderate frequencies of burnt lithics in both assemblages. Lithic analysis shows that hafting was applied to a variety of artifacts, irrespective of type, size and technology. Prior to our study evidence of hafting in the Middle Paleolithic of Italy was limited to one case only.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Y, Zhao D, Meng Z, Dong Z, Lin Y, Chen S, Xia Q, Zhao P. Wild Silkworm Cocoon Contains More Metabolites Than Domestic Silkworm Cocoon to Improve Its Protection. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2017; 17:4560634. [PMID: 29117380 PMCID: PMC5717709 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The silk of silkworm consists of fibroin fiber coated by sericins. In addition, some nonprotein components were also identified in the sericin fraction. The presence of nonprotein components in the silk has not been well explained. In the present study, methods based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to identify the metabolites in the cocoon silk from a wild silkworm and two domestic silkworm strains. In total, 45 metabolites were in the cocoon silk, including organic acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and hydrocarbons. Comparative analyses revealed that 17 metabolites were significant more in the wild silkworm cocoon than in the domestic silkworm cocoon, including three organic acids, three fatty acids, three aldoses, four sugar alcohols, three hydrocarbons, and pyridine. Of them, citric acid in the wild silkworm cocoon is more than 40 times that in the domestic silkworm cocoon, which may have protective value against microbes. The carbohydrate, lipid, and the long-chain hydrocarbons may act as water repellent to make the pupa survive longer in the dry environment. Many metabolites in the cocoon silk may play roles to improve the silk resistance. Lots of nonprotein components were identified in the silk for the first time, providing useful data for understanding the biological function of the cocoon silk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, China
| | - Dongchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
| | - Zhu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, China
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Brazilian Green Propolis Encapsulated in a γ-Cyclodextrin Complex in Mice Fed a Western-Type Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061141. [PMID: 28587122 PMCID: PMC5485965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is often accompanied by chronic inflammation. A fat- and sugar-rich Western-type diet (WTD) may accelerate the ageing phenotype. Cell culture studies have indicated that artepillin C-containing Brazilian green propolis exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. However, little is known regarding its anti-inflammatory potential in mouse liver in vivo. In this study, female C57BL/6NRj wild-type mice were fed a WTD, a WTD supplemented with Brazilian green propolis supercritical extract (GPSE) encapsulated in γ-cyclodextrin (γCD) or a WTD plus γCD for 10 weeks. GPSE-γCD did not affect the food intake, body weight or body composition of the mice. However, mRNA levels of the tumour necrosis factor α were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05) in these mice compared to those in the WTD-fed controls. Furthermore, the gene expression levels of other pro-inflammatory markers, including serum amyloid P, were significantly (p < 0.001) decreased following GPSE-γCD treatment. GPSE-γCD significantly induced hepatic ferritin gene expression (p < 0.01), which may contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties. Conversely, GPSE-γCD did not affect the biomarkers of endogenous antioxidant defence, including catalase, glutathione peroxidase-4, paraoxonase-1, glutamate cysteine ligase and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). Overall, the present data suggest that dietary GPSE-γCD exhibits anti-inflammatory, but not antioxidant activity in mouse liver in vivo. Thus, GPSE-γCD has the potential to serve as a natural hepatoprotective bioactive compound for dietary-mediated strategies against chronic inflammation.
Collapse
|
9
|
McDonough K, Itrich N, Casteel K, Menzies J, Williams T, Krivos K, Price J. Assessing the biodegradability of microparticles disposed down the drain. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 175:452-458. [PMID: 28242460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles made from naturally occurring materials or biodegradable plastics such as poly(3-hydroxy butyrate)-co-(3-hydroxy valerate), PHBV, are being evaluated as alternatives to microplastics in personal care product applications but limited data is available on their ultimate biodegradability (mineralization) in down the drain environmental compartments. An OECD 301B Ready Biodegradation Test was used to quantify ultimate biodegradability of microparticles made of PHBV foam, jojoba wax, beeswax, rice bran wax, stearyl stearate, blueberry seeds and walnut shells. PHBV polymer was ready biodegradable reaching 65.4 ± 4.1% evolved CO2 in 5 d and 90.5 ± 3.1% evolved CO2 in 80 d. PHBV foam microparticles (125-500 μm) were mineralized extensively with >66% CO2 evolution in 28 d and >82% CO2 evolution in 80 d. PHBV foam microparticles were mineralized at a similar rate and extent as microparticles made of jojoba wax, beeswax, rice bran wax, and stearyl stearate which reached 84.8 ± 4.8, 84.9 ± 2.2, 82.7 ± 4.7, and 86.4 ± 3.2% CO2 evolution respectively in 80 d. Blueberry seeds and walnut shells mineralized more slowly only reaching 39.3 ± 6.9 and 5.1 ± 2.8% CO2 evolution in 80 d respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen McDonough
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
| | - Nina Itrich
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Kenneth Casteel
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Jennifer Menzies
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Tom Williams
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Kady Krivos
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Jason Price
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Manzano E, Cantarero S, García A, Adroher A, Vílchez J. A multi-analytical approach applied to the archaeological residues in Iberian glasses. Earliest evidences on the consumption of fermented beverages in votive rituals. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
11
|
