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Humbert L, Wiart JF, Lipka E, Phanithavong-Nachon M, Richeval C, Gaulier JM, Allorge D. La chromatographie en phase supercritique (SFC) ultrarapide (Fast SFC) : un outil complémentaire au service de l’analyste. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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2
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Ali I, Raja R, Alam SD, Shirsath V, K. Jain A, Locatelli M, David V. A comparison of chiral separations by supercritical fluid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2021.1979037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Rupak Raja
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
- Jubilant Biosys Limited, Noida, India
| | | | | | - Arvind K. Jain
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Victor David
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Romania
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Gibitz-Eisath N, Eichberger M, Gruber R, Seger C, Sturm S, Stuppner H. Towards eco-friendly secondary plant metabolite quantitation: Ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography applied to common vervain (Verbena officinalis L.). J Sep Sci 2019; 43:829-838. [PMID: 31769179 PMCID: PMC7160600 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This report presents the first ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography diode array detector based assay for simultaneous determination of iridoid glucosides, flavonoid glucuronides, and phenylpropanoid glycosides in Verbena officinalis (Verbenaceae) extracts. Separation of the key metabolites was achieved in less than 7 min on an Acquity UPC2 Torus Diol column using a mobile phase gradient comprising subcritical carbon dioxide and methanol with 0.15% phosphoric acid. Method validation for seven selected marker compounds (hastatoside, verbenalin, apigenin‐7‐O‐glucuronide, luteolin‐7‐O‐glucuronide, apigenin‐7‐O‐diglucuronide, verbascoside, and luteolin‐7‐O‐diglucuronide) confirmed the assay to be sensitive, linear, precise, and accurate. Head‐to‐head comparison to an ultra high performance liquid chromatography comparator assay did prove the high orthogonality of the methods. Quantitative result equivalence was evaluated by Passing‐Bablok‐correlation and Bland‐Altman‐plot analysis. This cross‐validation revealed, that one of the investigated marker compound peaks was contaminated in the ultra high performance liquid chromatography assay by a structurally related congener. Taken together, it was proven that the ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography instrument setup with its orthogonal selectivity is a true alternative to conventional reversed phase liquid chromatography in quantitative secondary metabolite analysis. For regulatory purposes, assay cross‐validation with highly orthogonal methods seems a viable approach to avoid analyte overestimation due to coeluting, analytically indistinguishable contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gibitz-Eisath
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, CCB - Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Miriam Eichberger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, CCB - Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Regina Gruber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, CCB - Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Seger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, CCB - Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Risch Laboratory Group, Buchs, SG, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Sturm
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, CCB - Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, CCB - Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Lü H, Wang Z, Geng Z, Li Y, Liu S, Liu J. Adsorption equilibria of paeoniflorin and albiflorin on cyano-silica column from supercritical carbon dioxide/ethanol. Chin J Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zehani Y, Lemaire L, Millet R, Lipka E. Small scale separation of isoxazole structurally related analogues by chiral supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1505:106-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Preparative supercritical fluid chromatography: A powerful tool for chiral separations. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:33-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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7
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Wu H, Yu S, Zeng L. Effects of Hexane in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for the Separation of Enantiomers. Chirality 2016; 28:192-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Wu
- Takeda California, Inc.; San Diego California USA
| | - Stanley Yu
- Takeda California, Inc.; San Diego California USA
| | - Lu Zeng
- Takeda California, Inc.; San Diego California USA
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Fairchild JN, Brousmiche DW, Hill JF, Morris MF, Boissel CA, Wyndham KD. Chromatographic Evidence of Silyl Ether Formation (SEF) in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1735-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5035709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason F. Hill
- Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
