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Schyns ZG, Bennett TM, Shaver MP. Recycled Plastic Content Quantified through Aggregation-Induced Emission. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:12659-12669. [PMID: 36189110 PMCID: PMC9516760 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c03389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The linearity of the plastics economy is wasteful and polluting. To encourage recycling and decrease diversion to landfill, new legislation within the EU and UK will tax single-use plastic products made with less than 30% recycled plastic. At present, quantitative determination of recycled content is elusive and existing methods are inconsistent. We present a fluorescence-based analytical technique to determine recycled content in plastic and (single use) packaging. Bathochromic shifts resulting from aggregation of the fluorescent brightener 4,4'-bis(2-benzoxazolyl) stilbene (BBS) in three commodity plastics [high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate)] at loadings ≤0.5 wt % were used to systematically quantify simulated recycled contents as low as 10 wt %. Linear correlations were found between recycled content and three fluorescence-based properties: emission, lifetime, and resulting color. We demonstrate how this multi-branched verification system is completely independent of sample dimensions and processing conditions, has a negligible effect on polymer properties, and is inexpensive and highly compatible with existing recycling infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé
O. G. Schyns
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, U.K.
- Sustainable
Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, U.K.
| | - Thomas M. Bennett
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, U.K.
- Sustainable
Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, U.K.
| | - Michael P. Shaver
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, U.K.
- Sustainable
Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9BL, U.K.
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2
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Pierau L, Elian C, Akimoto J, Ito Y, Caillol S, Versace DL. Bio-sourced Monomers and Cationic Photopolymerization: The Green combination towards Eco-Friendly and Non-Toxic Materials. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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3
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Liu C, Dermody D, Harris K, Boomgaard T, Sweeney J, Gisch D, Goltz B. Development of a High-Throughput Ion-Exchange Resin Characterization Workflow. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2017; 19:422-436. [PMID: 28488858 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel high-throughout (HTR) ion-exchange (IEX) resin workflow has been developed for characterizing ion exchange equilibrium of commercial and experimental IEX resins against a range of different applications where water environment differs from site to site. Because of its much higher throughput, design of experiment (DOE) methodology can be easily applied for studying the effects of multiple factors on resin performance. Two case studies will be presented to illustrate the efficacy of the combined HTR workflow and DOE method. In case study one, a series of anion exchange resins have been screened for selective removal of NO3- and NO2- in water environments consisting of multiple other anions, varied pH, and ionic strength. The response surface model (RSM) is developed to statistically correlate the resin performance with the water composition and predict the best resin candidate. In case study two, the same HTR workflow and DOE method have been applied for screening different cation exchange resins in terms of the selective removal of Mg2+, Ca2+, and Ba2+ from high total dissolved salt (TDS) water. A master DOE model including all of the cation exchange resins is created to predict divalent cation removal by different IEX resins under specific conditions, from which the best resin candidates can be identified. The successful adoption of HTR workflow and DOE method for studying the ion exchange of IEX resins can significantly reduce the resources and time to address industry and application needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- Core R&D Formulation Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Daniel Dermody
- Core R&D Formulation Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Keith Harris
- Core R&D Formulation Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Thomas Boomgaard
- Core R&D Information Research, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Jeff Sweeney
- R&D Statistics, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Daryl Gisch
- Dow Water & Process Solutions, 1801 Larkin Center Drive, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Bob Goltz
- Dow Water & Process Solutions, 1801 Larkin Center Drive, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
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4
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Kuo TC, Malvadkar NA, Drumright R, Cesaretti R, Bishop MT. High-Throughput Industrial Coatings Research at The Dow Chemical Company. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:507-26. [PMID: 27440008 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
At The Dow Chemical Company, high-throughput research is an active area for developing new industrial coatings products. Using the principles of automation (i.e., using robotic instruments), parallel processing (i.e., prepare, process, and evaluate samples in parallel), and miniaturization (i.e., reduce sample size), high-throughput tools for synthesizing, formulating, and applying coating compositions have been developed at Dow. In addition, high-throughput workflows for measuring various coating properties, such as cure speed, hardness development, scratch resistance, impact toughness, resin compatibility, pot-life, surface defects, among others have also been developed in-house. These workflows correlate well with the traditional coatings tests, but they do not necessarily mimic those tests. The use of such high-throughput workflows in combination with smart experimental designs allows accelerated discovery and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chi Kuo
- Core R&D Formulation Science and ‡Dow Coating Materials R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Niranjan A. Malvadkar
- Core R&D Formulation Science and ‡Dow Coating Materials R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Ray Drumright
- Core R&D Formulation Science and ‡Dow Coating Materials R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Richard Cesaretti
- Core R&D Formulation Science and ‡Dow Coating Materials R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Matthew T. Bishop
- Core R&D Formulation Science and ‡Dow Coating Materials R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland Michigan 48674, United States
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5
