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Zhou J, Sun Y, Liu H, Li H, Wang Y, Jiang J, Xu D, Yao J. The Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensing of Seawater Based on a Large Lateral Offset Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3887. [PMID: 38931671 PMCID: PMC11207972 DOI: 10.3390/s24123887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
A novel fiber sensor for the refractive index sensing of seawater based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer has been demonstrated. The sensor consisted of a single-mode fiber (SMF)-no-core fiber (NCF)-single-mode fiber structure (shortened to an SNS structure) with a large lateral offset spliced between the two sections of a multimode fiber (MMF). Optimization studies of the multimode fiber length, offset SNS length, and vertical axial offset distance were performed to improve the coupling efficiency of interference light and achieve the best extinction ratio. In the experiment, a large lateral offset sensor was prepared to detect the refractive index of various ratios of saltwater, which were used to simulate seawater environments. The sensor's sensitivity was up to -13,703.63 nm/RIU and -13,160 nm/RIU in the refractive index range of 1.3370 to 1.3410 based on the shift of the interference spectrum. Moreover, the sensor showed a good linear response and high stability, with an RSD of only 0.0089% for the trough of the interference in air over 1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhou
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Haodong Liu
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Haibin Li
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yuye Wang
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Junfeng Jiang
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Degang Xu
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jianquan Yao
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (J.Y.)
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2
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Perdigones F, Quero JM. Printed Circuit Boards: The Layers’ Functions for Electronic and Biomedical Engineering. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030460. [PMID: 35334752 PMCID: PMC8952574 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the fabrication opportunities that Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) offer for electronic and biomedical engineering. Historically, PCB substrates have been used to support the components of the electronic devices, linking them using copper lines, and providing input and output pads to connect the rest of the system. In addition, this kind of substrate is an emerging material for biomedical engineering thanks to its many interesting characteristics, such as its commercial availability at a low cost with very good tolerance and versatility, due to its multilayer characteristics; that is, the possibility of using several metals and substrate layers. The alternative uses of copper, gold, Flame Retardant 4 (FR4) and silver layers, together with the use of vias, solder masks and a rigid and flexible substrate, are noted. Among other uses, these characteristics have been using to develop many sensors, biosensors and actuators, and PCB-based lab-on chips; for example, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) amplification devices for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In addition, several applications of these devices are going to be noted in this paper, and two tables summarizing the layers’ functions are included in the discussion: the first one for metallic layers, and the second one for the vias, solder mask, flexible and rigid substrate functions.
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3
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Microchip electrophoresis and electrochemical detection: A review on a growing synergistic implementation. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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4
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Sivakumar R, Lee NY. Microfluidic device fabrication mediated by surface chemical bonding. Analyst 2020; 145:4096-4110. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00614a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses on various bonding techniques for fabricating microdevices with a special emphasis on the modification of surface assisted by the use of chemicals to assemble microfluidic devices at room temperature under atmospheric pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamanickam Sivakumar
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering
- College of Industrial Environmental Engineering
- Gachon University
- Seongnam-si
- Korea
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology
- Gachon University
- Seongnam-si
- Korea
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5
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Davies CD, Johnson SE, Crooks RM. Effect of Chloride Oxidation on Local Electric Fields in Microelectrochemical Systems. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Collin D. Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
| | - Sarah E. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
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6
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CHANG SY, LEE MY, WU CC. A Microchip Electrophoresis Device Integrated with the Top–bottom Antiparallel Electrodes of Indium Tin Oxide to Detect Inorganic Ions by Contact Conductivity. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:1231-1236. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yao CHANG
- Department of Bio-industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University
| | - Ming-Yuan LEE
- Department of Bio-industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University
| | - Ching-Chou WU
- Department of Bio-industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University
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7
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Abstract
Microfluidic technology has affirmed itself as a powerful tool in medical and biological research by offering the possibility of managing biological samples in tiny channels and chambers. Among the different applications, the use of microfluidics for cell cultures has attracted much interest from scientists worldwide. Traditional cell culture methods need high quantities of samples and reagents that are strongly reduced in miniaturized systems. In addition, the microenvironment is better controlled by scaling down. In this paper, we provide an overview of the aspects related to the design of a novel microfluidic culture chamber, the fabrication approach based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) soft-lithography, and the most critical issues in shrinking the size of the system.
