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Nishimura M, Nakaya Y, Kashimoto M, Imai S, Tanaka H, Takeuchi M. Determination of trace perchlorate in river water by ion chromatography with online matrix removal and sample concentration. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:689-694. [PMID: 36635453 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a simple ion chromatographic approach to determine trace amounts of perchlorate in river water samples. Determination of the trace perchlorate by ion chromatography typically faces two challenges: interference by matrix ions such as chloride, nitrate, and sulfate in the samples and insufficient detection sensitivity. In the present study, online pretreatment of the samples with an OnGuard II Ba/Ag/H disposable sample pretreatment cartridge prevented the sulfate peak tailing from overlapping with the perchlorate peak on the chromatogram. In addition, the matrix removal enabled as large as 10 mL of sample to be loaded into a high exchange capacity anion concentrator, significantly improving perchlorate's detection sensitivity. The proposed approach achieved a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 0.046 µg L-1 without using a costly mass spectrometer and successfully determined sub µg L-1 levels of perchlorate in river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Nishimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yukari Nakaya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Mao Kashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Shoji Imai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Hideji Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Masaki Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan.
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2
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Komiya M, Okada T. Aqueous-nonaqueous solvent-switching ion chromatography of halide impurities in ionic liquids. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1208:339826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Determination of Trace Level Perchlorate in Seawater Using Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction and Co-precipitation Extraction with Layered Double Hydroxides Followed by Ion Chromatography Analysis. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-04342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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4
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Keskin B, Üzer A, Apak R. Colorimetric sensing of ammonium perchlorate using methylene Blue−Modified gold nanoparticles. Talanta 2020; 206:120240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Wouters S, Dores-Sousa JL, Liu Y, Pohl CA, Eeltink S. Ultra-High-Pressure Ion Chromatography with Suppressed Conductivity Detection at 70 MPa Using Columns Packed with 2.5 μm Anion-Exchange Particles. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13824-13830. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Wouters
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - José Luís Dores-Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yan Liu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, United States
| | | | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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YAMAMOTO T, SUZUKI S, OZAWA M, KOBAYASHI Y, INOUE Y. Determination of Anions in Water-immiscible Organic Solvents by Ion Chromatography Combined with In-line Matrix Elimination. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2018. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.67.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yoshinori INOUE
- Metrohm Japan Ltd
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology
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7
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Xian Y, Guo X, Hou X, Wang L, Wu Y, Chen L, Dong H, Wang B. A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe cleanup method followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid analysis of perchlorate, bromate and hypophosphite in flour. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1526:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mavroudakis L, Mavrakis E, Kouvarakis A, Pergantis SA. Determination of chlorate, perchlorate and bromate anions in water samples by microbore reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:911-918. [PMID: 28370581 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (SSI-MS) has recently been shown to provide similar mass spectra to those generated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for a wide range of compounds, i.e. from small inorganic species to peptides, proteins and numerous other biomolecules. However, limited information about this new ionization technique, such as sensitivity, limit of detection and quantification accuracy, has been reported. In particular, its coupling to liquid chromatography needs further development and assessment, along with the introduction of a broad range of applications. METHODS A high-efficiency glass pneumatic nebulizer, used for decades for sample introduction in atomic spectrometry, was used for the SSI-MS analysis of chlorate (ClO3- ), perchlorate (ClO4- ) and bromate (BrO3- ) anions, following their separation using reversed-phase microbore high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) operated in selected reaction monitoring mode. RESULTS The developed and optimized microbore HPLC/SSI-MS/MS technique exhibited low limits of detection: 5.3 ng L-1 for chlorate, 10 ng L-1 for perchlorate and 33.7 ng L-1 for bromate, and provided reliable and accurate measurements of chlorate concentrations in water samples as demonstrated when comparing it with Ion Chromatography-Conductivity Detection (IC-CD), the benchmark technique for ion quantitation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that the use of HPLC/SSI-MS/MS has been reported for the detection and quantitation of chlorate, perchlorate and bromate in water samples. In addition, the exceptionally low LODs achieved using SSI render the technique competitive with the established and dominating electrospray ionization technique. Here, we have demonstrated that a commercially available high-efficiency glass pneumatic nebulizer can also be used, without any further modification, as an efficient gas-phase ion source. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Mavroudakis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Mavrakis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Antonis Kouvarakis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Spiros A Pergantis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