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Deshmukh S, Bishop MT, Dermody D, Dietsche L, Kuo TC, Mushrush M, Harris K, Zieman J, Morabito P, Orvosh B, Patrick D. A Novel High-Throughput Viscometer. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:405-14. [PMID: 27259016 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.5b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel, rapid, parallel, and high-throughput system for measuring viscosity of materials under different conditions of shear rate, temperature, time, etc., has been developed. This unique system utilizes the transient flow of a complex fluid through pipettes. This approach offers significant practical advantages over microfluidic-based devices for viscosity screening: no cleanup is required, the method is high throughput (<1 h for 100 samples), and only small sample volumes (<1 mL) are used. This paper details for the first time the experimental and modeling efforts to implement this mass- and pressure-based viscosity measurement concept as a robust viscosity estimation tool. This approach is very well-suited for viscosity measurements in high-throughput formulation workflows, as it is rapid and parallel and operates directly on samples in various microtiter plate formats. We present systematic experimental observations together with numerical and analytical modeling approaches to characterize instrument capabilities and limitations. The complex transient flow of fluids through these pipettes leads to data-rich pressure profiles. Numerical and analytical modeling is then used to extract viscosity and other rheological parameters from these pressure profiles. We have successfully utilized this viscosity screening tool for a multitude of complex fluids including oils, paints, solvents, and detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Deshmukh
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Matthew T. Bishop
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Daniel Dermody
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Laura Dietsche
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Tzu-Chi Kuo
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Melissa Mushrush
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Keith Harris
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Jonathan Zieman
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Paul Morabito
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Brian Orvosh
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Don Patrick
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
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Potyrailo RA, Leach AM, Surman CM. Multisize CdSe nanocrystal/polymer nanocomposites for selective vapor detection identified from high-throughput screening experimentation. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2012; 14:170-8. [PMID: 22270701 DOI: 10.1021/co200112s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have implemented high-throughput spectroscopic screening tools for the investigation of vapor-selectivity of CdSe semiconductor nanocrystals of different size (2.8- and 5.6-nm diameter) upon their incorporation in a library of rationally selected polymeric matrices. This library of resulting sensing materials was exposed to polar and nonpolar vapors in air. Each of the sensing materials demonstrated its own photoluminescence vapor-response patterns. Two criteria for the evaluation of vapor responses of the library of sensing materials included the diversity and the magnitude of sensing responses. We have found several polymer matrices that simultaneously meet these criteria. Our new sensing materials based on polymer-embedded semiconductor nanocrystal reagents of different size promise to overcome photobleaching and short shelf life limitations of traditional fluorescent organic reagent-based sensing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radislav A. Potyrailo
- General Electric Company, Global
Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
| | - Andrew M. Leach
- General Electric Company, Global
Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
| | - Cheryl M. Surman
- General Electric Company, Global
Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
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7
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Potyrailo R, Rajan K, Stoewe K, Takeuchi I, Chisholm B, Lam H. Combinatorial and high-throughput screening of materials libraries: review of state of the art. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2011; 13:579-633. [PMID: 21644562 DOI: 10.1021/co200007w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rational materials design based on prior knowledge is attractive because it promises to avoid time-consuming synthesis and testing of numerous materials candidates. However with the increase of complexity of materials, the scientific ability for the rational materials design becomes progressively limited. As a result of this complexity, combinatorial and high-throughput (CHT) experimentation in materials science has been recognized as a new scientific approach to generate new knowledge. This review demonstrates the broad applicability of CHT experimentation technologies in discovery and optimization of new materials. We discuss general principles of CHT materials screening, followed by the detailed discussion of high-throughput materials characterization approaches, advances in data analysis/mining, and new materials developments facilitated by CHT experimentation. We critically analyze results of materials development in the areas most impacted by the CHT approaches, such as catalysis, electronic and functional materials, polymer-based industrial coatings, sensing materials, and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radislav Potyrailo
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
| | - Krishna Rajan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Combinatorial Discovery, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Klaus Stoewe
- Universität des Saarlandes, Technische Chemie, Campus C4.2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Bret Chisholm
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering and Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Hubert Lam
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
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9
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Ezbiansky K, Medford G, Reitz H, Potyrailo RA, Chisholm BJ, Morris WG, Cawse JN, Flanagan WP, Hassib L, Molaison CA. High-Throughput Adhesion Evaluation and Scale-up of Combinatorial Leads of Organic Protective Coatings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-804-jj4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTCoupling of combinatorial chemistry methods with high-throughput (HT) performance testing and measurements of resulting properties has provided a powerful set of tools for the 10-fold accelerated discovery of new high-performance coating materials for automotive applications. This approach replaces labor-intensive steps with automated systems for evaluation of adhesion of 8 × 6 arrays of coating elements that are discretely deposited on a single 9 × 12 cm plastic substrate. Performance of coatings is evaluated with respect to their resistance to adhesion loss. This parameter is one primary consideration in end-use automotive applications. Coating leads identified from the HT screening have been validated on the traditional scale. Details of these validation studies are discussed.