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8
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da Costa ET, Santos MFS, Jiao H, do Lago CL, Gutz IGR, Garcia CD. Fast production of microfluidic devices by CO2laser engraving of wax-coated glass slides. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1691-5. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric T. da Costa
- Department of Chemistry, 219 Hunter Laboratories; Clemson University; Clemson SC USA
| | - Mauro F. S. Santos
- Department of Chemistry, 219 Hunter Laboratories; Clemson University; Clemson SC USA
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Hong Jiao
- HJ Science and Technology; Berkeley CA USA
| | | | - Ivano G. R. Gutz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carlos D. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, 219 Hunter Laboratories; Clemson University; Clemson SC USA
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9
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Koczka PI, Bodoki E, Gáspár A. Application of capacitively coupled contactless conductivity as an external detector for zone electrophoresis in poly(dimethylsiloxane) chips. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:398-405. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Péter I. Koczka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Ede Bodoki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Cluj Napoca Romania
| | - Attila Gáspár
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
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Wongkaew N, He P, Kurth V, Surareungchai W, Baeumner AJ. Multi-channel PMMA microfluidic biosensor with integrated IDUAs for electrochemical detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5965-74. [PMID: 23681202 PMCID: PMC3770862 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel multi-channel poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic biosensor with interdigitated ultramicroelectrode arrays (IDUAs) for electrochemical detection was developed. The focus of the development was a simple fabrication procedure and the realization of a reliable large IDUA that can provide detection simultaneously to several microchannels. As proof of concept, five microchannels are positioned over a large single IDUA where the channels are parallel with the length of the electrode finger. The IDUAs were fabricated on the PMMA cover piece and bonded to a PMMA substrate containing the microfluidic channels using UV/ozone-assisted thermal bonding. Conditions of device fabrication were optimized realizing a rugged large IDUA within a bonded PMMA device. Gold adhesion to the PMMA, protective coatings, and pressure during bonding were optimized. Its electrochemical performance was studied using amperometric detection of potassium ferri and ferro hexacyanide. Cumulative signals within the same chip showed very good linearity over a range of 0-38 μM (R(2) = 0.98) and a limit of detection of 3.48 μM. The bonding of the device was optimized so that no cross talk between the channels was observed which otherwise would have resulted in unreliable electrochemical responses. The highly reproducible signals achieved were comparable to those obtained with separate single-channel devices. Subsequently, the multi-channel microfluidic chip was applied to a model bioanalytical detection strategy, i.e., the quantification of specific nucleic acid sequences using a sandwich approach. Here, probe-coated paramagnetic beads and probe-tagged liposomes entrapping ferri/ferro hexacyanide as the redox marker were used to bind to a single-stranded DNA sequence. Flow rates of the non-ionic detergent n-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside for liposome lysis were optimized, and the detection of the target sequences was carried out coulometrically within 250 s and with a limit of detection of 12.5 μM. The robustness of the design and the reliability of the results obtained in comparison to previously published single-channel designs suggest that the multi-channel device offers an excellent opportunity for bioanalytical applications that require multianalyte detection and high-throughput assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongnoot Wongkaew
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150,Thailand
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 202 Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Peng He
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 202 Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Vanessa Kurth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 202 Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Werasak Surareungchai
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150,Thailand
| | - Antje J. Baeumner
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 202 Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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11