Roffet-Salque M, Regert M, Evershed RP, Outram AK, Cramp LJE, Decavallas O, Dunne J, Gerbault P, Mileto S, Mirabaud S, Pääkkönen M, Smyth J, Šoberl L, Whelton HL, Alday-Ruiz A, Asplund H, Bartkowiak M, Bayer-Niemeier E, Belhouchet L, Bernardini F, Budja M, Cooney G, Cubas M, Danaher EM, Diniz M, Domboróczki L, Fabbri C, González-Urquijo JE, Guilaine J, Hachi S, Hartwell BN, Hofmann D, Hohle I, Ibáñez JJ, Karul N, Kherbouche F, Kiely J, Kotsakis K, Lueth F, Mallory JP, Manen C, Marciniak A, Maurice-Chabard B, Mc Gonigle MA, Mulazzani S, Özdoğan M, Perić OS, Perić SR, Petrasch J, Pétrequin AM, Pétrequin P, Poensgen U, Pollard CJ, Poplin F, Radi G, Stadler P, Stäuble H, Tasić N, Urem-Kotsou D, Vuković JB, Walsh F, Whittle A, Wolfram S, Zapata-Peña L, Zoughlami J. Widespread exploitation of the honeybee by early Neolithic farmers. Nature 2015; 527:226-30. [PMID: 26560301 DOI: 10.1038/nature15757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pressures on honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations, resulting from threats by modern pesticides, parasites, predators and diseases, have raised awareness of the economic importance and critical role this insect plays in agricultural societies across the globe. However, the association of humans with A. mellifera predates post-industrial-revolution agriculture, as evidenced by the widespread presence of ancient Egyptian bee iconography dating to the Old Kingdom (approximately 2400 BC). There are also indications of Stone Age people harvesting bee products; for example, honey hunting is interpreted from rock art in a prehistoric Holocene context and a beeswax find in a pre-agriculturalist site. However, when and where the regular association of A. mellifera with agriculturalists emerged is unknown. One of the major products of A. mellifera is beeswax, which is composed of a complex suite of lipids including n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids and fatty acyl wax esters. The composition is highly constant as it is determined genetically through the insect's biochemistry. Thus, the chemical 'fingerprint' of beeswax provides a reliable basis for detecting this commodity in organic residues preserved at archaeological sites, which we now use to trace the exploitation by humans of A. mellifera temporally and spatially. Here we present secure identifications of beeswax in lipid residues preserved in pottery vessels of Neolithic Old World farmers. The geographical range of bee product exploitation is traced in Neolithic Europe, the Near East and North Africa, providing the palaeoecological range of honeybees during prehistory. Temporally, we demonstrate that bee products were exploited continuously, and probably extensively in some regions, at least from the seventh millennium cal BC, likely fulfilling a variety of technological and cultural functions. The close association of A. mellifera with Neolithic farming communities dates to the early onset of agriculture and may provide evidence for the beginnings of a domestication process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Roffet-Salque
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Martine Regert
- CEPAM - Cultures et Environnements. Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen Âge, UMR 7264, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis - CNRS, 06300 Nice, France
| | - Richard P Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Alan K Outram
- Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Lucy J E Cramp
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.,Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, 43 Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK
| | - Orestes Decavallas
- Université Bordeaux Montaigne, 33607 Pessac, France.,Laboratoire du Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF), UMR 171, Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14 Quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France
| | - Julie Dunne
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Pascale Gerbault
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK
| | - Simona Mileto
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.,Institut für Prähistorische Archäologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 15, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Sigrid Mirabaud
- Laboratoire du Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF), UMR 171, Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14 Quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France
| | - Mirva Pääkkönen
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.,Department of Archaeology, University of Turku, 20014 Turun Yliopisto, Finland
| | - Jessica Smyth
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.,Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, 43 Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK
| | - Lucija Šoberl
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.,University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department of Archaeology, Aškerčeva 2, box 580, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helen L Whelton
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Alfonso Alday-Ruiz
- Department of Geography, Prehistory and Archaeology. University of Basque Country (EHU-UPV), Francisco Tomás y Valiente s/n, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Henrik Asplund
- Department of Archaeology, University of Turku, 20014 Turun Yliopisto, Finland
| | - Marta Bartkowiak
- Institute of Prehistory, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89d, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Eva Bayer-Niemeier
- Museum Quintana - Archäologie in Künzing, Partnermuseum der Archäologischen Staatssammlung München, Osterhofener Str. 2, 94550 Künzing, Germany
| | - Lotfi Belhouchet
- Musée Archéologique de Sousse, Rue Marshall Tito, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Federico Bernardini
- Centro Fermi, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, 00184 Rome, Italy.,Multidisciplinary Laboratory, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mihael Budja
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department of Archaeology, Aškerčeva 2, box 580, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gabriel Cooney
- UCD School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Miriam Cubas
- International Institute for Prehistoric Research of Cantabria, University of Cantabria, Avd de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Ed M Danaher
- Department of Archaeology, University College Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mariana Diniz
- UNIARQ-Departamento de História, Faculdade de Letras de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Cristina Fabbri