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Ng MH, Choo YM. Packed Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for the Analyses and Preparative Separations of Palm Oil Minor Components. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2015.68062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Taguchi K, Fukusaki E, Bamba T. Simultaneous analysis for water- and fat-soluble vitamins by a novel single chromatography technique unifying supercritical fluid chromatography and liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1362:270-7. [PMID: 25200530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chromatography techniques usually use a single state in the mobile phase, such as liquid, gas, or supercritical fluid. Chromatographers manage one of these techniques for their purpose but are sometimes required to use multiple methods, or even worse, multiple techniques when the target compounds have a wide range of chemical properties. To overcome this challenge, we developed a single method covering a diverse compound range by means of a "unified" chromatography which completely bridges supercritical fluid chromatography and liquid chromatography. In our method, the phase state was continuously changed in the following order; supercritical, subcritical and liquid. Moreover, the gradient of the mobile phase starting at almost 100% CO2 was replaced with 100% methanol at the end completely. As a result, this approach achieved further extension of the polarity range of the mobile phase in a single run, and successfully enabled the simultaneous analysis of fat- and water-soluble vitamins with a wide logP range of -2.11 to 10.12. Furthermore, the 17 vitamins were exceptionally separated in 4min. Our results indicated that the use of dense CO2 and the replacement of CO2 by methanol are practical approaches in unified chromatography covering diverse compounds. Additionally, this is a first report to apply the novel approach to unified chromatography, and can open another door for diverse compound analysis in a single chromatographic technique with single injection, single column and single system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Taguchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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11
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Supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry in metabolite analysis. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1679-89. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) owes many of its advantages to the properties of supercritical CO2, which possesses benefits as mobile phase. SFC has recently gained attention as a separation technique because it can be utilized for not only non-polar but also polar compound analysis. In addition, MS is widely adopted for SFC, and the options for MS are equivalent to liquid chromatography. Sensitive and selective detection is crucial in metabolite analysis. The SFC/MS system can be an alternative approach to liquid chromatography, as can metabolite analysis using packed-column SFC in biosamples. In this review we cover the fundamentals of SFC in combination with MS, and discuss the results of metabolite analysis using SFC/MS.
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12
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Comparative assessment of achiral stationary phases for high throughput analysis in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1332:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Optimization of experimental parameters for separation of nonionic surfactants by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Chou FM, Chen PH, Wei GT. Evaluation and Measurement of Asymmetric Factor of a Basic Compound on C 18Bonded Silica in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Orthogonal Array Design. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Saito M. History of supercritical fluid chromatography: Instrumental development. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 115:590-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Samokhin AS, Revelsky IA, Chepelyansky DA, Parenago OO, Pokrovsky OI, Lepeshkin FD, Ustinovich KB, Revelsky AI. Supercritical fluid chromatography and its application to analysis and preparation of high-purity compounds. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793111080100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Varadwaj GBB, Parida KM. Montmorillonite supported metal nanoparticles: an update on syntheses and applications. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40520f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Grand-Guillaume Perrenoud A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Comparison of ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1266:158-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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De Klerck K, Mangelings D, Vander Heyden Y. Supercritical fluid chromatography for the enantioseparation of pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:77-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Applications of the chromatographic impulse response method in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1250:141-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Use of isopycnic plots in designing operations of supercritical fluid chromatography: II. The isopycnic plots and the selection of the operating pressure–temperature zone in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4576-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Guiochon G, Tarafder A. Fundamental challenges and opportunities for preparative supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1037-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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25
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Systematic evaluation of new chiral stationary phases for supercritical fluid chromatography using a standard racemate library. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1134-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Background: Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is continually gaining attention in the separation sciences as demand increases for higher throughput isolations and purifications. The higher flow rates associated with SFC provide a significant decrease in analysis time and increase in sample-throughput efficiency. Peptides are of particular interest for SFC due, in part, to the rather extensive analysis time required by HPLC. Results: This work explored a wide range of peptides not only for detection, but also for separation using SFC. A separation of five peptides ranging in molecular weights from 238.2 to 1046.2 was achieved by SFC in less than 12 min, compared with 50 min using HPLC. Conclusion: This research further illustrates the ever-expanding applicability of SFC to a wider variety of compound classes. The rapid analysis time associated with SFC, as seen in this work, provides a nearly fivefold decrease in analysis time when compared with HPLC.