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Recent advances in microchip electrophoresis for amino acid analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7907-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6830-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Mark JJP, Scholz R, Matysik FM. Electrochemical methods in conjunction with capillary and microchip electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:45-64. [PMID: 22824222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electromigrative techniques such as capillary and microchip electrophoresis (CE and MCE) are inherently associated with various electrochemical phenomena. The electrolytic processes occurring in the buffer reservoirs have to be considered for a proper design of miniaturized electrophoretic systems and a suitable selection of buffer composition. In addition, the control of the electroosmotic flow plays a crucial role for the optimization of CE/MCE separations. Electroanalytical methods have significant importance in the field of detection in conjunction with CE/MCE. At present, amperometric detection and contactless conductivity detection are the predominating electrochemical detection methods for CE/MCE. This paper reviews the most recent trends in the field of electrochemical detection coupled to CE/MCE. The emphasis is on methodical developments and new applications that have been published over the past five years. A rather new way for the implementation of electrochemical methods into CE systems is the concept of electrochemically assisted injection which involves the electrochemical conversions of analytes during the injection step. This approach is particularly attractive in hyphenation to mass spectrometry (MS) as it widens the range of CE-MS applications. An overview of recent developments of electrochemically assisted injection coupled to CE is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J P Mark
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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13
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Blanes L, Coltro WKT, Saito RM, Van Gramberg A, Lucio do Lago C, Doble P. High-voltage power supplies to capillary and microchip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:893-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Blanes
- Centre for Forensic Science,; University of Technology; Sydney (UTS); Broadway; NSW; Australia
| | | | | | - Amanda Van Gramberg
- Centre for Forensic Science,; University of Technology; Sydney (UTS); Broadway; NSW; Australia
| | | | - Philip Doble
- Centre for Forensic Science,; University of Technology; Sydney (UTS); Broadway; NSW; Australia
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14
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Galla L, Greif D, Regtmeier J, Anselmetti D. Microfluidic carbon-blackened polydimethylsiloxane device with reduced ultra violet background fluorescence for simultaneous two-color ultra violet/visible-laser induced fluorescence detection in single cell analysis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:14104-1410410. [PMID: 22662091 PMCID: PMC3365343 DOI: 10.1063/1.3675608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In single cell analysis (SCA), individual cell-specific properties and inhomogeneous cellular responses are being investigated that is not subjected to ensemble-averaging or heterogeneous cell population effects. For proteomic single cell analysis, ultra-sensitive and reproducible separation and detection techniques are essential. Microfluidic devices combined with UV laser induced fluorescence (UV-LIF) detection have been proposed to fulfill these requirements. Here, we report on a novel microfluidic chip fabrication procedure that combines straightforward production of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chips with a reduced UV fluorescence background (83%-reduction) by using PDMS droplets with carbon black pigments (CBP) as additives. The CBP-droplet is placed at the point of detection, whereas the rest of the chip remains transparent, ensuring full optical control of the chip. We systematically studied the relation of the UV background fluorescence at CBP to PDMS ratios (varying from 1:10 to 1:1000) for different UV laser powers. Using a CBP/PDMS ratio of 1:20, detection of a 100 nM tryptophan solution (S/N = 3.5) was possible, providing a theoretical limit of detection of 86 nM (with S/N = 3). Via simultaneous two color UV/VIS-LIF detection, we were able to demonstrate the electrophoretic separation of an analyte mixture of 500 nM tryptophan (UV) and 5 nM fluorescein (VIS) within 30 s. As an application, two color LIF detection was also used for the electrophoretic separation of the protein content from a GFP-labeled single Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cell. Thereby just one single peak could be measured in the visible spectral range that could be correlated with one single peak among others in the ultraviolet spectra. This indicates an identification of the labeled protein γ-PKC and envisions a further feasible identification of more than one single protein in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Galla
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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15
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AL-Othman ZA, Ali I. NANO CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS IN MICROCHIPS: A NEED OF THE PRESENT CENTURY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.566031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeid A. AL-Othman
- a Department of Chemistry, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali
- b Department of Chemistry , Jamia Millia Islamia, (Central University) , New Delhi, India
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16
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Duarte GRM, Price CW, Augustine BH, Carrilho E, Landers JP. Dynamic Solid Phase DNA Extraction and PCR Amplification in Polyester-Toner Based Microchip. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5182-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200292m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela R. M. Duarte
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos-SP 13566-590, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas-SP 13083-970, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis-GO 75132-903, Brazil
