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Hu Q, Cao X, Li S, Liang Y, Luo Y, Feng W, Han D, Niu L. Electrochemically Controlled Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Electrochemical Aptasensing of Tumor Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13516-13521. [PMID: 36130914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor biomarkers are of great value in the liquid biopsy of malignant tumors. In this work, a simple and cost-friendly electrochemical aptasensor was presented for the highly sensitive and selective detection of glycoprotein tumor biomarkers. The DNA aptamer-modified electrode was used as the sensing interface to specifically capture the target glycoprotein tumor biomarkers, to which the alkyl halide initiators for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) were then attached via the esterification crosslinking between the boronic acid group and the cis-dihydroxyl sites of the conjugated oligosaccharide chains on glycoprotein tumor biomarkers followed by the growth of long-chain polymers through electrochemically controlled ATRP (eATRP) to efficiently recruit the ferrocene detection tags. As there are tens to hundreds of cis-dihydroxyl sites on a glycoprotein tumor biomarker for attaching ATRP initiators while each long-chain polymer can recruit hundreds to thousands of ferrocene detection tags, a significantly high current signal can be generated even in the presence of ultralow-abundance targets. Hence, the eATRP-based electrochemical aptasensor is capable of sensitively and selectively detecting glycoprotein tumor biomarkers. Using alpha-fetoprotein as the model target, the limit of detection was demonstrated to be 0.32 pg/mL. Moreover, the aptasensor has been successfully applied to detect glycoprotein tumor biomarkers in human serum samples. In view of its high sensitivity and selectivity, simple operation, and cost-friendliness, the eATRP-based electrochemical aptasensor shows great promise in the glycoprotein-based liquid biopsy of malignant tumors, even at the early stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Cao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yiyi Liang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Luo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Feng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510230, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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2
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Hu Q, Luo Y, Cao X, Chen Z, Huang Y, Niu L. Bioinspired Electro-RAFT Polymerization for Electrochemical Sensing of Nucleic Acids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54794-54800. [PMID: 34751560 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of ultralow-abundance nucleic acids (NAs) is integral to medical diagnostics and pathogen screening. We present herein an electrochemical method for the highly selective and amplified sensing of NAs, using a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) recognition probe and a bioinspired electro-RAFT polymerization (BERP)-based amplification strategy. The presented method is based on the recognition of target NAs by end-tethered PNA probes, the labeling of thiocarbonylthio reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents, and the BERP-assisted growth of ferrocenyl polymers. The dynamic growth of polymers is electrochemically regulated by the reduction of 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA) organic cations, the redox center of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+, coenzyme I). Specifically, electroreduction of the MNA cations causes the fragmentation of thiocarbonylthio RAFT agents into radical species, triggering the polymerization of ferrocenyl monomers, thereby recruiting plenty of ferrocene electroactive tags for amplified sensing. It is obvious that the BERP-based strategy is inexpensive and simple in operation. Benefiting from the high specificity of the PNA recognition probe and the amplified signal by the BERP-based strategy, this method is highly selective and the detection limit is as low as 0.58 fM (S/N = 3). Besides, it is applicable to the sensing of NAs in serum samples, thus showing great promise in the selective and amplified sensing of NAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Luo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Cao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhuohua Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yanyu Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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3
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Whitfield C, Zhang M, Winterwerber P, Wu Y, Ng DYW, Weil T. Functional DNA-Polymer Conjugates. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11030-11084. [PMID: 33739829 PMCID: PMC8461608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology has seen large developments over the last 30 years through the combination of solid phase synthesis and the discovery of DNA nanostructures. Solid phase synthesis has facilitated the availability of short DNA sequences and the expansion of the DNA toolbox to increase the chemical functionalities afforded on DNA, which in turn enabled the conception and synthesis of sophisticated and complex 2D and 3D nanostructures. In parallel, polymer science has developed several polymerization approaches to build di- and triblock copolymers bearing hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic properties. By bringing together these two emerging technologies, complementary properties of both materials have been explored; for example, the synthesis of amphiphilic DNA-polymer conjugates has enabled the production of several nanostructures, such as spherical and rod-like micelles. Through both the DNA and polymer parts, stimuli-responsiveness can be instilled. Nanostructures have consequently been developed with responsive structural changes to physical properties, such as pH and temperature, as well as short DNA through competitive complementary binding. These responsive changes have enabled the application of DNA-polymer conjugates in biomedical applications including drug delivery. This review discusses the progress of DNA-polymer conjugates, exploring the synthetic routes and state-of-the-art applications afforded through the combination of nucleic acids and synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette