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Li JJ, Thurbide KB. Dynamic control of split flow in packed column supercritical fluid chromatography using dual resistively heated restrictors. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2469-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Li JJ, Thurbide KB. Novel pressure control in supercritical fluid chromatography using a resistively heated restrictor. CAN J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/v09-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An alternative means of independently controlling column pressure in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) by resistively heating the post-column restrictor is demonstrated. Compared to conventional block heating methods, resistive restrictor heating provides at least four times greater pressure programming rates and allows for much faster cooling times in between runs, thereby increasing sample throughput. When applying resistive restrictor heating in proximity to a flame ionization detector, the chromatographic baseline noise increases substantially and obscures peaks. However, adding about 100 mL/min of nitrogen into the flame burner essentially removes this noise and returns the detector response to normal. The analyte retention time in consecutive pressure gradient trials reproduces well with a minimal relative standard deviation of 0.36% (n = 3). The resistive restrictor heating technique presented is also found to be equally effective for either capillary or packed SFC operating modes. Results suggest that this method can potentially provide a simple, inexpensive, and convenient alternative to limited passive restrictors or more costly and complex backpressure regulators that are often used to maintain system pressure in supercritical fluid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kevin B. Thurbide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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McClain RT, Dudkina A, Barrow J, Hartman G, Welch CJ. Evaluation and Implementation of a Commercially Available Mass-Guided SFC Purification Platform in a High Throughput Purification Laboratory in Drug Discovery. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802671325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ray T. McClain
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Dudkina
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James Barrow
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George Hartman
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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31
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Chemistry strategies in early drug discovery: an overview of recent trends. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13:677-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Mah C, Thurbide KB. gAn improved interface for universal acoustic flame detection in modified supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1314-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry T. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
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Purification method development for chiral separation in supercritical fluid chromatography with the solubilities in supercritical fluid chromatographic mobile phases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:831-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Stringham RW, Krueger BR, Marshall J. Use of elevated flow rates in preparative subcritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1175:112-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 09/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Smith RM. Superheated water chromatography--a green technology for the future. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:441-55. [PMID: 17658536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reversed phase liquid chromatography using superheated water as the mobile phase, at temperatures between 100 and 250 degrees C, offers a number of advantages for the analyst. It is an environmentally clean solvent, reducing solvent usage and disposal costs. It has advantages in detection, allowing UV spectra to be monitored down to short wavelengths, as well as a compatibility with universal flame ionisation detection and mass spectroscopy. By employing deuterium oxide as the eluent, solvent free NMR spectra can be measured. The development of newer more thermally stable stationary phases, including hybrid phases, have expanded the analytes that can be examined and these now range from alkylbenzenes, phenols, alkyl aryl ketones and a number of pharmaceuticals to carboxylic acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. Very few compounds have been found to be unstable during the analysis. The separation methods can be directly coupled to superheated water extraction providing a totally solvent free system for sample extraction and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, UK.
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Lundgren J, Salomonsson J, Gyllenhaal O, Johansson E. Supercritical fluid chromatography of metoprolol and analogues on aminopropyl and ethylpyridine silica without any additives. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1154:360-7. [PMID: 17449043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metoprolol and a number of related amino alcohols and similar analytes have been chromatographed on aminopropyl (APS) and ethylpyridine (EPS) silica columns. The mobile phase was carbon dioxide with methanol as modifier and no amine additive was present. Optimal isocratic conditions for the selectivity were evaluated based on experiments using design of experiments. A central composite circumscribed model for each column was used. Factors were column temperature, back-pressure and % (v/v) of modifier. The responses were retention and selectivity versus metoprolol. The % of modifier mainly controlled the retention on both columns but pressure and temperature could also be important for optimizing the selectivity between the amino alcohols. The compounds could be divided into four and five groups on both columns, with respect to the selectivity. Furthermore, on the aminopropyl silica the analytes were more spread out whereas on the ethylpyridine silica, due to its aromaticity, retention and selectivity were closer. For optimal conditions the column temperature and back-pressure should be high and the modifier concentration low. A comparison of the selectivity using optimized conditions show a few switches of retention order between the two columns. On aminopropyl silica an aldehyde failed to be eluted owing to Schiff-base formation. Peak symmetry and column efficiency were briefly studied for some structurally close analogues. This revealed some activity from the columns that affected analytes that had less protected amino groups, a methyl group instead of isopropyl. The tailing was more marked with the ethylpyridine column even with the more bulky alkyl substituents. Plate number N was a better measure than the asymmetry factor since some analyte peaks broadened without serious deterioration of symmetry compared to homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Lundgren