| | | | - Brian H. Augustine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos-SP 13566-590, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas-SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - James P. Landers
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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17
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Albrecht JC, Kerby MB, Niedringhaus TP, Lin JS, Wang X, Barron AE. Free-solution electrophoretic separations of DNA-drag-tag conjugates on glass microchips with no polymer network and no loss of resolution at increased electric field strength. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1201-8. [PMID: 21500207 PMCID: PMC3416026 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate the potential for high-resolution electrophoretic separations of ssDNA-protein conjugates in borosilicate glass microfluidic chips, with no sieving media and excellent repeatability. Using polynucleotides of two different lengths conjugated to moderately cationic protein polymer drag-tags, we measured separation efficiency as a function of applied electric field. In excellent agreement with prior theoretical predictions of Slater et al., resolution is found to remain constant as applied field is increased up to 700 V/cm, the highest field we were able to apply. This remarkable result illustrates the fundamentally different physical limitations of free-solution conjugate electrophoresis (FSCE)-based DNA separations relative to matrix-based DNA electrophoresis. ssDNA separations in "gels" have always shown rapidly declining resolution as the field strength is increased; this is especially true for ssDNA > 400 bases in length. FSCE's ability to decouple DNA peak resolution from applied electric field suggests the future possibility of ultra-rapid FSCE sequencing on chips. We investigated sources of peak broadening for FSCE separations on borosilicate glass microchips, using six different protein polymer drag-tags. For drag-tags with four or more positive charges, electrostatic and adsorptive interactions with poly(N-hydroxyethylacrylamide)-coated microchannel walls led to appreciable band-broadening, while much sharper peaks were seen for bioconjugates with nearly charge-neutral protein drag-tags.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew B. Kerby
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Jennifer S. Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Annelise E. Barron
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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18
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Yu M, Wang Q, Patterson JE, Woolley AT. Multilayer polymer microchip capillary array electrophoresis devices with integrated on-chip labeling for high-throughput protein analysis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3541-7. [PMID: 21449615 DOI: 10.1021/ac200254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It is desirable to have inexpensive, high-throughput systems that integrate multiple sample analysis processes and procedures, for applications in biology, chemical analysis, drug discovery, and disease screening. In this paper, we demonstrate multilayer polymer microfluidic devices with integrated on-chip labeling and parallel electrophoretic separation of up to eight samples. Microchannels were distributed in two different layers and connected through interlayer through-holes in the middle layer. A single set of electrophoresis reservoirs and one fluorescent label reservoir address parallel analysis units for up to eight samples. Individual proteins and a mixture of cancer biomarkers have been successfully labeled on-chip and separated in parallel with this system. A detection limit of 600 ng/mL was obtained for heat shock protein 90. Our integrated on-chip labeling microdevices show great potential for low-cost, simplified, rapid, and high-throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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19
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Abstract
The development of microfluidics and its utilization in a myriad of applications has grown exponentially over the past 15 years. One area that has benefited from the great strides in fabrication of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is separations chemistry. Most studies have focused on small molecule and DNA separations; few on protein chromatographic techniques on microchips. This review details recent developments in protein separations on microfluidic platforms and how MEMS have the potential for revolutionizing protein chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Halpin ST, Spence DM. Direct Plate-Reader Measurement of Nitric Oxide Released from Hypoxic Erythrocytes Flowing through a Microfluidic Device. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7492-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101130s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Halpin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Dana M. Spence
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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21