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Carr JA, Murali S, Hu F, Goleman WL, Carr DL, Smith EE, Wages M. Changes in gastric sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) activity are associated with differences in thyroid gland sensitivity to perchlorate during metamorphosis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 219:16-23. [PMID: 25448256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated stage-dependent changes in sensitivity of the thyroid gland to perchlorate during development of African clawed frog tadpoles (Xenopus laevis) in relation to non-thyroidal iodide transporting tissues. Perchlorate-induced increases in thyroid follicle cell size and colloid depletion were blunted when exposures began at Nieuwkoop-Faber (NF) stage 55 compared to when exposures began at NF stages 49 or 1-10. To determine if the development of other iodide transporting tissues may contribute to this difference we first examined which tissues expressed transcripts for the sodium dependent iodide symporter (NIS). RT-PCR analysis revealed that NIS was expressed in stomach and small intestine in addition to the thyroid gland of X. laevis tadpoles. NIS mRNA was not detected in lung, kidney, skin, gill, muscle, heart or liver. Perchlorate sensitive (125)I uptake was found in stomach, lung, kidney, gill, and small intestine but not muscle, liver, or heart. Perchlorate-sensitive (125)I uptake by stomach was 6-10 times greater than in any other non-thyroidal tissue in tadpoles. While NF stage 49 tadpoles exhibited perchlorate-sensitive uptake in stomach it was roughly 4-fold less than that observed in NF stage 55 tadpoles. Although abundance of NIS gene transcripts was greater in stomachs from NF stage 55 compared to NF stage 49 tadpoles this difference was not statistically significant. We conclude that gastric iodide uptake increases between NF stages 49 and 55, possibly due to post-translational changes in NIS glycosylation or trafficking within gastric mucosal cells. These developmental changes in gastric NIS gene expression may affect iodide availability to the thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States.
| | - Sharanya Murali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Fang Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Wanda L Goleman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Deborah L Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Ernest E Smith
- The Institute for Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Mike Wages
- The Institute for Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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10
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Liu JM, Liu CC, Fang GZ, Wang S. Advanced analytical methods and sample preparation for ion chromatography techniques. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10348g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently developed advanced ion chromatography techniques and the various sample preparation methods have been summarized in this mini-review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Guo-Zhen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- China
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11
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Zhang Y, Lucy CA. Effect of injection matrix concentration on peak shape and separation efficiency in ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1371:177-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Yang B, Zhang M, Kanyanee T, Stamos BN, Dasgupta PK. An Open Tubular Ion Chromatograph. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11554-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503249t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingcheng Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
- School
of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Tinakorn Kanyanee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Brian N. Stamos
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
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13
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Shelor CP, Dasgupta PK, Aubrey A, Davila AF, Lee MC, McKay CP, Liu Y, Noell AC. What can in situ ion chromatography offer for Mars exploration? ASTROBIOLOGY 2014; 14:577-588. [PMID: 24963874 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2013.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The successes of the Mars exploration program have led to our unprecedented knowledge of the geological, mineralogical, and elemental composition of the martian surface. To date, however, only one mission, the Phoenix lander, has specifically set out to determine the soluble chemistry of the martian surface. The surprising results, including the detection of perchlorate, demonstrated both the importance of performing soluble ion measurements and the need for improved instrumentation to unambiguously identify all the species present. Ion chromatography (IC) is the state-of-the-art technique for soluble ion analysis on Earth and would therefore be the ideal instrument to send to Mars. A flight IC system must necessarily be small, lightweight, low-power, and have low eluent consumption. We demonstrate here a breadboard system that addresses these issues by using capillary IC at low flow rates with an optimized eluent generator and suppressor. A mix of 12 ions known or plausible for the martian soil, including 4 (oxy)chlorine species, has been separated at flow rates ranging from 1 to 10 μL/min, requiring as little as 200 psi at 1.0 μL/min. This allowed the use of pneumatic displacement pumping from a pressurized aluminum eluent reservoir and the elimination of the high-pressure pump entirely (the single heaviest and most energy-intensive component). All ions could be separated and detected effectively from 0.5 to 100 μM, even when millimolar concentrations of perchlorate were present in the same mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Phillip Shelor
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
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14