- Dipartimento Civiltà e Forme del Sapere, Università di Pisa, Via Galvani 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jesus E González-Urquijo
- International Institute for Prehistoric Research of Cantabria, University of Cantabria, Avd de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Jean Guilaine
- CNRS - UMR 5608 - TRACES, Maison de la recherche, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, 5 Allée Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Slimane Hachi
- CNRPAH, Centre National de Recherche Préhistorique, Anthropologique et Historique, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Barrie N Hartwell
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Daniela Hofmann
- Universität Hamburg, Archäologisches Institut, Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1, Flügel West, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Hohle
- a.r.t.e.s. Graduate School for the Humanities Cologne, Graduiertenschule der Philosophischen Fakultät, Aachener Str. 217, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Necmi Karul
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Prehistory, 34434 Laleli Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Farid Kherbouche
- CNRPAH, Centre National de Recherche Préhistorique, Anthropologique et Historique, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jacinta Kiely
- Eachtra Archaeological Projects, Lickybeg, Clashmore, County Waterford, Ireland
| | - Kostas Kotsakis
- School of History and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Friedrich Lueth
- German Archaeological Institute, Podbielskiallee 69-71, 14 195 Berlin, Germany
| | - James P Mallory
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Claire Manen
- CNRS - UMR 5608 - TRACES, Maison de la recherche, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, 5 Allée Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Arkadiusz Marciniak
- Institute of Prehistory, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89d, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Martin A Mc Gonigle
- John Cronin &Associates, 28 Upper Main Street, Buncrana, County Donegal, Ireland
| | - Simone Mulazzani
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, UMR 7269 LAMPEA, LabexMed, 13284 Marseille, France.,Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Mehmet Özdoğan
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Prehistory, 34434 Laleli Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Olga S Perić
- Institute of Archaeology Belgrade, Kneza Mihaila 35/4 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slaviša R Perić
- Institute of Archaeology Belgrade, Kneza Mihaila 35/4 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jörg Petrasch
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters - Abt. Jüngere Urgeschichte und Frühgeschichte - Schloß Hohentübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Pétrequin
- Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement C.N. Ledoux, CNRS &Université de Franche-Comté, 32 rue Mégevand, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Pétrequin
- Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement C.N. Ledoux, CNRS &Université de Franche-Comté, 32 rue Mégevand, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | | | - C Joshua Pollard
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Southampton, Avenue Campus, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BF, UK
| | - François Poplin
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue de Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Giovanna Radi
- Dipartimento Civiltà e Forme del Sapere, Università di Pisa, Via Galvani 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Peter Stadler
- Department of Pre- and Protohistory, University of Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Stäuble
- Landesamt für Archaeologie, Zur Wetterwarte 7, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nenad Tasić
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, Belgrade University, 18-20 Čika Ljubina Street, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dushka Urem-Kotsou
- Department of History and Ethnology, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Jasna B Vuković
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, Belgrade University, 18-20 Čika Ljubina Street, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Fintan Walsh
- Irish Archaeological Consultancy, Unit G1, Network Enterprise Park, Kilcoole, County Wicklow, Ireland
| | - Alasdair Whittle
- Department of Archaeology and Conservation, Cardiff University, John Percival Building, Colum Drive, Cardiff CF10 3EU, UK
| | - Sabine Wolfram
- State Museum of Archaeology Chemnitz, Stefan-Heym-Platz 1, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Lydia Zapata-Peña
- Department of Geography, Prehistory and Archaeology. University of Basque Country (EHU-UPV), Francisco Tomás y Valiente s/n, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jamel Zoughlami
- Institut National du Patrimoine de Tunis - Musée archéologique de Carthage, Carthage, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen J, Green KB, Nichols KK. Characterization of Wax Esters by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Double Bond Effect and Unusual Product Ions. Lipids 2015; 50:821-36. [PMID: 26178197 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of different types of wax esters (represented by RCOOR') were systematically studied by using electrospray ionization (ESI) collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) along with pseudo MS(3) (in-source dissociation combined with MS/MS) on a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer. The tandem mass spectra patterns resulting from dissociation of ammonium/proton adducts of these wax esters were influenced by the wax ester type and the collision energy applied. The product ions [RCOOH2](+), [RCO](+) and [RCO-H2O](+) that have been reported previously were detected; however, different primary product ions were demonstrated for the three wax ester types including: (1) [RCOOH2](+) for saturated wax esters, (2) [RCOOH2](+), [RCO](+) and [RCO-H2O](+) for unsaturated wax esters containing only one double bond in the fatty acid moiety or with one additional double bond in the fatty alcohol moiety, and (3) [RCOOH2](+) and [RCO](+) for unsaturated wax esters containing a double bond in the fatty alcohol moiety alone. Other fragments included [R'](+) and several series of product ions for all types of wax esters. Interestingly, unusual product ions were detected, such as neutral molecule (including water, methanol and ammonia) adducts of [RCOOH2](+) ions for all types of wax esters and [R'-2H](+) ions for unsaturated fatty acyl-containing wax esters. The patterns of tandem mass spectra for different types of wax esters will inform future identification and quantification approaches of wax esters in biological samples as supported by a preliminary study of quantification of isomeric wax esters in human meibomian gland secretions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Chen