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Yang W, Woolley AT. Integrated Multi-process Microfluidic Systems for Automating Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:198-209. [PMID: 20514343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jala.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies have been applied extensively in rapid sample analysis. Some current challenges for standard microfluidic systems are relatively high detection limits, and reduced resolving power and peak capacity compared to conventional approaches. The integration of multiple functions and components onto a single platform can overcome these separation and detection limitations of microfluidics. Multiplexed systems can greatly increase peak capacity in multidimensional separations and can increase sample throughput by analyzing many samples simultaneously. On-chip sample preparation, including labeling, preconcentration, cleanup and amplification, can all serve to speed up and automate processes in integrated microfluidic systems. This paper summarizes advances in integrated multi-process microfluidic systems for automated analysis, their benefits and areas for needed improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
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22
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Ogończyk D, Wegrzyn J, Jankowski P, Dabrowski B, Garstecki P. Bonding of microfluidic devices fabricated in polycarbonate. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1324-7. [PMID: 20445888 DOI: 10.1039/b924439e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A simple method for bonding polycarbonate, based on controlled exposure of the pieces to vapours of solvents, yields a tight seal and unmodified geometry of the channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ogończyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Illa X, Ordeig O, Snakenborg D, Romano-Rodríguez A, Compton RG, Kutter JP. A cyclo olefin polymer microfluidic chip with integrated gold microelectrodes for aqueous and non-aqueous electrochemistry. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1254-1261. [PMID: 20445877 DOI: 10.1039/b926737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an entirely polymeric microfluidic system, made of cyclo olefin polymer (COP), with integrated gold microband electrodes for electrochemical applications in organic media. In the present work, we take advantage of the COP's high chemical stability to polar organic solvents in two different ways: (i) to fabricate gold microelectrodes using COP as a substrate by standard lithographic and lift-off techniques; and (ii) to perform electrochemical experiments in organic media. In particular, fourteen parallel gold microelectrodes with a width of 14 microm and separated from their closest neighbour by 16 microm were fabricated by lithographic and lift-off techniques on a 188 microm thick COP sheet. A closed channel configuration was obtained by pressure-assisted thermal bonding between the COP sheet containing the microelectrodes and a microstructured COP sheet, where a 3 cm long, 50 microm wide and 24 microm deep channel was fabricated via hot embossing. Cyclic voltammetric measurements were carried out in aqueous and organic media, using a solution consisting of 5 mM ferrocyanide/ferricyanide in 0.5 M KNO(3) and 5 mM ferrocene in 0.1 M TBAP/acetonitrile, respectively. Experimental currents obtained for different flow rates ranging from 1 to 10 microL min(-1) were compared to the theoretical steady state currents calculated by the Levich equation for a band electrode (R. G. Compton, A. C. Fisher, R. G. Wellington, P. J. Dobson and P. A. Leigh, J. Phys. Chem., 1993, 97, 10410-10415). In both cases, the difference between the experimental and the predicted data is less than 5%, thus validating the behaviour of the fabricated device. This result opens the possibility to use a microfluidic system made entirely from COP with integrated microband electrodes in organic electroanalysis and in electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavi Illa
- Universitat de Barcelona, MIND-IN(2)UB Department of Electronics, Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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Mahabadi KA, Rodriguez I, Lim CY, Maurya DK, Hauser PC, de Rooij NF. Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection with dual top-bottom cell configuration for microchip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1063-70. [PMID: 20151396 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kambiz A Mahabadi
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 3 Research Link, Singapore
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25
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Tran NT, Ayed I, Pallandre A, Taverna M. Recent innovations in protein separation on microchips by electrophoretic methods: An update. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:147-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Ross D, Kralj JG. Simple device for multiplexed electrophoretic separations using gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis with channel current detection. Anal Chem 2009; 80:9467-74. [PMID: 19007187 DOI: 10.1021/ac801597e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new microfluidic electrophoresis device and technique is described that is designed specifically for multiplexed, high-throughput separations. The device consists of an array of short (3 mm) capillaries connecting individual sample reservoirs to a common buffer reservoir. Each capillary in the array functions as both a separation channel and as a conductivity-based detection cell. The new technique is based upon the recently described gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis (GEMBE) technique, which uses a combination of an electric field and buffer counterflow to achieve electrophoretic separations in short capillaries or microfluidic channels. A high voltage drives electrophoresis of the sample analytes through each separation channel. At the start of a separation, the bulk counterflow of buffer through the channel is high, and none of the analytes of interest can enter the channel. The counterflow is then gradually reduced until each analyte, in turn, is able to enter the channel where it is detected as a moving boundary or step. With very short capillaries, only one step at a time is present in each capillary, and the electric current through the channels can then be used as the detector signal, without any extra detector hardware. The current vs time signal for each channel is then smoothed and differentiated to produce a set of simultaneous electropherograms. Because there is no light source or other added hardware required for detection, the system is simple and can be easily and inexpensively scaled up to perform large numbers of simultaneous analyses. As a first demonstration, a 16-channel array device is used for high-throughput, time-series measurements of enzyme activity and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ross