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Ion chromatography-mass spectrometry: A review of recent technologies and applications in forensic and environmental explosives analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 806:27-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Kim DH, Yoon Y, Baek K, Han J, Her N. Occurrence of perchlorate in rice from different areas in the Republic of Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:1251-1257. [PMID: 23892615 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate concentrations in rice samples from many different provinces, and correlation with surface water contamination, were investigated in the Republic of Korea. Perchlorate levels in the 51 rice samples purchased from local markets ranged from below the detection limit to 1.79 ± 0.39 μg/kg with a mean level of 0.21 μg/kg and 7 samples collected from the Nakdong River watershed ranged from 0.38 ± 0.1 to 3.23 ± 0.47 μg/kg with a mean level of 0.9 μg/kg. The correlation coefficient between perchlorate levels in rice samples from the Nakdong river watershed and the levels in surface water was estimated to be approximately 0.904 in the 95% confidence interval. These results show that surface water contamination was highly related to the perchlorate pollution of rice in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Sciences, Korea Army Academy at Yeong-Cheon, 135-1, Changhari, GoGyeongmeon, Yeong-cheon, Gyeong-buk, 770-849, Republic of Korea
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16
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Schmidt-Marzinkowski J, See HH, Hauser PC. Electric Field Driven Extraction of Inorganic Anions Across a Polymer Inclusion Membrane. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Elipasheva EV, Kamasheva AS, Kulikov PN, Sergeev GM. Extraction-photometric selective determination of trace perchlorates in potable waters. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813050092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Lee YJ, Lee JB, Hong SH, Kim HJ, Shin HS. Determination of perchlorate in the Gum-River surface water by LC-ESI-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2012.25.6.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Takeuchi M, Yoshioka K, Toyama Y, Kagami A, Tanaka H. On-line measurement of perchlorate in atmospheric aerosol based on ion chromatograph coupled with particle collector and post-column concentrator. Talanta 2012; 97:527-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Shelor CP, Kirk AB, Dasgupta PK, Kroll M, Campbell CA, Choudhary PK. Breastfed infants metabolize perchlorate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5151-5159. [PMID: 22497505 DOI: 10.1021/es2042806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are the dominant intestinal bacteria in breastfed infants. It is known that they can reduce nitrate. Although no direct experiments have been conducted until now, inferred pathways for Bifidobacterium bifidum include perchlorate reduction via perchlorate reductase. We show that when commercially available strains of bifidobacteria are cultured in milk, spiked with perchlorate, perchlorate is consumed. We studied 13 breastfed infant-mother pairs who provided 43 milk samples and 39 infant urine samples, and 5 formula-fed infant-mother pairs who provided 21 formula samples and 21 infant urine samples. Using iodine as a conservative tracer, we determined the average urinary iodine (UI) to milk iodine (MI) concentration ratio to be 2.87 for the breastfed infants. For the same samples, the corresponding perchlorate concentration ratio was 1.37 (difference significant, p < 0.001), indicating that perchlorate is lost. For the formula fed infant group the same ratios were 1.20 and 1.58; the difference was not significant (p = 0.68). However, the small number of subjects in the latter group makes it more difficult to conclude definitively whether perchlorate reduction does or does not occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Phillip Shelor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
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22
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Her N, Kim J, Yoon Y. Perchlorate in dairy milk and milk-based powdered infant formula in South Korea. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:732-737. [PMID: 20692011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate has been detected in dairy milk and milk-based powdered infant formula samples from many different provinces of South Korea. A total of 37 dairy milk samples from 12 different brands and 26 milk-based powdered infant formula samples from four different brands were tested for the presence of perchlorate. These brands and their products, which are analyzed in this study, cover over 95% of the dairy milk and milk-based powdered infant formula market share in South Korea, which has a population of approximately 50 million inhabitants. Perchlorate was explicitly detected by ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; the limit of quantification (LOQ) for dairy milk and milk-based powdered infant formula was 0.12 μg L(-1) and 1.0 μg kg(-1), respectively. The perchlorate concentration in all the samples was above the LOQ. The perchlorate detection data is given as follows: 1.99-6.41 μg L(-1) (n = 37, mean concentration = 4.59 ± 0.17 μg L(-1)) for dairy milk and 1.49-33.3 μg kg(-1) (n = 26, mean concentration = 7.83 ± 0.22 μg kg(-1)) for milk-based infant formula. This study provides increasing evidence that perchlorate commonly occurs in dairy products, presumably as the result of perchlorate intake by dairy cattle from water and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namguk Her
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Korea Army Academy at Young-Cheon, Young-Cheon, Gyeongbuk 770-849, South Korea
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23
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Gertsch JC, Noblitt SD, Cropek DM, Henry CS. Rapid Analysis of Perchlorate in Drinking Water at Parts per Billion Levels Using Microchip Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3426-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9029086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana C. Gertsch
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Champaign, IL
| | - Scott D. Noblitt
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Champaign, IL
| | - Donald M. Cropek
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Champaign, IL