J. Whitfield
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Meizhou Zhang
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pia Winterwerber
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - David Y. W. Ng
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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4
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Lu H, Cai J, Zhang K. Synthetic Approaches for Copolymers Containing Nucleic Acids and Analogues: Challenges and Opportunities. Polym Chem 2021; 12:2193-2204. [PMID: 34394751 PMCID: PMC8356553 DOI: 10.1039/d0py01707h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A deep integration of nucleic acids with other classes of materials have become the basis of many useful technologies. Among these biohybrids, nucleic acid-containing copolymers has seen rapid development in both chemistry and application. This review focuses on the various synthetic approaches to access nucleic acid-polymer biohybrids spanning post-polymerization conjugation, nucleic acids in polymerization, solid-phase synthesis, and nucleoside/nucleobase-functionalized polymers. We highlight the challenges associated with working with nucleic acids with each approach and the ingenuity of the solutions, with the hope of lowering the entry barrier and inpsiring further investigations in this exciting area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jiansong Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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5
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Abstract
The preparation and applications of DNA containing polymers are comprehensively reviewed, and they are in the form of DNA−polymer covalent conjugators, supramolecular assemblies and hydrogels for advanced materials with promising features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqi Min
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Department of Polymer Materials
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Biyi Xu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Department of Polymer Materials
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Department of Polymer Materials
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Afang Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Department of Polymer Materials
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
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6
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Kim Y, Gonzales J, Zheng Y. Sensitivity-Enhancing Strategies in Optical Biosensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2004988. [PMID: 33369864 PMCID: PMC7884068 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
High-sensitivity detection of minute quantities or concentration variations of analytes of clinical importance is critical for biosensing to ensure accurate disease diagnostics and reliable health monitoring. A variety of sensitivity-improving concepts have been proposed from chemical, physical, and biological perspectives. In this review, elements that are responsible for sensitivity enhancement are classified and discussed in accordance with their operating steps in a typical biosensing workflow that runs through sampling, analyte recognition, and signal transduction. With a focus on optical biosensing, exemplary sensitivity-improving strategies are introduced, which can be developed into "plug-and-play" modules for many current and future sensors, and discuss their mechanisms to enhance biosensing performance. Three major strategies are covered: i) amplification of signal transduction by polymerization and nanocatalysts, ii) diffusion-limit-breaking systems for enhancing sensor-analyte contact and subsequent analyte recognition by fluid-mixing and analyte-concentrating, and iii) combined approaches that utilize renal concentration at the sampling and recognition steps and chemical signal amplification at the signal transduction step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsun Kim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - John Gonzales
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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7
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Raccio S, Pollard J, Djuhadi A, Balog S, Pellizzoni MM, Rodriguez KJ, Rifaie-Graham O, Bruns N. Rapid quantification of the malaria biomarker hemozoin by improved biocatalytically initiated precipitation atom transfer radical polymerizations. Analyst 2020; 145:7741-7751. [PMID: 33000767 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00976h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fight against tropical diseases such as malaria requires the development of innovative biosensing techniques. Diagnostics must be rapid and robust to ensure prompt case management and to avoid further transmission. The malaria biomarker hemozoin can catalyze atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRP), which we exploit in a polymerization-amplified biosensing assay for hemozoin based on the precipitation polymerization of N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAm). The reaction conditions are systematically investigated using synthetic hemozoin to gain fundamental understanding of the involved reactions and to greatly reduce the amplification time, while maintaining the sensitivity of the assay. The use of excess ascorbate allows oxygen to be consumed in situ but leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species and to the decomposition of the initiator 2-hydroxyethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (HEBIB). Addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and pyruvate results in better differentiation between the blank and hemozoin-containing samples. Optimized reaction conditions (including reagents, pH, and temperature) reduce the amplification time from 37 ± 5 min to 3 ± 0.5 min while maintaining a low limit of detection of 1.06 ng mL-1. The short amplification time brings the precipitation polymerization assay a step closer to a point-of-care diagnostic device for malaria. Future efforts will be dedicated to the isolation of hemozoin from clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Raccio