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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27
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Castaño-Álvarez M, Fernández-la-Villa A, Pozo-Ayuso DF, Fernández-Abedul MT, Costa-García A. Multiple-point electrochemical detection for a dual-channel hybrid PDMS-glass microchip electrophoresis device. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3372-80. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Ross D, Romantseva EF. Gradient Elution Moving Boundary Electrophoresis with Channel Current Detection. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7326-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901189y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Ross
- National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Eugenia F. Romantseva
- National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
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29
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Xu B, Feng X, Xu Y, Du W, Luo Q, Liu BF. Two-dimensional electrophoresis on a microfluidic chip for quantitative amino acid analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1911-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Highly resolved separation and sensitive amperometric detection of amino acids with an assembled microfluidic device. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1490-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Mohanty SK, Warrick J, Gorski J, Beebe DJ. An accessible micro-capillary electrophoresis device using surface-tension-driven flow. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1470-81. [PMID: 19425002 PMCID: PMC2842211 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a rapidly fabricated micro-capillary electrophoresis chip that utilizes surface-tension-driven flow for sample injection and extraction of DNA. Surface-tension-driven flow (i.e. passive pumping) [G. M. Walker et al., Lab. Chip. 2002, 2, 131-134] injects a fixed volume of sample that can be predicted mathematically. Passive pumping eliminates the need for tubing, valves, syringe pumps, and other equipment typically needed for interfacing with microelectrophoresis chips. This method requires a standard micropipette to load samples before separation, and remove the resulting bands after analysis. The device was made using liquid phase photopolymerization to rapidly fabricate the chip without the need of special equipment typically associated with the construction of microelectrophoresis chips (e.g. cleanroom) [A. K. Agarwal et al., J. Micromech. Microeng. 2006, 16, 332-340; S. K. Mohanty et al., Electrophoresis 2006, 27, 3772-3778]. Batch fabrication time for the device presented here was 1.5 h including channel coating time to suppress electroosmotic flow. Devices were constructed out of poly-isobornyl acrylate and glass. A standard microscope with a UV source was used for sample detection. Separations were demonstrated using Promega BenchTop 100 bp ladder in hydroxyl ethyl cellulose (HEC) and oligonucleotides of 91 and 118 bp were used to characterize sample injection and extraction of DNA bands. The end result was an inexpensive micro-capillary electrophoresis device that uses tools (e.g. micropipette, electrophoretic power supplies, and microscopes) already present in most labs for sample manipulation and detection, making it more accessible for potential end users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swomitra K Mohanty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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32
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Moreira NH, de Almeida ALDJ, Piazzeta MHDO, de Jesus DP, Deblire A, Gobbi AL, da Silva JAF. Fabrication of a multichannel PDMS/glass analytical microsystem with integrated electrodes for amperometric detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:115-121. [PMID: 19209343 DOI: 10.1039/b807409g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication process of novel multichannel microfluidic devices with integrated electrodes for amperometric detection is described. Soft-lithography, lift-off and O(2) plasma surface activation sealing techniques were employed for rapid prototyping of cost effective PDMS/glass microchips. The capabilities of the proposed microdevices were demonstrated by the electrooxidation of hydroquinone and N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP) on a Au working electrode at +800 mV and +700 mV, respectively, against a Au pseudo reference electrode, and of thiocyanate on a Cu working electrode at +700 mV against a Ag/AgCl (KCl saturated) reference electrode. Linear response over the range up to 1.0 mmol L(-1) for APAP and up to 4.0 mmol L(-1) for hydroquinone and thiocyanate were verified through calibration curves with correlation coefficients greater than 0.97 (minimum of five data points). The sensitivities for hydroquinone, thiocyanate, and