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Champaign, IL
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsu Yamada
- Center for Environmental Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Department of Chemistry and Material Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| | - Hiroki Asano
- Department of Chemistry and Material Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| | - Yasuro Fuse
- Center for Environmental Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology
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25
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Selective preconcentration of chemical warfare agent degradation products using a zirconia preconcentration column. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1213:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 09/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Haddad PR, Nesterenko PN, Buchberger W. Recent developments and emerging directions in ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:456-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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KATO N, MORIMOTO S, MANABE T. Determination of Perchlorate in Biological Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2007. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.56.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norio KATO
- Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences
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28
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Li Y, George EJ. Reversed-phase liquid chromatograhy/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of perchlorate in water. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1133:215-20. [PMID: 16956615 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new reversed-phase liquid chromatograhy/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the analysis of perchlorate in water. The improved separation of perchlorate from common anions along with sample dilution effectively reduced matrix effects, primarily ion suppression caused by common anions. The (18)O-enriched perchlorate used as an internal standard provided further compensation for potential changes associated with instrument sensitivity, retention time shifting, peak broadening, ion suppression, and other matrix effects. The mean recoveries and relative standard deviations were 92-107% and 2.5-9.5% for simulated water matrix spikes at 0.05-1.0 microg/L, and 80-106% and 3.8-13% for real water sample matrix spikes at 2.0 microg/L, respectively. The method detection limits were 0.007 microg/L for reagent water and 0.014 microg/L for the simulated water matrix that contained 100 mg/L of SO(4)(2-), CO(3)(2-), and Cl(-) anions; 2 mg/L of PO(4)(3-) as P and NO(3)(-) as N; and 0.1 mg/L of Br(-), BrO(3)(-), ClO(2)(-), ClO(3)(-), and F(-) anions in reagent water, respectively. When using cartridge pretreatment to remove problematic SO(4)(2-), CO(3)(2-), and Cl(-) anions, the minimum reporting level could be set to 0.05 microg/L or lower. With 10-fold dilution, the minimum reporting level was conservatively set to 0.5 microg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- Environmental Health Sciences, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 110 South Hill Street, South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
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Hu F, Sharma B, Mukhi S, Patiño R, Carr JA. The Colloidal Thyroxine (T4) Ring as a Novel Biomarker of Perchlorate Exposure in the African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis. Toxicol Sci 2006; 93:268-77. [PMID: 16807283 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if changes in colloidal thyroxine (T(4)) immunoreactivity can be used as a biomarker of perchlorate exposure in amphibian thyroid tissue. Larval African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) were exposed to 0, 1, 8, 93, and 1131 microg perchlorate/l for 38 and 69 days to cover the normal period of larval development and metamorphosis. The results of this study confirmed the presence of an immunoreactive colloidal T(4) ring in thyroid follicles of X. laevis and demonstrated that the intensity of this ring is reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by perchlorate exposure. The smallest effective concentration of perchlorate capable of significantly reducing colloidal T(4) ring intensity was 8 microg perchlorate/l. The intensity of the immunoreactive colloidal T(4) ring is a more sensitive biomarker of perchlorate exposure than changes in hind limb length, forelimb emergence, tail resorption, thyrocyte hypertrophy, or colloid depletion. We conclude that the colloidal T(4) ring can be used as a sensitive biomarker of perchlorate-induced thyroid disruption in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3131, USA
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30
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Ruan C, Wang W, Gu B. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering for perchlorate detection using cystamine-modified gold nanoparticles. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 567:114-20. [PMID: 17723387 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4-) has recently emerged as a widespread environmental contaminant found in groundwater and surface water, and there is a great need for rapid detection and monitoring of this contaminant. This study presents a new technique using cystamine-modified gold nanoparticles as a substrate for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of perchlorate at low concentrations. A detection limit of 5x10(-6) M (0.5 mg/L) has been achieved using this method without sample preconcentration. This result was attributed to a strong plasmon enhancement by gold metal surfaces and the electrostatic attraction of ClO4- onto positively charged, cystamine-modified gold nanoparticles at a low pH. The methodology also was found to be reproducible, quantitative, and not susceptible to significant interference from the presence of anions such as sulfate, phosphate, nitrate and chloride at concentrations <1 mM, making it potentially suitable for rapid screening and routine analysis of perchlorate in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanmin Ruan
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
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31