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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8
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Hu Q, Gan S, Bao Y, Zhang Y, Han D, Niu L. Electrochemically Controlled ATRP for Cleavage-Based Electrochemical Detection of the Prostate-Specific Antigen at Femtomolar Level Concentrations. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15982-15988. [PMID: 33225684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a single-chain glycoprotein with endopeptidase activity, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is valuable as an informative serum marker in diagnosing, staging, and prognosis of prostate cancer. In this report, an electrochemical biosensor based on the target-induced cleavage of a specific peptide substrate (PSA peptide) is designed for the highly selective detection of PSA at the femtomolar level, using electrochemically controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) as a method for signal amplification. The PSA peptides, without free carboxyl sites, are attached to the gold surface via the N-terminal cysteine residue. The target-induced cleavage of PSA peptides results in the generation of carboxyl sites, to which the alkyl halide initiator α-bromophenylacetic acid (BPAA) is linked via the Zr(IV) linkers. Subsequently, the potentiostatic eATRP of ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate (FcMMA, as the monomer) leads to the surface-initiated grafting of high-density ferrocenyl polymers. As a result, a large amount of Fc redox tags can be recruited for signal amplification, through which the limit of detection (LOD) for PSA can be down to 3.2 fM. As the recognition element, the PSA peptide is easy to synthesize, chemically and thermally stable, and low-cost. Without the necessity of enzyme or nanoparticle labels, the eATRP-based amplification method is easy to operate and low-cost. Results also show that the cleavage-based electrochemical PSA biosensor is highly selective and applicable to PSA detection in complex biological samples. In view of these merits, the integration of the eATRP-based amplification method into cleavage-based recognition is believed to hold great promise for the electrochemical detection of PSA in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Gan
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yu Bao
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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9
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Hu Q, Bao Y, Gan S, Zhang Y, Han D, Niu L. Electrochemically controlled grafting of polymers for ultrasensitive electrochemical assay of trypsin activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Messina MS, Messina KMM, Bhattacharya A, Montgomery HR, Maynard HD. Preparation of Biomolecule-Polymer Conjugates by Grafting-From Using ATRP, RAFT, or ROMP. Prog Polym Sci 2020; 100:101186. [PMID: 32863465 PMCID: PMC7453843 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecule-polymer conjugates are constructs that take advantage of the functional or otherwise beneficial traits inherent to biomolecules and combine them with synthetic polymers possessing specially tailored properties. The rapid development of novel biomolecule-polymer conjugates based on proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids has ushered in a variety of unique materials, which exhibit functional attributes including thermo-responsiveness, exceptional stability, and specialized specificity. Key to the synthesis of new biomolecule-polymer hybrids is the use of controlled polymerization techniques coupled with either grafting-from, grafting-to, or grafting-through methodology, each of which exhibit distinct advantages and/or disadvantages. In this review, we present recent progress in the development of biomolecule-polymer conjugates with a focus on works that have detailed the use of grafting-from methods employing ATRP, RAFT, or ROMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco S Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Kathryn M M Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Arvind Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Hayden R Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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11
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Abstract
This review summarizes various radical polymerization chemistries for amplifying biodetection signals and compares them from the practical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- Program in Polymers and Soft Matter
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12
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Hu Q, Gan S, Bao Y, Zhang Y, Han D, Niu L. Controlled/“living” radical polymerization-based signal amplification strategies for biosensing. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:3327-3340. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02419k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Controlled/“living” radical polymerization-based signal amplification strategies and their applications in highly sensitive biosensing of clinically relevant biomolecules are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Gan
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Bao
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
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13