APAP were 28, 19, and 78 microA mol(-1) L, respectively. Under the experimental conditions used, the estimated limits of detection were 0.21, 0.95, and 0.12 mmol L(-1) for hydroquinone, thiocyanate and APAP, respectively. The geometries of the devices were designed to allow fast calibration procedures and reliable results for in-field applications. Exerting a strong influence over the device performance, the sealing process was greatly enhanced by depositing auxiliary TiSiO(2) thin-films. The general performance of the system was verified by amperometric assays of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol standard solutions, and the influences exerted by the present fabrication methods regarding reproducibility and reliability are addressed. The proposed device was successfully applied in the determination of the concentration of APAP in two commercial formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ney Henrique Moreira
- Laboratory of Microfabrication, Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Campinas, Brazil
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33
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Obubuafo A, Balamurugan S, Shadpour H, Spivak D, McCarley RL, Soper SA. Poly(methyl methacrylate) microchip affinity capillary gel electrophoresis of aptamer-protein complexes for the analysis of thrombin in plasma. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3436-45. [PMID: 18702051 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin generation in blood serves as an important marker for various hemostasis-related diseases and conditions. Analytical techniques currently utilized for determining the thrombin potential of patients rely primarily on the enzymatic activity of thrombin. Microfluidic-based ACE using fluorescently labeled aptamers as affinity probes could provide a simple and efficient technique for the real-time analysis of thrombin levels in plasma. In this study, aptamers were used for the analysis of thrombin by affinity microchip CGE. The CGE used a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic device for the sorting of the affinity complexes with a linear polyacrylamide (LPA) serving as the sieving matrix. Due to the fact that the assay was run under nonequilibrium electrophoresis conditions, the presence of the sieving gel was found to stabilize the affinity complex, providing improved electrophoretic performance compared to free-solution electrophoresis. Two fluorescently labeled aptamer affinity probes, HD1 and HD22, which bind to exosites I and II, respectively, of thrombin were investigated. With an electric field strength of 300 V/cm, two well-resolved peaks corresponding to free aptamer and the thrombin-aptamer complex were obtained in less than 1 min of separation time with a run-to-run and chip-to-chip reproducibility (RSD) of migration times <10% using both aptamers. HD22 affinity assays of thrombin produced baseline-resolved peaks with favorable efficiency due to its higher binding affinity, whereas HD1 assays showed poorer resolution of the free aptamer and complex peaks. HD22 was used in determining the level of thrombin in human plasma. Assays were performed directly on plasma that was diluted to 10% v/v. Thrombin was successfully analyzed by microchip CGE at a concentration level of 543.5 nM for the human plasma sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Obubuafo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioModular Multi-Scale Systems, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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34
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Coltro WKT, Lunte SM, Carrilho E. Comparison of the analytical performance of electrophoresis microchannels fabricated in PDMS, glass, and polyester-toner. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4928-37. [PMID: 19025869 PMCID: PMC2672913 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper compares the analytical performance of microchannels fabricated in PDMS, glass, and polyester-toner for electrophoretic separations. Glass and PDMS chips were fabricated using well-established photolithographic and replica-molding procedures, respectively. PDMS channels were sealed against three different types of materials: native PDMS, plasma-oxidized PDMS, and glass. Polyester-toner chips were micromachined by a direct-printing process using an office laser printer. All microchannels were fabricated with similar dimensions according to the limitations of the direct-printing process (width/depth 150 microm/12 microm). LIF was employed for detection to rule out any losses in separation efficiency due to the detector configuration. Two fluorescent dyes, coumarin and fluorescein, were used as model analytes. Devices were evaluated for the following parameters related to electrophoretic separations: EOF, heat dissipation, injection reproducibility, separation efficiency, and adsorption to channel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell Karlos Tomazelli Coltro
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Susan M. Lunte
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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35
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Ali I, Aboul-Enein HY, Gupta VK. Microchip-Based Nano Chromatography and Nano Capillary Electrophoresis in Genomics and Proteomics. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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36
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Noblitt SD, Henry CS. Improving the Compatibility of Contact Conductivity Detection with Microchip Electrophoresis Using a Bubble Cell. Anal Chem 2008; 80:7624-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8013862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Noblitt