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Lin R, De Borba B, Srinivasan K, Woodruff A, Pohl C. Matrix diversion methods for improved analysis of perchlorate by suppressed ion chromatography and conductivity detection. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 567:135-42. [PMID: 17723390 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two inline matrix diversion methods were developed for the sensitive analysis of perchlorate in a matrix comprising up to 1000 mg l(-1) of chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate ions using suppressed ion chromatography and conductivity detection. The first method used a cryptand C1 concentrator column, which exhibited a high selectivity for perchlorate ion over the other matrix anions. After retaining the sample anions in a concentrator column derivatized with a crytpand phase, a rinse step was implemented with a weak base to divert the matrix ions to waste while selectively retaining perchlorate in the concentrator column for subsequent analysis. The analysis was done using a 2mm IonPac AS16 or 2 mm IonPac AS20 separator column. The second method was a two-dimensional matrix diversion method with a focus on improving the detection sensitivity. The first dimension was used to achieve some resolution of the matrix ions from perchlorate. The perchlorate ion was then diverted into a concentrator column for subsequent analysis in the second dimension. By pursuing analysis using a 4mm IonPac AS16 or IonPac AS20 column in the first dimension and subsequently pursuing analysis using a 2mm IonPac AS16 or IonPac AS20 column format, excellent sensitivities were achieved when the first and second dimensions were operated at the same linear flow velocity (cm min(-1)). While sensitive detection of perchlorate in the low microg l(-1) regime was achieved by the above methods in the presence of matrix ions, superior recovery for perchlorate was demonstrated under a variety of matrix concentrations by the second method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lin
- Dionex Corporation, 445 Lakeside Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94087, United States
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32
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Yu L, Cheng Q, Cañas J, Valentin-Blasini L, Blount BC, Anderson T. Challenges in determining perchlorate in biological tissues and fluids: Implications for characterizing perchlorate exposure. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 567:66-72. [PMID: 17723380 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to measure environmental contaminants in biological tissues and fluids is important in the characterization of exposure. However, the analysis of certain contaminants in these matrices presents significant challenges. Perchlorate (ClO4-) has emerged as a potential contaminant of concern primarily in drinking water and also in contaminated food. Significant advances have been made in the analysis of perchlorate in environmental matrices (water, soil) by ion chromatography (IC). In contrast, the analysis of perchlorate in extracts of biological tissues and fluids (vegetation, organs, milk, blood, urine, etc.) presents several challenges including small sample sizes, extracts with high matrix conductivity, and co-elution of other ions during IC analysis. To be able to detect low concentrations of perchlorate in biological samples, interferences must be removed or minimized, such as through the use of preparative chromatography cleanup techniques and/or alternative analytical methods less susceptible to common interferences (preconcentration or mass spectrometric detection). We present discussion and examples of the challenges encountered in the analysis of tissue extracts and fluids for perchlorate by IC and how some of those analytical challenges have been overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Box 13006, Nacogdoches, TX 75961, United States
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33
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Martinelango PK, Tian K, Dasgupta PK. Perchlorate in seawater. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 567:100-7. [PMID: 17723385 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There has been no reliable published data on the presence of perchlorate in seawater. Seaweeds are among the most important plant life in the ocean and are good sources of iodine and have been widely used as food and nutritional supplement. Perchlorate is known to inhibit the transport of iodide by the sodium iodide symporter (NIS), present e.g., in the thyroid and mammary glands. With perchlorate being increasingly detected in drinking water, milk and various other foods, increasing the iodide intake through inexpensive natural supplements may be an attractive solution for maintaining iodine assimilation. We report here measurable concentrations of perchlorate in several samples of seawater (detectable in about half the samples analyzed). We also report the iodide and perchlorate concentrations of 11 different species of seaweed and the corresponding bioconcentration factors (BCF) for perchlorate and iodide, relative to the seawater from which they were harvested. All seaweed samples came from the same region, off the coast of Northeastern Maine. Concentrations of iodide and perchlorate in four seawater samples collected from the region near harvest time were 30+/-11 and 0.16+/-0.084 microg l(-1), respectively. Concentrations of both iodide and perchlorate varied over a wide range for different seaweed species; iodide ranging from 16 to 3134 mg kg(-1) and perchlorate from 0.077 to 3.2 mg kg(-1). The Laminaria species had the highest iodide concentration; Laminaria digitata is the seaweed species most commonly used in the kelp tablets sold in health food stores. Our sample of L. digitata contained 3134+/-15 mg iodide/kg dry weight. The BCF varied widely for different species, with Laminaria species concentrating iodide preferentially over perchlorate. The iodide BCF (BCF(i)) to perchlorate BCF (BCF(p)) quotient ranged from 0.66 to 53; L. digitata and L. saccarina having a BCF(i)/BCF(p) value of 45 and 53, respectively, far greater than a simple anion exchange process will allow. Although most seaweed samples contain some amount of perchlorate, the great majority contains iodide in so much higher amount that at least for the commonly used Laminaria species, the iodide/perchlorate ratio is greater than the square of the perchlorate to iodide selectivity factor reported for the mammalian NIS and should thus lead to net beneficial iodine nutrition even in a two-stage mother-infant scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kalyani Martinelango