- Applied Biotechnology Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nigra BT, Faull KF, Barnard H. Analytical Chemistry in Archaeological Research. Anal Chem 2014; 87:3-18. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5029616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Nigra
- Cotsen
Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, A331 Fowler
Museum, 308 Charles Young Drive North, Box 951510, Los Angeles, California 90095-1510, United States
| | - Kym F. Faull
- Department
of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Pasarow Mass Spectrometry
Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hans Barnard
- Cotsen
Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, A331 Fowler
Museum, 308 Charles Young Drive North, Box 951510, Los Angeles, California 90095-1510, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bernardini F, Tuniz C, Coppa A, Mancini L, Dreossi D, Eichert D, Turco G, Biasotto M, Terrasi F, De Cesare N, Hua Q, Levchenko V. Beeswax as dental filling on a neolithic human tooth. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44904. [PMID: 23028670 PMCID: PMC3446997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of prehistoric dentistry has been limited to a few cases, the most ancient dating back to the Neolithic. Here we report a 6500-year-old human mandible from Slovenia whose left canine crown bears the traces of a filling with beeswax. The use of different analytical techniques, including synchrotron radiation computed micro-tomography (micro-CT), Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating, Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), has shown that the exposed area of dentine resulting from occlusal wear and the upper part of a vertical crack affecting enamel and dentin tissues were filled with beeswax shortly before or after the individual’s death. If the filling was done when the person was still alive, the intervention was likely aimed to relieve tooth sensitivity derived from either exposed dentine and/or the pain resulting from chewing on a cracked tooth: this would provide the earliest known direct evidence of therapeutic-palliative dental filling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bernardini
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory, "Abdus Salam" International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Regert M. Analytical strategies for discriminating archeological fatty substances from animal origin. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:177-220. [PMID: 21337597 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an essential tool in the field of biomolecular archeology to characterize amorphous organic residues preserved in ancient ceramic vessels. Animal fats of various nature and origin, namely subcutaneous fats of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and also of dairy products, are those most commonly identified in organic residues in archeological pottery. Fats and oils of marine origin have also been revealed. Since the first applications of MS coupled with gas chromatography (GC) in archeology at the end of 1980s, several developments have occurred, including isotopic determinations by GC coupled to isotope ratio MS and identification of triacylglycerols (TAGs) structure by soft ionization techniques (ESI and APCI). The combination of these methods provides invaluable insights into the strategies of exploitation of animal products in prehistory. In this review, I focus on the analytical strategies based upon MS that allow elucidation of the structure of biomolecular constituents and determination of their isotopic values to identify the nature of animal fat components preserved in highly complex and degraded archeological matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Regert
- Centre d'Etudes Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen Âge, UMR 6130, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Bât. 1; 250, rue Albert Einstein, F-06560 Valbonne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dealing with the identification of protein species in ancient amphorae. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:3053-63. [PMID: 20890751 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript deals with the identification of protein residues in amphorae, including particularly identification of protein species. The work described was performed on fishes, the anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and bonito (Sarda sarda) species frequently found in the Mediterranean area. Based on proteomic techniques, the analytical strategy was adapted to analysis of protein residues from tiny ceramic fragments. The major difficulty was to extract proteins and limit their hydrolysis during the sample preparation; consequently, multiple soft extraction techniques were evaluated. The most valuable results were obtained using a solution containing high amounts of denaturing agents, urea and thiourea, reducing agent, dithiothreitol, and detergent, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate. The analysis using nano liquid chromatography-nano electrospray ionization double quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry resulted in the identification of up to 200 proteins for the anchovy and bonito species, among which 73 peptides were found to be fish-specific. Because bonito and anchovy species are not documented and fully sequenced in genomic databases, the preliminary protein identification was realized via sequence homology to other fish sequenced species. Amino acid substitutions of peptides were assigned on the basis of the interpretation of tandem mass spectrometry spectra using de novo sequencing; these peptides, not reported up to now in databases, constitute species-specific markers. The method developed was finally applied to an archaeological sample replica impregnated with a mixture of fish tissue from both species; this experiment successfully led to the identification of 17 fish proteins, including 33 fish-specific peptides. This work shows that the analytical method developed has great potential for the identification of protein species in complex archaeological samples.
