1
|
Chen D, McCool EN, Yang Z, Shen X, Lubeckyj RA, Xu T, Wang Q, Sun L. Recent advances (2019-2021) of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for multilevel proteomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:617-642. [PMID: 34128246 PMCID: PMC8671558 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Multilevel proteomics aims to delineate proteins at the peptide (bottom-up proteomics), proteoform (top-down proteomics), and protein complex (native proteomics) levels. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) can achieve highly efficient separation and highly sensitive detection of complex mixtures of peptides, proteoforms, and even protein complexes because of its substantial technical progress. CE-MS has become a valuable alternative to the routinely used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for multilevel proteomics. This review summarizes the most recent (2019-2021) advances of CE-MS for multilevel proteomics regarding technological progress and biological applications. We also provide brief perspectives on CE-MS for multilevel proteomics at the end, highlighting some future directions and potential challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaojing Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Rachele A. Lubeckyj
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Qianjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Recent advances in the hyphenation of electromigration techniques with mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
3
|
Pero-Gascon R, Pont L, Giménez E, Sanz-Nebot V, Benavente F. On-line Immobilized Enzyme Microreactor Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry for Peptide Mapping. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2531:77-91. [PMID: 35941480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2493-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peptide mapping is a routine procedure for protein characterization in proteomics. This bottom-up analysis requires digestion of proteins into peptides before liquid chromatography- or capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (LC-MS or CZE-MS, respectively). Proteins are usually digested off-line using proteolytic enzymes, typically trypsin, in solution or immobilized on appropriate supports. As an alternative, here we describe on-line immobilized enzyme microreactor capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (IMER-CZE-MS) for a straightforward, rapid, and efficient protein digestion followed by separation, detection, and characterization of the generated peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Pero-Gascon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA•UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Pont
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA•UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estela Giménez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA•UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Sanz-Nebot
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA•UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Benavente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA•UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fei JJ, Wu XH, Sun YL, Zhao LY, Min H, Cui XB, Chen YJ, Liu S, Lian HZ, Li C. Preparation of a novel amino functionalized ion-imprinted hybrid monolithic column for the selective extraction of trace copper followed by ICP-MS detection. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1162:338477. [PMID: 33926696 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel amino functionalized Cu(II) ion-imprinted organic-inorganic hybrid monolithic column (Cu(II)-IIHMC) was prepared via one-pot co-condensation and the combination of sol-gel and ion-imprinting techniques in a fused capillary. The Cu(II)-IIHMC was used as solid phase microextraction (SPME) matrix followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the analysis of trace Cu(II). The prepared Cu(II)-IIHMC has good mechanical strength, stable imprinting sites and homogeneous structure of network skeleton with large flow-through pores by optimizing the synthesis process. Under the optimized conditions, the Cu(II)-IIHMC can selectively adsorb Cu(II) with the adsorption capacity of 3.13 mg g-1. With enrichment factor of 10-fold, the calibration curve was established in the range of 0.05-50 μg L-1 with r2 of 0.9992 and the detection limit was 0.008 μg L-1 for Cu(II). Compared with the non-imprinted hybrid monolithic column (Cu(II)-NIHMC), the Cu(II)-IIHMC possesses better selectivity, anti-interference ability and adsorption capacity. The Cu(II)-IIHMC can specifically capture the target ion in the presence of competitive ions, with the selectivity coefficients exceeding 39.4. The protocol was validated by analyzing Certified Reference Materials of standard sediment, soil and iron ore, and the results were in good agreement with certified values. Moreover, the proposed in-tube SPME procedure can not only preconcentrate trace Cu(II), but also effectively reduce the matrix effect and powerfully eliminate the interference from the main metals in real samples. Therefore, the developed SPME-ICP-MS method with facile preparation, specific selectivity, high sensitivity and efficient analysis, was applied in the determination of trace Cu(II) in environmental and mineral samples with the recoveries of 89.8-111.8% in all spiked samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jun Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Wu
- Technical Center for Industrial Product and Raw Material Inspection and Testing, Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Yue-Lun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ling-Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong Min
- Technical Center for Industrial Product and Raw Material Inspection and Testing, Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yi-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Technical Center for Industrial Product and Raw Material Inspection and Testing, Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Hong-Zhen Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Chen Li
- Technical Center for Industrial Product and Raw Material Inspection and Testing, Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, 200135, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu N, Sticker D, Kretschmann A, Petersen NJ, Kutter JP. A thiol-ene microfluidic device enabling continuous enzymatic digestion and electrophoretic separation as front-end to mass spectrometric peptide analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3559-3571. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
6
|
Hou J, Sapnik AF, Bennett TD. Metal-organic framework gels and monoliths. Chem Sci 2020; 11:310-323. [PMID: 32153752 PMCID: PMC7021205 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04961d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has, to date, largely been in the form of crystalline powders. However, interest in different physical morphologies of this class of materials is growing. In this perspective, we provide an overview of the structure, properties and applications of MOF monoliths. In particular, we explore the complex synthetic landscapes associated with MOF crystallization and discuss the synthetic factors leading to the formation of MOF gels, i.e. the precursor to sol-gel MOF monoliths. Finally, we provide our thoughts on the future development of this field, and attempt to highlight the importance of the MOF gel state in the discovery of new functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Hou
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road , Cambridge , CB3 0FS , UK .
| | - Adam F Sapnik
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road , Cambridge , CB3 0FS , UK .
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road , Cambridge , CB3 0FS , UK .