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
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34
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Martinelango PK, Gümüş G, Dasgupta PK. Matrix interference free determination of perchlorate in urine by ion association–ion chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 567:79-86. [PMID: 17723382 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 02/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative measurement of perchlorate in biological fluids is of importance to assess its toxicity and to study its effects on the thyroid gland. Whenever possible, urine samples are preferred in toxicologic/epidemiologic studies because sample collection is non-invasive. We present here a pretreatment method for the determination of perchlorate in urine samples that lead to a clean matrix. Urine samples, spiked with isotopically labeled perchlorate, are exposed to UV to destroy/decompose organic molecules and then sequentially treated with an H+-form cation exchange resin to remove protolyzable compounds, with ammonia to raise the pH to 10-11 and finally passed through a mini-column of basic alumina to remove the color and other organic matter. After filtration through a 0.45 microm syringe filter, the sample thus prepared can be directly injected into an ion chromatograph (IC). We use ion association-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to detect and quantify perchlorate. The proposed sample preparation method leads to excellent limits of detection (LOD's) for perchlorate since there is essentially no dilution of sample and the matrix effects are eliminated. Results of urine samples from both men and women volunteers are reported for perchlorate, as well as for iodide and thiocyanate, which are generally present at much higher concentrations and for which a "dilute and shoot" approach is adequate. The limit of detection (S/N=3) for iodide, thiocyanate and perchlorate by the present method was 0.40, 0.10 and 0.080 microg l(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kalyani Martinelango
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79401-1061, United States
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35
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Kang N, Anderson TA, Jackson WA. Photochemical formation of perchlorate from aqueous oxychlorine anions. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 567:48-56. [PMID: 17723378 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 01/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence of atmospherically produced perchlorate is being accumulated, yet information regarding its formation process is largely unknown. For the first time, the present study demonstrates that perchlorate can be generated as an end-product of photochemical transformation reactions of chlorine precursors such as aqueous salt solutions of hypochlorite, chlorite, and chlorate upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. For example, under exposure to UV light from photochemical reactor lamps at a peak wavelength of 253.7 nm for 7 days, the observed perchlorate concentrations were 5, 25, and 626 microg/L at initial chlorite concentrations of 100, 1000, and 10,000 mg/L, respectively. In addition, perchlorate was generated within 7 days from aqueous chlorite solutions at mid-latitude (33 degrees 59'N, 101 degrees 89'W) spring and summer solar radiation. Via UV radiation from the artificial lamps and sunlight, chlorite was converted to chloride (68%) and chlorate (32%) as end-products on the basis of molar percentage. However, perchlorate was not detected from aqueous chloride solutions at initial concentrations up to 10,000 mg/L under the experimental conditions. Relevant mechanistic pathways were proposed based on the fact that chlorine dioxide (as a primary intermediate) may play a significant role in phototransformation of the precursors leading to perchlorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namgoo Kang
- Water Resources Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA
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36
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Stetson SJ, Wanty RB, Helsel DR, Kalkhoff SJ, Macalady DL. Stability of low levels of perchlorate in drinking water and natural water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 567:108-13. [PMID: 17723386 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorate ion (ClO4-) is an environmental contaminant of growing concern due to its potential human health effects, impact on aquatic and land animals, and widespread occurrence throughout the United States. The determination of perchlorate cannot normally be carried out in the field. As such, water samples for perchlorate analysis are often shipped to a central laboratory, where they may be stored for a significant period before analysis. The stability of perchlorate ion in various types of commonly encountered water samples has not been generally examined-the effect of such storage is thus not known. In the present study, the long-term stability of perchlorate ion in deionized water, tap water, ground water, and surface water was examined. Sample sets containing approximately 1000, 100, 1.0, and 0.5 microg l(-1) perchlorate ion in deionized water and also in local tap water were formulated. These samples were analyzed by ion chromatography for perchlorate ion concentration against freshly prepared standards every 24h for the first 7 days, biweekly for the next 4 weeks, and periodically after that for a total of 400 or 610 days for the two lowest concentrations and a total of 428 or 638 days for the high concentrations. Ground and surface water samples containing perchlorate were collected, held and analyzed for perchlorate concentration periodically over at least 360 days. All samples except for the surface water samples were found to be stable for the duration of the study, allowing for holding times of at least 300 days for ground water samples and at least 90 days for surface water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Stetson
- US Geological Survey, MS 964 Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, United States.