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Pollard J, Rifaie-Graham O, Raccio S, Davey A, Balog S, Bruns N. Biocatalytically Initiated Precipitation Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) as a Quantitative Method for Hemoglobin Detection in Biological Fluids. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1162-1170. [PMID: 31790204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hemoglobin content of blood is an important health indicator, and the presence of microscopic amounts of hemoglobin in places where it normally does not occur, e.g. in blood plasma or in urine, is a sign of diseases such as hemolytic anemia or urinary tract infections. Thus, methods to detect and quantify hemoglobin are important for clinical laboratories, blood banks, and for point-of-care diagnostics. The precipitation polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide by hemoglobin-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is used as an assay for hemoglobin quantification relying on the formation of turbidity as a simple optical read-out. Dose-response curves for pure hemoglobin and for hemoglobin in blood plasma, in urine, in erythrocytes, and in full blood are obtained. Turbidity formation increases with the concentration of hemoglobin. Concentrations of hemoglobin as low as 6.45 × 10-3 mg mL-1 in solution, 4.88 × 10-1 mg mL-1 in plasma, and 1.65 × 10-1 mg mL-1 in urine could be detected, which is below the clinically relevant concentrations in the respective body fluids. Total hemoglobin in full blood is also accurately determined. The reaction can be regarded as a polymerization-based signal amplification for the sensing of hemoglobin, as the analyte catalyzes the formation of radicals which add many monomer units into detectable polymer chains. While most established hemoglobin tests involve the use of highly toxic reagents such as potassium cyanide, the polymerization-based test uses simple and stable organic reagents. Thus, it is an environmentally friendlier alternative to established chemical assays for hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Pollard
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Omar Rifaie-Graham
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Samuel Raccio
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Annabelle Davey
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow G1 1XL , United Kingdom
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14
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Baker SL, Kaupbayeva B, Lathwal S, Das SR, Russell AJ, Matyjaszewski K. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Biorelated Hybrid Materials. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4272-4298. [PMID: 31738532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Proteins, nucleic acids, lipid vesicles, and carbohydrates are the major classes of biomacromolecules that function to sustain life. Biology also uses post-translation modification to increase the diversity and functionality of these materials, which has inspired attaching various other types of polymers to biomacromolecules. These polymers can be naturally (carbohydrates and biomimetic polymers) or synthetically derived and have unique properties with tunable architectures. Polymers are either grafted-to or grown-from the biomacromolecule's surface, and characteristics including polymer molar mass, grafting density, and degree of branching can be controlled by changing reaction stoichiometries. The resultant conjugated products display a chimerism of properties such as polymer-induced enhancement in stability with maintained bioactivity, and while polymers are most often conjugated to proteins, they are starting to be attached to nucleic acids and lipid membranes (cells) as well. The fundamental studies with protein-polymer conjugates have improved our synthetic approaches, characterization techniques, and understanding of structure-function relationships that will lay the groundwork for creating new conjugated biomacromolecular products which could lead to breakthroughs in genetic and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , Scott Hall 4N201, 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Bibifatima Kaupbayeva
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Biological Sciences , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Sushil Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Subha R Das
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Alan J Russell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , Scott Hall 4N201, 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Biological Sciences , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
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15
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He P, Lou X, Woody SM, He L. Amplification-by-Polymerization in Biosensing for Human Genomic DNA Detection. ACS Sens 2019; 4:992-1000. [PMID: 30942069 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A polymerization reaction was employed as a signal amplification method to realize direct visualization of gender-specific DNA extracted from human blood in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-free fashion. Clear distinction between X and Y chromosomes was observed by naked eyes for detector-free sensing purposes. The grown polymer films atop X and Y chromosomes were quantitatively measured by ellipsometry for thickness readings. Detection assays have been optimized for genomic DNA recognition to a maximum extent by varying the selection of the proper blocking reagents, the annealing temperature, and the annealing time. Traditional PCR and gel electrophoresis for amplicon identification were conducted in parallel for performance comparison. In the blind test for blood samples examined by the new approach, 25 out of 26 were correct and one was false negative, which was comparable to, if not better than, the PCR results. This is the first time our amplification-by-polymerization technique is being used for chromosome DNA analysis. The potential of adopting the described sensing technique without PCR was demonstrated, which could further promote the development of a portable, PCR-free DNA sensing device for point-of-need applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Xinhui Lou
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Susan M. Woody
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lin He
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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16