Collapse
|
17
|
Application of a multi-analytical toolset to a 16th century ointment: Identification as lead plaster mixed with beeswax. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Zhang LX, Yun YF, Liang YZ, Cao DS. Discovery of mass spectral characteristics and automatic identification of wax esters from gas chromatography mass spectrometry data. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3695-701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Variable-temperature 13C solid-state NMR study of the molecular structure of honeybee wax and silk. Int J Biol Macromol 2009; 44:64-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 10/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
21
|
Solazzo C, Fitzhugh WW, Rolando C, Tokarski C. Identification of protein remains in archaeological potsherds by proteomics. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4590-7. [PMID: 18494502 DOI: 10.1021/ac800515v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate here the possibility of identifying proteins trapped in few milligrams of the clay matrix of a 1200-1400 AD Iñupiat potsherd fragment from Point Barrow, Alaska, by a dedicated proteomics approach. The four main steps of a proteomics analysis, (i) protein extraction from biological samples, (ii) protein hydrolysis using a hydrolase enzyme, (iii) nanoLC, nanoESI MS, and MS/MS analysis of the generated peptides, and (iv) protein identification using protein databank proceeded from genomic data, have been optimized for archeological remains. Briefly our procedure starts by grinding the potsherds, extraction with 1% trifluoroacetic acid, digestion with excess of trypsin, nanoLC, nanoESI FT-ICR analysis, and data mining by homology search. The developed conditions were evaluated on protein extracts from remains obtained by heated muscle tissues and blubbers of different seal and whale species, these samples representing the main diet sources of the Eskimo population. Most of the proteins were identified by sequence homology to other species due to the lack of cetacean and pinniped proteins in the databanks. More interestingly, two proteins, myoglobin and hemoglobin, respectively, identified in muscle tissue samples and blubber samples highlight several specific peptides of cetacean and pinniped species; these peptides are significant to prove the presence of these marine species in the analyzed samples. Based on the developed methodology and on protein identification results obtained from the heated seal/whale muscle tissues and blubbers, the analysis of the clay matrix of a 1200-1400 AD Iñupiat potsherd fragment from Point Barrow was investigated. The described method succeeds in identifying four peptides corresponding to the harbor seal myoglobin (species Phoca vitulina) with a measured mass accuracy better than 1 ppm (MS and MS/MS experiments) including one specific peptide of the cetacean and pinniped species and one specific peptide of the seal species. These results highlight, for the first time, a methodology able to identify proteins from a few milligrams of archeological potsherd buried for years; the obtained results confirm the presence of a seal muscle tissue protein in this Punuk potsherd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Solazzo
- Chimie Organique et Macromoléculaire, UMR CNRS 8009, and Protéomique, Modifications Post-traductionnelles et Glycobiologie, IFR 147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ribechini E, Modugno F, Colombini MP. Direct exposure-(chemical ionisation)mass spectrometry for a rapid characterization of raw and archaeological diterpenoid resinous materials. Mikrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-007-0914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Salvini L, Pecci A, Giorgi G. Cooking activities during the Middle Ages: organic residues in ceramic vessels from the Sant'Antimo Church (Piombino-Central Italy). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:108-15. [PMID: 17724781 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A combined gas chromatography-electron ionization (GC-EI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) and MS/MS approach has been used for characterizing organic residues of ceramic vessels of different forms and dimensions recovered from a vault of the apse of the 13th century church of Sant'Antimo in Piombino (Central Italy). The artifacts studied in this investigation are pots, jugs, colanders and pans probably used for cooking meals or as food containers. GC-MS has shown the presence of different fatty acids and other nonpolar markers, while APCI ionization proved to be particularly useful in the detection of diterpenoids and diacylglycerols. The data show that some organic markers may be of animal origin, while others are typical constituents or biodegradation products of vegetables. This allows one to propose the main use of these articles as vessels for cooking meat and maybe vegetable broths and soups. As there is no strict correlation between organic markers and shape, form and dimension of the ceramic vessel, it appears that the different objects probably served the same function. Chemical characterization of the organic residues of ceramic vessels, together with all the other archaeological data, contributes to a better understanding of their uses and the customs of people in the Middle Ages in Central Italy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salvini