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37
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Dyke JV, Kirk AB, Martinelango PK, Dasgupta PK. Sample processing method for the determination of perchlorate in milk. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 567:73-8. [PMID: 17723381 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many different water sources and foods have been reported to contain perchlorate. Studies indicate that significant levels of perchlorate are present in both human and dairy milk. The determination of perchlorate in milk is particularly important due to its potential health impact on infants and children. As for many other biological samples, sample preparation is more time consuming than the analysis itself. The concurrent presence of large amounts of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, etc., demands some initial cleanup; otherwise the separation column lifetime and the limit of detection are both greatly compromised. Reported milk processing methods require the addition of chemicals such as ethanol, acetic acid or acetonitrile. Reagent addition is undesirable in trace analysis. We report here an essentially reagent-free sample preparation method for the determination of perchlorate in milk. Milk samples are spiked with isotopically labeled perchlorate and centrifuged to remove lipids. The resulting liquid is placed in a disposable centrifugal ultrafilter device with a molecular weight cutoff of 10 kDa, and centrifuged. Approximately 5-10 ml of clear liquid, ready for analysis, is obtained from a 20 ml milk sample. Both bovine and human milk samples have been successfully processed and analyzed by ion chromatography-mass spectrometry (IC-MS). Standard addition experiments show good recoveries. The repeatability of the analytical result for the same sample in multiple sample cleanup runs ranged from 3 to 6% R.S.D. This processing technique has also been successfully applied for the determination of iodide and thiocyanate in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason V Dyke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79401-1061, United States
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38
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Lamb JD, Simpson D, Jensen BD, Gardner JS, Peterson QP. Determination of perchlorate in drinking water by ion chromatography using macrocycle-based concentration and separation methods. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1118:100-5. [PMID: 16516902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Macrocycle-based ion chromatography provides a convenient, reliable method for the determination of perchlorate ion, which is currently of great interest to the environmental community. This study shows that effective perchlorate determinations can be made using standard conductimetric detection by combining an 18-crown-6-based mobile phase with an underivatized reversed-phase mobile phase ion chromatography (MPIC) column. One unique feature of this method is the flexibility in column capacity that is achieved through simple variations in eluent concentrations of 18-crown-6 and KOH, facilitating the separation of target analyte anions such as perchlorate. Using a standard anion exchange column as concentrator makes possible the determination of perchlorate as low as 0.2 ug/L in low ionic strength matrices. Determination of perchlorate at the sub-ug/L level in pure water and in spiked local city hard water samples with high background ion concentrations can be achieved this way. However, like other IC techniques, this method is challenged to achieve analyses at the ug/L level in the demanding high ionic strength matrix described by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1,000 mg/L chloride, sulfate and carbonate). We approached this challenge by use of the Cryptand C1 concentrator column, provided by Dionex Corporation, to effectively preconcentrate perchlorate while reducing background ion concentrations in the high ionic strength matrix. The retention characteristics of the concentrator column were studied in order to maximize its effectiveness for perchlorate determinations. The method makes possible the determination of perchlorate at the 5 ug/L level in the highest ionic strength matrix described by the EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lamb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C-100 BNSN, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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39
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Barron L, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Rapid on-line preconcentration and suppressed micro-bore ion chromatography of part per trillion levels of perchlorate in rainwater samples. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 567:127-34. [PMID: 17723389 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of a rapid method for the determination of perchlorate in rain and drinking waters is presented. In the optimised method, an on-line preconcentration technique was employed utilising a 10 mm x 4.6 mm Phenomenex Onyx monolithic guard cartridge coated with (N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)undecanoate for selective preconcentration, with subsequent elution into a fixed volume injection loop ('heart-cut' of the concentrator column eluate) and separation using an IonPac AS16 (250 mm x 2mm) anion exchange column and a potassium hydroxide concentration gradient. Off-line optimisation studies showed that the coated monolith displayed near quantitative recovery up to 50 microg/L perchlorate level from standards prepared in reagent water. On-line preconcentration of perchlorate obtained detection limits down to 56 ng/L in reagent water, between 70 and 80 ng/L in rainwater samples and 2.5 microg/L in non-pretreated drinking water. After an additional sample sulphate/carbonate removal step, low ng/L perchlorate concentrations could also be observed in drinking water. The complete on-line method exhibited reproducibility for n=10 replicate runs of R.S.D.< or =3% for peak height/area and R.S.D.=0.08% for retention time. The optimised method, of 20 min total duration, was applied to the determination of perchlorate by standard addition in 10 rainwater samples and one drinking water sample. Concentrations of perchlorate present ranged from below the detection limit for four rainwater samples, with another three samples showing perchlorate present at between 70 and 100 ng/L, and one sample showing perchlorate present at 2.8 microg/L. Levels of 1.1 microg/L in the drinking water sample were also recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Barron