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Majoros LI, Dekeyser B, Haucourt N, Castelein P, Paul J, Kranenburg JM, Rettler E, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US. Preparation of polyurethane elastomers (PUEs) in a high-throughput workflow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Maier WF, Stöwe K, Sieg S. Combinatorial and High-Throughput Materials Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:6016-67. [PMID: 17640024 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing acceptance of high-throughput technologies for the discovery, development, and optimization of materials and catalysts in industry. Over the years, the relative synchronous development of technologies for parallel synthesis and characterization has been accompanied by developments in associated software and information technologies. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the state of the art of the field by selected examples. Technologies developed to aid research on complex materials are covered as well as databases, design of experiment, data-mining technologies, modeling approaches, and evolutionary strategies for development. Different methods for parallel synthesis provide single sample libraries, gradient libraries for electronic or optical materials, similar to polymers and catalysts, and products produced through formulation strategies. Many examples illustrate the variety of isolated solutions and document the barely recognized variety of new methods for the synthesis and analysis of almost any material. The Review ends with a summary of success stories and statements on still-present problems and future tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm F Maier
- Technische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Gebäude C4.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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12
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Maier W, Stöwe K, Sieg S. Kombinatorische und Hochdurchsatz-Techniken in der Materialforschung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Berry BC, Stafford CM, Pandya M, Lucas LA, Karim A, Fasolka MJ. Versatile platform for creating gradient combinatorial libraries via modulated light exposure. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:072202. [PMID: 17672733 DOI: 10.1063/1.2755729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This article details the design, construction, and operation of flexible system that modulates light exposure for the purpose of fabricating continuous and discrete gradient combinatorial libraries. Designed for versatility, the device combines "off the shelf" components, modular accessories, and flexible computer control, so that it can be used for a variety of combinatorial research applications. Salient aspects and capabilities of the instrument are illustrated through two practical examples. The first case demonstrates how user defined exposure functions can be used to create continuous surface energy gradient libraries with a linear profile. The second example illustrates the creation of continuous and discrete libraries for mapping exposure-property functions in a photocurable polymer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Berry
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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Potyrailo RA. Polymeric Sensor Materials: Toward an Alliance of Combinatorial and Rational Design Tools? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:702-23. [PMID: 16419032 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Increased selectivity, response speed, and sensitivity in the chemical and biological determinations of gases and liquids are of great interest. Particular attention is paid to polymeric sensor materials, which are applicable to sensors exploiting various energy transduction principles, such as radiant, electrical, mechanical, and thermal energy. Ideally, numerous functional parameters of sensor materials can be tailored to meet specific needs using rational design approaches. However, increasing the structural and functional complexity of polymeric sensor materials makes it more difficult to predict the desired properties. Combinatorial and high-throughput methods have had an impact on all areas of research on polymer-based sensor materials including homo- and copolymers, formulated materials, polymeric structures with engineered morphology, and molecular shape-recognition materials. Herein we report on the state-of-the-art, the development trends, and the remaining knowledge gaps in the area of combinatorial polymeric sensor materials design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radislav A Potyrailo
- General Electric Company, Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, USA.
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15
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Potyrailo RA. Materialien für Sensorpolymere: Möglichkeiten kombinatorischen Designs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Frantzen A, Sanders D, Scheidtmann J, Simon U, Maier W. A Flexible Database for Combinatorial and High-Throughput Materials Science. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200420055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Potyrailo R, Lemmon J. Time-Modulated Combinatorially Developed Optical Sensors for Determination of Non-Volatile Analytes in Complex Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200420052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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