- Centro di Analisi e Determinazioni Strutturali, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mirabaud S, Rolando C, Regert M. Molecular criteria for discriminating adipose fat and milk from different species by NanoESI MS and MS/MS of their triacylglycerols: application to archaeological remains. Anal Chem 2007; 79:6182-92. [PMID: 17637040 DOI: 10.1021/ac070594p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new multistep analytical methodology is described in this paper for the precise identification of triacylglycerols, which are biomarkers of dairy products and subcutaneous fats, that may be chemically identified in archaeological pottery. It consists of the analysis of the total lipid extract from different kinds of fats by high-temperature gas chromatography, performed in order to select the ceramic vessels in which animal fats are well preserved, followed by nanoelectrospray QqTOF mass spectrometry that allows for distinguishing the specific origins of the lipids detected (namely, cow, sheep, or goat). The analysis of model samples, cow and goat dairy products and cow and sheep adipose fats, was successfully achieved. The fatty acid composition of each triacylglycerol was identified, which allowed for the discrimination of subcutaneous fats and dairy fats and distinguishing between cow and goat milk. This methodology was then applied to archaeological samples, and the presence of goat milk, cow milk, and possibly sheep subcutaneous fat was assessed based on the discriminating criteria found on modern fats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Mirabaud
- Equipe Physico-Chimie pour l'Analyse et la Biologie, Chimie Organique et Macromoléculaire UMR CNRS 8009, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Santos S, Schreiber L, Graça J. Cuticular waxes from ivy leaves (Hedera helix L.): analysis of high-molecular-weight esters. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2007; 18:60-9. [PMID: 17260699 DOI: 10.1002/pca.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Soluble waxes were extracted from the cuticle of ivy (Hedera helix L.) leaves with dichloromethane in a yield of ca. 13%. The cuticular waxes were directly analysed by GC-MS, high-temperature GC-MS and ESI-MS/MS. The GC-MS analysis showed mostly n-alkanols (45.3%), monoacids (18.8%), triterpenes (9.7%), n-aldehydes (8.7%) and n-alkanes (7.7%). The high-temperature GC-MS and the ESI-MS/MS analyses showed the presence of ester waxes, namely alkyl alkanoates and alkyl coumarates. Alkyl alkanoates comprised esters of the hexadecanoic acid with n-alkanols ranging from C16 to C34. Alkyl coumarates included esters of coumaric acid with n-alkanols ranging from C16 to C32. The cuticular waxes were hydrolysed and the resulting organic and aqueous phases analysed by GC-MS. The hydrolysate showed a major increase in the quantities of n-alkanols, hexadecanoic acid and coumaric acid derived from the alkyl and acyl moieties from the ester waxes. A content of ester waxes of 38% was estimated based on the results from the GC-MS analysis of the non-hydrolysed and hydrolysed cuticular waxes. Alkyl alkanoates were analysed by ESI-MS/MS as [M + Li]+ adduct ions and the alkyl coumarates as [M - H]- deprotonated ions. The ESI-MS/MS analysis allowed the detection of a wider range of ester waxes than high-temperature GC-MS, and was shown to be a useful technique for the qualitative analysis of ester waxes from plant cuticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santos
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jiménez JJ, Bernal JL, del Nozal MAJ, Martín MAT, Bernal J. Sample preparation methods for beeswax characterization by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1129:262-72. [PMID: 16854423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
New and simpler methods of sample preparation to determine several families of compounds in beeswax by conventional and high temperature gas chromatography are proposed. To analyze hydrocarbons and palmitates, a dilution of sample is enough whereas for the total acid content, a hydrolysis and simultaneous methylation with BF3-methanol results more effective than the usual methods; for the total content of alcohols, a further acetylation with acetic anhydride is necessary. Free alcohols are directly acetylated in a sample dissolution but for free acids and monoesterified 1,2,3-propanetriols analysis, a previous extraction with acetonitrile is required. The concentrations of all the compounds studied are expressed in weight percentage referred only to one standard: octadecyl octadecanoate. The precision of the analytical methods has been evaluated showing its importance in the analysis of beeswaxes used in apiculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Jiménez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Prado de la Magdalena s/n, Valladolid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Regert M, Langlois J, Laval E, Le Hô AS, Pagès-Camagna S. Elucidation of molecular and elementary composition of organic and inorganic substances involved in 19th century wax sculptures using an integrated analytical approach. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 577:140-52. [PMID: 17723665 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wax sculptures contain several materials from both organic and inorganic nature. These works of art are particularly fragile. Determining their chemical composition is thus of prime importance for their preservation. The identification of the recipes of waxy pastes used through time also provides valuable information in the field of art history. The aim of the present research was to develop a convenient analytical strategy, as non-invasive as possible, that allows to identify the wide range of materials involved in wax sculptures. A multi-step analytical methodology, based on the use of complementary techniques, either non- or micro-destructive, was elaborated. X-ray fluorescence and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used in a non-invasive way to identify inorganic pigments, opacifiers and extenders. The combination of structural and separative techniques, namely infrared spectroscopy, direct inlet electron ionisation mass spectrometry and high temperature gas chromatography, was shown to be appropriate for unravelling the precise composition of the organic substances. A micro-chemical test was also performed for the detection of starch. From this study it has been possible to elucidate the composition of the waxy pastes used by three different sculptors at the end of the 19th century. Complex and elaborated recipes, in which a large range of natural substances were combined, were highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Regert