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Hu Q, Kong J, Han D, Niu L, Zhang X. Electrochemical DNA Biosensing via Electrochemically Controlled Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization. ACS Sens 2019; 4:235-241. [PMID: 30620562 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and selective sensing of biological molecules is fundamental to disease diagnosis and infectious disease surveillance. Herein, an ultrasensitive and highly selective electrochemical DNA biosensor is described by exploiting the electrochemically controlled reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (eRAFT) polymerization as a signal amplification strategy and the peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes as the recognition elements. Specifically, the PNA probes with a thiol at their 5'-terminals are anchored to a gold electrode surface (via gold-sulfur self-assembly) for sequence-specific recognition of target DNA (tDNA) fragments, of which the phosphate sites serve as the anchorages for the targeted labeling (via the well-established phosphate-Zr4+-carboxylate chemistry) of the carboxyl-group-containing chain-transfer agents (CTAs) for the succedent eRAFT polymerization, wherein the initiating radicals are generated through electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts under a potentiostatic condition. In the presence of ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate (FcCH═CH2) as the monomer, the grafting of polymer chains from the CTA-anchored sites as a result of the eRAFT polymerization brings numerous electroactive Fc tags to the electrode surface, outputting a high electrochemical sensing signal even in the presence of trace amounts of tDNA fragments. Under the optimized conditions, the linear range of the described electrochemical DNA biosensor spans from 10 aM to 10 pM ( R2 = 0.998), with an attomolar detection limit (4.1 aM) being achieved. Moreover, the described electrochemical DNA biosensor is highly selective and applicable to the sensing of tDNA fragments in complex serum samples. Given its high efficiency, easy operation, and low cost, this biosensor shows great promise in real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Lueckerath T, Strauch T, Koynov K, Barner-Kowollik C, Ng DYW, Weil T. DNA–Polymer Conjugates by Photoinduced RAFT Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2018; 20:212-221. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Lueckerath
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tina Strauch
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David Y. W. Ng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Hu Q, Han D, Gan S, Bao Y, Niu L. Surface-Initiated-Reversible-Addition–Fragmentation-Chain-Transfer Polymerization for Electrochemical DNA Biosensing. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12207-12213. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shiyu Gan
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yu Bao
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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19
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Hu Q, Wang Q, Sun G, Kong J, Zhang X. Electrochemically Mediated Surface-Initiated de Novo Growth of Polymers for Amplified Electrochemical Detection of DNA. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9253-9259. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- School of Environmental
and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P. R. China
| | - Qiangwei Wang
- School of Environmental
and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P. R. China
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental
and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P. R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Chemistry Department, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620-4202, United States
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20
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Kou HS, Wang CC. Molecular inversion probes equipped with discontinuous rolling cycle amplification for targeting nucleotide variants: Determining SMN1 and SMN2 genes in diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 977:65-73. [PMID: 28577599 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The novel techniques of molecular inversion probes (MIPs) combined with discontinuous rolling cycle amplification (DRCA) was developed for determination of the multi-nucleotide variants at single base. The different-length MIPs, a padlock-probe based technology, are designed to simultaneously recognize the identical nucleotide variants. After ligation and DRCA, the different-length genetic products representing the certain genotypes could be simply determined by the short-end capillary electrophoresis (CE) method. By using MIPs-DRCA method, the various gene dosages of SMN1 and SMN2 genes in homologous or heterologous subjects were successfully quantified for diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). The length of the MIP for SMN1 gene was 106 bp, and for SMN2 gene was 86 bp. After method optimization, the MIP products of SMN1 and SMN2 were well separated with the resolution of 1.13 ± 0.17 (n = 3) within 10 min. There were total of 56 DNA blind samples analyzed by this strategy, including 38 wild types, 12 carriers and 6 SMA patients, and the data of gene dosages was corresponding to those analyzed by conformation sensitive CE and denatured high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) methods. This MIPs-DRCA method which could be applied to simultaneously genotype multi nucleotide variants at single base, such as K-ras gene, was very feasible for determination of genetic diseases in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang-Shang Kou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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21