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R & D, AstraZeneca R & D Mölndal, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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Gyllenhaal O, Edström L, Persson BA. Ion-pair supercritical fluid chromatography of metoprolol and related amino alcohols on diol silica. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1134:305-10. [PMID: 16949084 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a chromatographic system based on carbon dioxide with methanol as mobile phase, and diol silica as stationary phase has been investigated for metoprolol and related amino alcohols by addition of strong acids to systems with triethylamine base as primary additive. Standard conditions used were 10% of methanol, containing 24 mM of acid and 18 mM of triethylamine, in carbon dioxide with a flow rate of 1.5 ml min(-1). The column dimensions were 125 mm x 4 mm I.D. and kept at 40 degrees C with a back pressure of 150 bar. Effects on selectivity were stronger with trifluoroacetic acid than with ethanesulfonic acid. From a large set of related analytes, it was shown that selectivity changes were significant when the structure close to the nitrogen of the amino alcohol analyte differed. The stability of the column in the short time perspective was examined and it showed negligible changes. For a diastereoisomeric pair, not resolved in a basic system with triethylamine nor by addition of ethanesulfonic acid, resolution improved to about 2.1 with trifluoroacetic acid. The described approach offers a way to tune the selectivity of SFC systems when amines are analyzed without the need to change stationary phase for the chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Gyllenhaal
- Analytical & Technical Development, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
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39
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Henry MC, Yonker CR. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, Pressurized Liquid Extraction, and Supercritical Fluid Extraction. Anal Chem 2006; 78:3909-16. [PMID: 16771531 DOI: 10.1021/ac0605703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Henry
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
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40
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Alexander AJ, Staab A. Use of Achiral/Chiral SFC/MS for the Profiling of Isomeric Cinnamonitrile/Hydrocinnamonitrile Products in Chiral Drug Synthesis. Anal Chem 2006; 78:3835-8. [PMID: 16737245 DOI: 10.1021/ac060326b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A directly coupled achiral/chiral SFC/MS method has been developed for the profiling of a three-step stereoselective synthesis of cinnamonitrile and hydrocinnamonitrile intermediates. Semipurified reaction mixtures were screened in one step to determine the diastereomeric/enantiomeric composition of the final product as well as to identify any remaining E/Z isomers present from the starting material. The coupled achiral/chiral column combination was found to significantly enhance the separation of both enantiomers and diastereomers, without adding significantly to the overall analysis time. This analytical technique should prove to be generally useful for the profiling of isomeric reaction products in chiral drug synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Alexander
- Analytical Research & Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA.
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41
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Díaz-Reinoso B, Moure A, Domínguez H, Parajó JC. Supercritical CO2 extraction and purification of compounds with antioxidant activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:2441-69. [PMID: 16569029 DOI: 10.1021/jf052858j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE), based on the utilization of a fluid under supercritical conditions, is a technology suitable for extraction and purification of a variety of compounds, particularly those that have low volatility and/or are susceptible to thermal degradation. The interest in SCFE is promoted by legal limitations of conventional solvents for food and pharmaceutical uses. The physicochemical properties of supercritical CO2 (higher diffusivity, lower viscosity, and lower surface tension than conventional solvents) facilitate mass transfer and allow an environmentally friendly operation. This article presents a comprehensive compilation of data on the supercritical CO2 extraction of antioxidant compounds from vegetal materials, with particular attention to those of a phenolic nature. Aspects concerning the supercritical operation for extraction and fractionation of antioxidants compounds are considered, including equilibrium solubility of pure compounds and effects of the operational conditions on the antioxidant activity of isolated fractions. The data are compared to those reported for synthetic antioxidants and natural extracts obtained by conventional solvent extraction from vegetal matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Díaz-Reinoso
- Departamento de Enxeñería Química, Facultade de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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42