- UMR 171 CNRS, MCC and GdR 2114 ChimArt, Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF), Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14, Quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Regert M, Langlois J, Colinart S. Characterisation of wax works of art by gas chromatographic procedures. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1091:124-36. [PMID: 16395801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To identify the various natural and synthetic substances used by sculptors at the end of the 19th century, several contemporary reference samples were investigated by high temperature gas chromatography (HT GC) and HT GC-MS. Using specific chromatographic conditions and minimising sample preparation, we could separate, detect and identify a wide range of biomolecular markers covering a great variety of molecular weights and volatilities, with a minimum amount of sample, in a single run. Beeswax, spermaceti, carnauba, candellila and Japan waxes as well as pine resin derivatives, animal fats, paraffin, ozokerite and stearin, used as additives in wax works of art, were chemically investigated. In the case of low volatile compounds, transbutylation was performed. The structure of long-chain esters of spermaceti was elucidated for the first time by HT GC-MS analysis. Such a method was then carried out on 10 samples collected on a statuette of Junon by Antoine-Louis Barye (Louvre Museum, Paris, France) and on a sculpture by Aimé-Jules Dalou (Musée de la Révolution Française, Vizille, France). The analytical results obtained provide new data on the complex recipes elaborated by sculptors at the end of the 19th century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Regert
- UMR 171 CNRS and GdR 2114 ChimArt, Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF), Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14 Quai Franfois Mitterrand, F-75001 Paris, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Peris-Vicente J, Gimeno Adelantado JV, Carbó MTD, Castro RM, Reig FB. Characterization of waxes used in pictorial artworks according to their relative amount of fatty acids and hydrocarbons by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1101:254-60. [PMID: 16246351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A study attempted to characterize natural waxes used in pictorial works of art was carried out by means of gas chromatography. The analytical treatment requires prior hydrolysis of the waxes to release the fatty acids (FA) (myristic (myr), palmitic (pal), oleic (ole), stearic (ste), araquidic (ara), behenic (beh), lignoceric (lig), cerotic (cer)) from the main esters of the waxes. The formation of volatile derivatives of the fatty acids was carried out by derivatization with ethyl choroformate (ECF). This derivatization reagent was chosen due to the speed, safety and quantitativity of the reaction. The analyzed hydrocarbons were n-eicosane, n-heneicosane, n-docosane, n-tricosane, n-tetracosane, n-pentacosane, n-hexacosane, n-heptacosane, n-octacosane, n-nonacosane, n-tricontane n-hentriacontane, n-dotriacontane, n-tritriacontane, n-tetratriacontane, n-pentatriacontane, main constituents of the waxes. No derivatization is needed to analyze the hydrocarbons. Ethyl ester derivatives and hydrocarbons are adequately separated by gas chromatography, identified by flame ionization detection and confirmed by mass spectrometry. To characterize natural waxes, peak area ratios of each fatty acids with respect to the palmitic acid and peak area ratios of each hydrocarbons with respect to n-heptacosane were calculated. The proposed method provides a good characterization of different waxes most frequently used in artworks, such as beeswax, carnauba wax and ceresin, and has been successfully applied to real samples. This is the first report on the application of ECF to the analysis of fatty acids in wax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Peris-Vicente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, c/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Campanella L, Chicco F, Colapietro M, Gatta T, Gregori E, Panfili M, Russo MV. Characterization of Wax Manufactures of Hystorical and Artistic Interest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 95:167-76. [PMID: 16485658 DOI: 10.1002/adic.200590019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of this scientific research is the physic and chemical characterization of two historical wax manufactures, made at the end of XIX century by Francesco Bianchi, a papal engraver. The chemical and analytical investigation was necessary to complete and to confirm the restorer's work. The IR Spectroscopy, X-Ray and GC-MS, the best technique to characterise wax, allowed us to obtain the following results. The two manufactures were made with commercial beeswax: in fact, the relative chromatograms showed unchanged peaks about esters of palmitic acid with C24 to C32 alcohol molecules; using standard beeswax we determined the same amount of hydrocarbons present in the wax manufactures. We found several hydrocarbons in these beeswax materials so that it is reasonable to think about successive modifications. ZnO (white zinc), a pigment, was added, probably due to its colour and covering capacity. Sb2S3, Anthimoniun vermilion, a red-orange pigment, was added to these manufactures to give them a soft pink-orange colour. By all used techniques we determined some modifications in the original beeswax; surely they were made to get a more malleable, mouldable, and then more able to be modelled wax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Campanella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Guasch-Jané MR, Ibern-Gómez M, Andrés-Lacueva C, Jáuregui O, Lamuela-Raventós RM. Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry in tandem mode applied for the identification of wine markers in residues from ancient Egyptian vessels. Anal Chem 2004; 76:1672-7. [PMID: 15018566 DOI: 10.1021/ac035082z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Presented in this paper is a new method for the identification of tartaric acid as a wine marker in archaeological residues from Egyptian vessels using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry in tandem mode (LC/MS/MS). Owing to the special characteristics of these samples, such as the dryness and the small quantity available for analysis, it was necessary to have a very sensitive and highly specific analytical method to detect tartaric acid at trace levels in the residues. Furthermore, an alkaline fusion was carried out to identify syringic acid derived from malvidin as a red wine marker, in a deposit residue from a wine jar found at the tomb of king Tutankhamun. Malvidin-3-glucoside, the main anthocyanin that gives young wines their red color, polymerizes with aging into more stable pigments. However, the presence of malvidin in ancient residues can be proved by alkaline fusion of the residue to release syringic acid from the pigment, which has been identified, here for the first time, by using the LC/MS/MS method revealing the red grape origin of an ancient Egyptian wine residue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Guasch-Jané
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bonaduce I, Colombini MP. Characterisation of beeswax in works of art by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry procedures. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1028:297-306. [PMID: 14989483 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrolysis (Py) with in situ derivatisation with hexamethyldisilazane-gas chroma-break tography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry procedure based on microwave-assisted saponification were used to identify the organic components in small sized beeswax samples. With the latter procedure quantitative recoveries can be made and hydrocarbons, alcohols and omega-1-diols in the neutral fraction, and fatty acids and omega-1-hydroxy acids in the acidic fraction can be efficiently separated and detected. Both procedures were used to characterise a wax anatomic sculpture "The Plague" (1691-1694) by Gaetano Zumbo, resulting in the identification of beeswax and a Pinaceae resin. The GC-MS analysis brought to light some essential differences in beeswax composition between the raw material and the old modelled wax thus giving some clear indications about the recipe used by the sculptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bonaduce
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Regert M. Investigating the history of prehistoric glues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:244-54. [PMID: 15334911 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although organic materials are very sensitive to biochemical alteration processes, they may be preserved for millennia in various archaeological contexts. Remains of adhesives made during prehistory were discovered at different sites, in the form of residues adhering to flint tools and ceramic vessels or as free lumps in sediment. To characterise the natural substances exploited for adhesive production during late prehistory, we undertook GC and GC/MS analysis of 90 samples from 8 sites dating from the Neolithic to Iron Age periods. This paper discusses our approach to the study of organic adhesives preserved in archaeological contexts, with a particular focus on the presentation of the various categories of organic adhesives that we analysed and the choice of chromatographic conditions adapted to the specificity of such samples. The results obtained show that birch bark tar, a triterpenoid adhesive made by destructive distillation of white birch bark, was predominantly used during the neolithic period even though other materials such as various barks or organic fossil substance were also used. During the Bronze and Iron ages, which follow the Neolithic period, adhesive production is evolving through the expansion of the range of the natural substances used (identification of diterpenoid pine resin) and the addition of beeswax as a plasticiser to birch bark tar. By combining chromatographic analysis and archaeological data, it was thus possible to follow the evolution of adhesive making at the end of prehistory, testifying to the inventiveness of the craftsmen whatever the period considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Regert
- Laboratoire du Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France, UMR-CNRS 171, 6, rue des Pyramides, 75041 Paris Cedex 01, France.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Garnier N, Richardin P, Cheynier V, Regert M. Characterization of thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation products of polyphenols from modern and archaeological vine derivatives using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
37
|
Current literature in journal of mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:235-244. [PMID: 12577291 DOI: 10.1002/jms.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
|