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Pan X, Lathwal S, Mack S, Yan J, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K. Automated Synthesis of Well-Defined Polymers and Biohybrids by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Using a DNA Synthesizer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2740-2743. [PMID: 28164438 PMCID: PMC5341381 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A DNA synthesizer was successfully employed for preparation of well-defined polymers by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), in a technique termed AutoATRP. This method provides well-defined homopolymers, diblock copolymers, and biohybrids under automated photomediated ATRP conditions. PhotoATRP was selected over other ATRP methods because of mild reaction conditions, ambient temperature, tolerance to oxygen, and no need to introduce reducing agents or radical initiators. Both acrylate and methacrylate monomers were successfully polymerized with excellent control in the DNA synthesizer. Diblock copolymers were synthesized with different targeted degrees of polymerization and with high retention of chain-end functionality. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers were grafted from DNA. The DNA-polymer hybrids were characterized by SEC and DLS. The AutoATRP method provides an efficient route to prepare a range of different polymeric materials, especially polymer-biohybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sushil Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Stephanie Mack
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jiajun Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Subha R Das
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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22
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Pan X, Lathwal S, Mack S, Yan J, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K. Automated Synthesis of Well-Defined Polymers and Biohybrids by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Using a DNA Synthesizer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Pan
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Sushil Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Stephanie Mack
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Jiajun Yan
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Subha R. Das
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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23
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Sethi S, Das PK, Behera N. The chemistry of aminoferrocene, Fe{(η5-C5H4NH2)(η5-Cp)}: Synthesis, reactivity and applications. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Zhuang D, Wen F, Cui Y, Tan T, Yang J. Chitosan/Ce(IV) redox polymerization-based amplification for detection of DNA point mutation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dequan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Fei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yanjun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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26
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Kaastrup K, Sikes HD. Using photo-initiated polymerization reactions to detect molecular recognition. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:532-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00205b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Radical polymerization reactions initiated by light can be used to provide signal amplification in molecular binding assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H. D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- USA
- Program in Polymers and Soft Matter
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
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27
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Cui Y, Zhuang D, Tan T, Yang J. Highly sensitive visual detection of mutant DNA based on polymeric nanoparticles-participating amplification. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19860k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking advantage of the nanoparticles' large surface area and structural repeating characteristics, polymeric nanoparticles-participating polymerization-based amplification system was designed to enhance the sensitivity of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Dequan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Tianwei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
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28
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Li L, Shang G, Qin W. Label-free polymerization amplified potentiometric sensing platform for radical reactions using polyion sensitive membrane electrodes as transducers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04530h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the cascade amplification abilities of radical polymerization reactions, an amplified potentiometric sensing platform for radical reactions was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes
- YICCAS
| | - Guoliang Shang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yantai University
- Yantai 264003
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes
- YICCAS
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29
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Boyer C, Corrigan NA, Jung K, Nguyen D, Nguyen TK, Adnan NNM, Oliver S, Shanmugam S, Yeow J. Copper-Mediated Living Radical Polymerization (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Copper(0) Mediated Polymerization): From Fundamentals to Bioapplications. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1803-949. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Alan Corrigan
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Kenward Jung
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Diep Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Thuy-Khanh Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nik Nik M. Adnan
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Susan Oliver
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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30
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Lin EW, Maynard HD. Grafting from Small Interfering Ribonucleic Acid (siRNA) as an Alternative Synthesis Route to siRNA–Polymer Conjugates. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- En-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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31