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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40
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Cañas JE, Cheng Q, Tian K, Anderson TA. Optimization of operating conditions for the determination of perchlorate in biological samples using preconcentration/preelution ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1103:102-9. [PMID: 16310204 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorate originates as a contaminant in the environment from the use of salts in the manufacture of solid rocket fuels and munitions. Monitoring potential perchlorate contamination in the environment is of interest, however, very few analytical methods have been developed for perchlorate determination in biological samples. Analysis of complex samples by ion chromatography is complicated by matrix components that can interfere with perchlorate determination. However, a recently developed preconcentration/preelution (PC/PE) ion chromatography method has demonstrated the capability to analyze certain complex samples such as high salinity water, milk, and hydroponic fertilizers. The ability of this method to reduce sample background and lower detection limits in ion chromatography for various biological samples was evaluated in this study. The PC/PE method was applicable to the analysis of kidneys, livers, zebrafish, quail eggs, lettuce, and urine. Optimal operating conditions were determined for each matrix. Ranges of optimal wash volumes were shorter when 15 mM NaOH prewash solutions were used compared with 10mM and good recovery was achieved for most matrices with an injection period > or =60s. Prewash solution concentration did not appear to significantly affect matrix background. The PC/PE method was capable of reducing sample background when compared to EPA Method 314.0, which resulted in detection limits, with the exception of zebrafish and urine, that were two-fold lower than those achieved with EPA Method 314.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn E Cañas
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41163, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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41
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Cañas JE, Patel R, Tian K, Anderson TA. Development of an extraction method for perchlorate in soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:399-405. [PMID: 16528425 DOI: 10.1039/b515978d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorate originates as a contaminant in the environment from its use in solid rocket fuels and munitions. The current US EPA methods for perchlorate determination via ion chromatography using conductivity detection do not include recommendations for the extraction of perchlorate from soil. This study evaluated and identified appropriate conditions for the extraction of perchlorate from clay loam, loamy sand, and sandy soils. Based on the results of this evaluation, soils should be extracted in a dry, ground (mortar and pestle) state with Milli-Q water in a 1 ratio 1 soil ratio water ratio and diluted no more than 5-fold before analysis. When sandy soils were extracted in this manner, the calculated method detection limit was 3.5 microg kg(-1). The findings of this study have aided in the establishment of a standardized extraction method for perchlorate in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn E Cañas
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, P. O. Box 41163, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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42
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Smith PN, Yu L, McMurry ST, Anderson TA. Perchlorate in water, soil, vegetation, and rodents collected from the Las Vegas Wash, Nevada, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2004; 132:121-127. [PMID: 15276280 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 03/26/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Water, soil, vegetation, and rodents were collected from three areas along the Las Vegas Wash, a watershed heavily contaminated with perchlorate. Perchlorate was detected at elevated concentrations in water, soil, and vegetation, but was not frequently detected in rodent liver or kidney tissues. Broadleaf weeds contained the highest concentrations of perchlorate among all plant types examined. Perchlorate in rodent tissues and vegetation was correlated with perchlorate concentrations in soil as expected, however rodent residues were not highly correlated with plant perchlorate concentrations. This indicates that soil may be a greater source, or a more constant source of perchlorate exposure in rodents than vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Smith
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock 79409-1163, USA.
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43
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Kirk AB, Smith EE, Tian K, Anderson TA, Dasgupta PK. Perchlorate in milk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:4979-4981. [PMID: 14620826 DOI: 10.1021/es034735q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate was unambiguously detected by ion chromatography-suppressed conductivity (IC-CD) and/or ion chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (IC-MS) in seven of seven supermarket milk samples bought randomly in Lubbock, TX. Quantitation by IC-MS and IC-suppressed conductivity detection in conjunction with a preconcentration-preelution method provided comparable results. With a sample cleanup procedure that involved protein removal by ethanol and sequential passage though activated alumina and C-18 silica, the limit of detection for perchlorate in milk was 0.5 microg/L. The levels found ranged from 1.7 to 6.4 microg/L. An evaporated milk sample contained perchlorate at 1.1 +/- 0.6 microg/L level, while we did not find detectable levels in a reconstituted powdered milk sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Kirk
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, MS 1163, USA
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