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Gyllenhaal O. Packed column supercritical fluid chromatography of sodium stearyl fumarate aqueous suspension. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:971-4. [PMID: 16174559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of sodium stearyl fumarate aqueous suspension is described. This straightforward method is based on homogenisation of the sample, dilution of a known aliquot with methanol to a suitable clear solution and mixing with an internal standard; (S)-naproxen. Separation and quantification is performed by packed column supercritical fluid chromatography on a commercial tartaric acid network polymeric column (tertbutylbenzoyl) with UV-detection at 214 nm. The precision of the presented method upon repeated analysis of a 20 mg/ml suspension is 0.5% (n = 8), and the yield is near 100%. Less than 5 min is required for the chromatographic separation with a resolution of about 3 to the internal standard. With some modification of the chromatographic conditions water samples can also be analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Gyllenhaal
- Analytical Development, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
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43
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West C, Lesellier E. Characterization of stationary phases in subcritical fluid chromatography by the solvation parameter model. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1110:181-90. [PMID: 16487535 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Varied types of alkylsiloxane-bonded and fluoroalkylsiloxane-bonded stationary phases, all commercially available, were investigated with subcritical fluid mobile phase. The effect of the alkyl chain length (from C4 to C18) and of the nature of the bonding (fluorodecylsiloxane, phenyl-C18 and polar-embedded-C18) on the chromatographic behaviour was investigated by the use of a linear solvation energy relationship (LSER), the solvation parameter model. A large set of test compounds provides precise and reliable information on the intermolecular interactions responsible for retention on these stationary phases used with a subcritical mobile phase. First of all, the results underline the close properties between subcritical fluid and organic liquid. The use of non aqueous mobile phases reduces the cavity energy and the mobile phase acidity generally encountered with aqueous liquid phases, allowing other interactions to take a part in retention. As expected, an increase in the alkyl chain length favours the dispersive interactions between the solutes and the stationary phases. Changes in basicity and acidity of the stationary phases are also related to the chain length, but, in this case, mobile phase adsorption onto the stationary phase is supposed to explain these behaviours. The addition of a phenyl group at the bottom of the C18 chain, near the silica, does not induce great modifications in the retentive properties. The fluorodecylsiloxane and the polar-embedded alkylsiloxane phases display very different properties, and can be complementary to the classical alkylsiloxane-bonded phases. In particular, the fluorinated phase does not favour the dispersive interactions, in comparison to hydrogenated stationary phases, when the basicity of the polar-embedded phase is obviously greater than the one of classical alkylsiloxane-bonded phases, due to the amide function. Finally, logk-logk curves plotted between the different phases illustrate the effect of the interaction properties on the retention of different classes of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C West
- LETIAM, Groupe de Chimie Analytique de Paris Sud (EA 3343), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau du Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France
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Xia Z, Thurbide KB. Universal acoustic flame detection for modified supercritial fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1105:180-5. [PMID: 16325193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel detector, based on the frequency of acoustic emissions from an oscillating premixed hydrogen/oxygen flame, has been characterized for use in supercritical-fluid chromatography (SFC). When an organic analyte is introduced, the steady pitch of the acoustic flame detector (AFD) increases proportionally to the carbon content of the molecule. Using standard hydrocarbon analytes, the SFC-AFD system provided a linear response over about 3 orders of magnitude with a detection limit (S/sigma = 3) of 18 ng of carbon per second. The detector sensitivity was uniform for all analytes and did not change when using either pure or methanol modified supercritical-carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) as a mobile phase. While a stable baseline could be obtained for a variety of constant conditions, density gradients did cause it to shift due to the changing flow rate encountered when using a passive restrictor. While these changes were small for a pure SC-CO(2) mobile phase, they were larger when using a methanol modifier. Qualitatively, the AFD response compared well to a flame ionization detector (FID). Overall, the results indicate that the AFD may be a useful, inexpensive universal detector for SFC applications that require organic modifiers and are unable to use an FID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongpeng Xia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alta., Canada T2N 1N4
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Paproski RE, Cooley J, Lucy CA. Fast supercritical fluid chromatography hydrocarbon group-type separations of diesel fuels using packed and monolithic columns. Analyst 2006; 131:422-8. [PMID: 16496052 DOI: 10.1039/b515274g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two approaches for decreasing diesel hydrocarbon group-type separation times by normal phase supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) are compared. Short (10-15 cm) columns with small 3 microm diameter packing are compared with monolithic Chromolith bare silica columns under high carbon dioxide flow rates approaching 5 ml min(-1). Elution times are reduced up to 13-fold on a 10 cm Chromolith column and 7-fold on the short packed columns compared with conventional length columns run at typical flow rates. Short packed columns, with their higher surface area and retention characteristics, offer higher resolutions compared with Chromolith columns. Diesel samples are separated into saturates, mono-, di-, tri-, and polyaromatics in as little as 2 min on a 10 cm packed silica column. Diesel group-type results on a 15 cm titania-silica coupled column compare favorably with results from longer columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Paproski
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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46