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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37
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Dishinger JF, Kennedy RT. Multiplexed detection and applications for separations on parallel microchips. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3296-305. [PMID: 18702055 PMCID: PMC2597776 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Much work has been performed since the development of the lab-on-a-chip concept that has brought microfabricated systems to the forefront of bioanalytical research. The success of using these microchips for performing complicated biological assays faster and cheaper than conventional methods has facilitated their emerging popularity among researchers. A recently exploited advantage of microfabricated technology has led to the creation of single wafers with multiple channel manifolds for high-throughput experiments. Efforts toward parallel microchip development have yielded fascinating new devices for chemical separations showing the potential for replacing conventional multiplexing techniques. This review will focus on recent work toward multiplexed separations on microdevices and complementary detection instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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38
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Ma X, Zhao M, Lin Z, Zhang S, Yang C, Zhang X. Versatile Platform Employing Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for High-Throughput Analysis. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6131-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800803x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Atomic and Molecular Nanosciences of Education Ministry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Mengxia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Atomic and Molecular Nanosciences of Education Ministry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ziqing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Atomic and Molecular Nanosciences of Education Ministry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sichun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Atomic and Molecular Nanosciences of Education Ministry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chengdui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Atomic and Molecular Nanosciences of Education Ministry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Atomic and Molecular Nanosciences of Education Ministry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
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39
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Coltro WKT, da Silva JAF, Carrilho E. Fabrication and integration of planar electrodes for contactless conductivity detection on polyester-toner electrophoresis microchips. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2260-5. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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40
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Pozo-Ayuso DF, Castaño-Álvarez M, Fernández-la-Villa A, García-Granda M, Fernández-Abedul MT, Costa-García A, Rodríguez-García J. Fabrication and evaluation of single- and dual-channel (Π-design) microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1180:193-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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41
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Poinsot V, Rodat A, Gavard P, Feurer B, Couderc F. Recent advances in amino acid analysis by CE. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:207-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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42
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43
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Peng Y, Pallandre A, Tran NT, Taverna M. Recent innovations in protein separation on microchips by electrophoretic methods. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:157-78. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Roman GT, Kennedy RT. Fully integrated microfluidic separations systems for biochemical analysis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1168:170-88; discussion 169. [PMID: 17659293 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade a tremendous amount of research has been performed using microfluidic analytical devices to detect over 200 different chemical species. Most of this work has involved substantial integration of fluid manipulation components such as separation channels, valves, and filters. This level of integration has enabled complex sample processing on miniscule sample volumes. Such devices have also demonstrated high throughput, sensitivity, and separation performance. Although the miniaturization of fluidics has been highly valuable, these devices typically rely on conventional ancillary equipment such as power supplies, detection systems, and pumps for operation. This auxiliary equipment prevents the full realization of a "lab-on-a-chip" device with complete portability, autonomous operation, and low cost. Integration and/or miniaturization of ancillary components would dramatically increase the capability and impact of microfluidic separations systems. This review describes recent efforts to incorporate auxiliary equipment either as miniaturized plug-in modules or directly fabricated into the microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Roman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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