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Wang X, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhu J. Primer Extension Reaction Assays for Incorporation of Deoxynucleotide Analogue into DNA. CHINESE J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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33
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Kaastrup K, Sikes HD. Investigation of dendrimers functionalized with eosin as macrophotoinitiators for polymerization-based signal amplification reactions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14466j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-soluble macrophotoinitiators with up to 24 eosin substituents and one protein per dendrimer were assessed in interfacial binding assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Kaastrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - H. D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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Lilly JL, Sheldon PR, Hoversten LJ, Romero G, Balasubramaniam V, Berron BJ. Interfacial polymerization for colorimetric labeling of protein expression in cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115630. [PMID: 25536421 PMCID: PMC4275217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the location of rare proteins in cells typically requires the use of on-sample amplification. Antibody based recognition and enzymatic amplification is used to produce large amounts of visible label at the site of protein expression, but these techniques suffer from the presence of nonspecific reactivity in the biological sample and from poor spatial control over the label. Polymerization based amplification is a recently developed alternative means of creating an on-sample amplification for fluorescence applications, while not suffering from endogenous labels or loss of signal localization. This manuscript builds upon polymerization based amplification by developing a stable, archivable, and colorimetric mode of amplification termed Polymer Dye Labeling. The basic concept involves an interfacial polymer grown at the site of protein expression and subsequent staining of this polymer with an appropriate dye. The dyes Evans Blue and eosin were initially investigated for colorimetric response in a microarray setting, where both specifically stained polymer films on glass. The process was translated to the staining of protein expression in human dermal fibroblast cells, and Polymer Dye Labeling was specific to regions consistent with desired protein expression. The labeling is stable for over 200 days in ambient conditions and is also compatible with modern mounting medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L. Lilly
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Phillip R. Sheldon
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Liv J. Hoversten
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Romero
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Vivek Balasubramaniam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brad J. Berron
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Averick S, Mehl RA, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K. Well-defined biohybrids using reversible-deactivation radical polymerization procedures. J Control Release 2014; 205:45-57. [PMID: 25483427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) methods has significantly expanded the field of bioconjugate synthesis. RDRP procedures have allowed the preparation of a broad range of functional materials that could not be realized using prior art poly(ethylene glycol) functionalization. The review of procedures for synthesis of biomaterials is presented with a special focus on the use of RDRP to prepare biohybrids with proteins, DNA and RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadyah Averick
- Laboratory for Bimolecular Medicine, Allegheny Health Network Research Institute, 320 E. North St., Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
| | - Ryan A Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Subha R Das
- Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Zhuang D, Shen H, Liu G, Yu C, Yang J. A combining signal amplification of atom transfer radical polymerization and redox polymerization for visual biomolecules detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dequan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Heyun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Changyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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Universal fluorescent tri-probe ligation equipped with capillary electrophoresis for targeting SMN1 and SMN2 genes in diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 833:40-7. [PMID: 24909772 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This is the first ligase chain reaction used for diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Universal fluorescent tri-probe ligation (UFTPL), a novel strategy used for distinguishing the multi-nucleotide alternations at single base, is developed to quantitatively analyze the SMN1/SMN2 genes in diagnosis of SMA. Ligase chain reaction was performed by adding three probes including universal fluorescent probe, connecting probe and recognizing probe to differentiate single nucleotide polymorphisms in UFTPL. Our approach was based on the two UFTPL products of survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) and SMN2 genes (the difference of 9 mer) and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE). We successfully determined various gene dosages of SMN1 and SMN2 genes in homologous or heterologous subjects. By using the UFTPL-CE method, the SMN1 and SMN2 genes were fully resolved with the resolution of 2.16±0.37 (n=3). The r values of SMN1 and SMN2 regression curves over a range of 1-4 copies were above 0.9944. Of the 48 DNA samples, the data of gene dosages were corresponding to that analyzed by conformation sensitive CE and denatured high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). This technique was found to be a good methodology for quantification or determination of the relative genes having multi-nucleotide variants at single base.