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Miao S, Liu Z, Han B, Zhang J, Yu X, Du J, Sun Z. Synthesis and characterization of TiO2–montmorillonite nanocomposites and their application for removal of methylene blue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b511426h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Thurbide KB, Zhang J. Separation of linear gramicidins using carbon dioxide-containing mobile phases. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:1227-33. [PMID: 15912395 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Packed-column supercritical-fluid chromatography (pSFC) is presented as a novel method for separating and analyzing gramicidin samples. By use of methanol-modified carbon dioxide as a mobile phase the pentadecapeptides gramicidin A (gA), gramicidin B (gB), and gramicidin C (gC) are readily separated and eluted from a PRP-1 poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) column. Although optimum separation conditions are typically achieved near a column temperature of 40 degrees C, a column pressure of 11 MPa, and 30% methanol modifier, pressure and modifier gradients around these values are also found to improve the overall separation time. Measurements indicate that the mobile phase solubility of gramicidin under these conditions is 5.0+/-0.4 microg mL(-1). Collection of individual peaks during chromatography achieved analytical-scale isolation of 2 microg refined gC from 20 microg injected gramicidin D. Further, supercritical-fluid extraction of 200 microg gramicidin D from a Chromosorb 102 support packed into the vessel produced 57 microg gA in 90% purity. The results establish that carbon dioxide-based mobile phases can be successfully used for the separation of individual gramicidin species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Thurbide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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48
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Phinney KW. Enantioselective separations by packed column subcritical and supercritical fluid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:639-45. [PMID: 15717170 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Revised: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective separations have been one of the most successful applications of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). Although analytical scale separations have dominated the literature, the use of SFC for preparative chiral separations is growing. Both analytical and preparative scale SFC separations seek to take advantage of the high efficiency, high throughput, and rapid method development associated with the technique. This review will cover recent developments in the application of SFC to enantioseparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W Phinney
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392, USA.
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49
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Pinkston JD. Advantages and drawbacks of popular supercritical fluid chromatography/mass interfacing approaches--a user's perspective. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2005; 11:189-97. [PMID: 16046803 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mobile phases in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) have low viscosities and high diffusion coefficients with respect to those of traditional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These properties allow higher mobile phase flow rates and/or longer columns in SFC, resulting in rapid analyses and high efficiency separations. In addition, chiral SFC is becoming especially popular. Mass spectrometry (MS) is arguably the most popular "informative" detector for chromatographic separations. Most SFC/MS is performed with atmospheric pressure ionization (API) sources. Unlike LC/MS, the interface between the SFC column and the API source must allow control of the downstream (post-column) pressure while also providing good chromatographic fidelity. Here we compare and contrast the popular interfacing approaches. Some are simple, such as direct effluent introduction with no active back-pressure-regulator (BPR) in high speed bioanalytical applications. The pressure-regulating-fluid interface is more versatile and provides excellent chromatographic fidelity, but is less user friendly. The pre-BPR- split interface and an interface which provides total-flow-introduction with a mechanical BPR are good compromises between user friendliness and performance, and have become the most popular among practitioners. Applications of SFC/MS using these various interfaces are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Pinkston
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, PO Box 8006, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
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50
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Gyllenhaal O, Stefansson M. Reversal of elution order for profen acid enantiomers in packed-column SFC on Chiralpak AD. Chirality 2005; 17:257-65. [PMID: 15844206 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric separations of four 2-substituted propionic acid drugs have been studied using packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) coated on silica as support (Chiralpak AD). Under standard conditions (i.e., flow rate, 1.5 ml/min; column temperature, 30 degrees C; back-pressure, 150 bar), the order of elution could be reversed when the polar alcohol modifier methanol in carbon dioxide was replaced by 2-propanol for ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen. For flurbiprofen, with the highest selectivity factor, no reversal was observed, although selectivity was reduced significantly with higher alcohols. Naproxen and flurbiprofen were also investigated with 2-butanol and 2-pentanol. The former showed reversal of elution order but not the latter. For higher alcohol modifiers, including 2-propanol, the peak symmetry was poor but could be improved by addition of citric acid in the alcohol modifier. These results stress the importance to investigate enantiomer elution order during the development of enantioselective methods and when chromatographic conditions are optimized. Preliminary experiments with column temperatures over the range of -15 to 45 degrees C revealed that, in a few cases, reversal took place with a change in temperature only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Gyllenhaal
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R & D, AstraZeneca R & D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden.
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