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A paper-based microfluidic electrochemical immunodevice integrated with amplification-by-polymerization for the ultrasensitive multiplexed detection of cancer biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 52:180-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wei W, Ni Q, Pu Y, Yin L, Liu S. Electrochemical biosensor for DNA damage detection based on exonuclease III digestions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Averick SE, Dey SK, Grahacharya D, Matyjaszewski K, Das SR. Solid-Phase Incorporation of an ATRP Initiator for Polymer-DNA Biohybrids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Averick SE, Dey SK, Grahacharya D, Matyjaszewski K, Das SR. Solid-Phase Incorporation of an ATRP Initiator for Polymer-DNA Biohybrids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2739-44. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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42
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Xu L, Yuan L, Liu S. Macroinitiator triggered polymerization for versatile immunoassay. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45504a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Banerjee S, Paira TK, Mandal TK. Surface confined atom transfer radical polymerization: access to custom library of polymer-based hybrid materials for speciality applications. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00007b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kaastrup K, Chan L, Sikes HD. Impact of Dissociation Constant on the Detection Sensitivity of Polymerization-Based Signal Amplification Reactions. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8055-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4018988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Kaastrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
| | - Leslie Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
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LI Y, WU YF, YUAN L, LIU SQ. Application of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in Biosensing. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(11)60589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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47
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Kaastrup K, Sikes HD. Polymerization-based signal amplification under ambient conditions with thirty-five second reaction times. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4055-4058. [PMID: 22930231 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40584a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although polymerization-based amplification (PBA) has demonstrated promise as an inexpensive technique for use in molecular diagnostics, oxygen inhibition of radical photopolymerization has hindered its implementation in point-of-care devices. The addition of 0.3-0.7 μM eosin to an aqueous acrylate monomer solution containing a tertiary amine allows an interfacial polymerization reaction to proceed in air only near regions of a test surface where additional eosin initiators coupled to proteins have been localized as a function of molecular recognition events. The dose of light required for the reaction is inversely related to eosin concentration. This system achieves sensitivities comparable to those reported for inert gas-purged systems and requires significantly shorter reaction times. We provide several comparisons of this system with other implementations of polymerization-based amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Kaastrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Abstract
Because of the potential applications of biosensors in clinical diagnosis, biomedical research, environmental analysis, and food quality control, researchers are very interested in developing sensitive, selective, rapid, reliable, and low-cost versions of these devices. A classic biosensor directly transduces ligand-target binding events into a measurable physical readout. Because of the limited detection sensitivity and selectivity in earlier biosensors, researchers have developed a number of sensing/signal amplification strategies. Through the use of nanostructured or long chain polymeric materials to increase the upload of signal tags for amplification of the signal readout associated with the ligand-target binding events, researchers have achieved high sensitivity and exceptional selectivity. Very recently, target-triggered polymerization-assisted signal amplification strategies have been exploited as a new biosensing mechanism with many attractive features. This strategy couples a small initiator molecule to the DNA/protein detection probe prior to DNA hybridization or DNA/protein and protein/protein binding events. After ligand-target binding, the in-situ polymerization reaction is triggered. As a result, tens to hundreds of small monomer signal reporter molecules assemble into long chain polymers at the location where the initiator molecule was attached. The resulting polymer materials changed the optical and electrochemical properties at this location, which make the signal easily distinguishable from the background. The assay time ranged from minutes to hours and was determined by the degree of amplification needed. In this Account, we summarize a series of electrochemical and optical biosensors that employ target-triggered polymerization. We focus on the use of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), as well as activator generated electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (AGET ATRP) for in-situ formation of polymer materials for optically or electrochemically transducing DNA hybridization and protein-target binding. ATRP and AGET ATRP can tolerate a wide range of functional monomers. They also allow for the preparation of well-controlled polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution, which was predetermined by the concentration ratio of the consumed monomer to the introduced initiator. Because the reaction initiator can be attached to a variety of detection probes through well-established cross-linking reactions, this technique could be expanded as a universal strategy for the sensitive detection of DNA and proteins. We see enormous potential for this new sensing technology in the development of portable DNA/protein sensors for point-of-need applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Songqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
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Holthausen D, Vasani RB, McInnes SJP, Ellis AV, Voelcker NH. Polymerization-Amplified Optical DNA Detection on Porous Silicon Templates. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:919-921. [PMID: 35607144 DOI: 10.1021/mz300064k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A porous silicon-based optical DNA sensor is described herein, which enables rapid DNA detection. The DNA sensor relies on the specificity of the DNA base pairing in conjunction with an interferometric optical signal amplification step based on polymer formation within the porous silicon layer to detect the DNA targets in a highly selective fashion. We demonstrate that it is possible to discriminate between DNA strands exhibiting even a single nucleotide mismatch using this sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Holthausen
- School of Chemical
and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Roshan B. Vasani
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson
Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Steven J. P. McInnes
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson
Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Amanda V. Ellis
- School of Chemical
and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson
Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
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50
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Marin-Suarez M, Medina-Castillo AL, Fernandez-Sanchez JF, Fernandez-Gutierrez A. Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerisation (ATRP) as a Tool for the Development of Optical Sensing Phases. Isr J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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