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Practical sample pretreatment techniques coupled with capillary electrophoresis for real samples in complex matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
8
|
On-line protein digestion by immobilized enzyme microreactor capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 199:116-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
9
|
Beutner A, Herl T, Matysik FM. Selectivity enhancement in capillary electrophoresis by means of two-dimensional separation or dual detection concepts. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1057:18-35. [PMID: 30832915 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For the identification and quantification of analytes in complex samples, highly selective analytical strategies are required. The selectivity of single separation techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), or capillary electrophoresis (CE) with common detection principles can be enhanced by hyphenating orthogonal separation techniques but also by using complementary detection systems. In this review, two-dimensional systems containing CE in at least one dimension are reviewed, namely LC-CE or 2D CE systems. Particular attention is paid to the aspect of selectivity enhancement due to the orthogonality of the different separation mechanisms. As an alternative concept, dual detection approaches are reviewed using the common detectors of CE such as UV/VIS, laser-induced fluorescence, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity (C4D), electrochemical detection, and mass spectrometry. Special emphasis is given to dual detection systems implementing the highly flexible C4D as one detection component. Selectivity enhancement can be achieved in case of complementarity of the different detection techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Beutner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Herl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Drevinskas T, Stankevičius M, Bimbiraitė-Survilienė K, Naujokaitytė G, Kaškonienė V, Kondrotienė K, Šernienė L, Kornyšova O, Malakauskas M, Maruška A. Optimization of a capillary zone electrophoresis-contactless conductivity detection method for the determination of nisin. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2425-2430. [PMID: 29935020 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Determination of natural preservatives using electrophoretic or chromatographic techniques in fermented milk products is a complex task due to the following reasons: (i) the concentrations of the analytes can be below the detection limits, (ii) complex matrix and comigrating/coeluting compounds in the sample can interfere with the analytes of the interest, (iii) low recovery of the analytes, and (iv) the necessity of complex sample preparation. The aim of this study was to apply capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with contactless conductivity detection for the separation and determination of nisin in fermented milk products. In this work, separation and determination of natural preservative-nisin in fermented milk products is described. Optimized conditions using capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with capacitance-to-digital technology based contactless conductivity detector and data conditioning, which filter the noise of the electropherogram adaptively to the peak migration time, allowed precise, accurate, sensitive (limit of quantification: 0.02 μg/mL), and most importantly requiring very minute sample preparation, determination of nisin. Sample preparation includes following steps: (i) extraction/dilution and (ii) centrifugation. This method was applied for the determination of nisin in real samples, i.e. fermented milk products. The values of different nisin forms were ranging from 0.056 ± 0.003 μg/mL to 9.307 ± 0.437 μg/g.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Drevinskas
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mantas Stankevičius
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Gintarė Naujokaitytė
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Kaškonienė
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Kondrotienė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Loreta Šernienė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Olga Kornyšova
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Malakauskas
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Maruška
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kecskemeti A, Gaspar A. Particle-based immobilized enzymatic reactors in microfluidic chips. Talanta 2018; 180:211-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
12
|
Electrochemical Measurements of Glucose Using a Micro Flow-Through Immobilized Enzyme Reactor. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
13
|
Development of an enzymatic reactor applying spontaneously adsorbed trypsin on the surface of a PDMS microfluidic device. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:3573-3585. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
14
|
Zhang Z, He M, Liu L, Xiong X, Fang X, Xu W. Electro-kinetic assisted electrospray ionization for enhanced complex sample analysis. Talanta 2017; 164:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
15
|
Kecskemeti A, Gaspar A. Preparation and characterization of a packed bead immobilized trypsin reactor integrated into a PDMS microfluidic chip for rapid protein digestion. Talanta 2017; 166:275-283. [PMID: 28213235 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the design, efficiency and applicability of a simple, inexpensive and high sample throughput microchip immobilized enzymatic reactor (IMER) for rapid protein digestion. The IMER contains conventional silica particles with covalently immobilized trypsin packed inside of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchip channel (10mm×1mm×35µm). The microchip consists of 9 different channels, enabling 9 simultaneous protein digestions. Trypsin was covalently immobilized using carbodiimide activation, the ideal trypsin/silica particle ratio (i.e. measured mass ratio before the immobilization reaction) was determined. The amount of immobilized trypsin was 10-15μg trypsin for 1mg silica particle. Migration times of CZE peptide maps showed good repeatability and reproducibility (RSD%=0.02-0.31%). The IMER maintained its activity for 2 months, in this period it was used effectively for rapid proteolysis. Four proteins (myoglobin, lysozyme, hemoglobin and albumin) in a wide size range (15-70kDa) were digested to demonstrate the applicability of the reactor. Their CZE peptide maps were compared to peptide maps obtained from standard in-solution digestion of the four proteins. The number of peptide peaks correlated well with the theoretically expected peptide number in both cases, the peak patterns of the electropherograms were similar, however, digestion with the microchip IMER requires only <10s, while in-solution digestion takes 16h. LC-MS/MS peptide mapping was also carried out, the four proteins were identified with satisfying sequence coverages (29-50%), trypsin autolysis peptides were not detected. The protein content of human serum was digested with the IMER and with in-solution digestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kecskemeti
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Attila Gaspar
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Eeltink S, Wouters S, Dores-Sousa JL, Svec F. Advances in organic polymer-based monolithic column technology for high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of antibodies, intact proteins, oligonucleotides, and peptides. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:8-21. [PMID: 28069168 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the preparation of organic polymer-based monolithic stationary phases and their application in the separation of biomolecules, including antibodies, intact proteins and protein isoforms, oligonucleotides, and protein digests. Column and material properties, and the optimization of the macropore structure towards kinetic performance are also discussed. State-of-the-art liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry biomolecule separations are reviewed and practical aspects such as ion-pairing agent selection and carryover are presented. Finally, advances in comprehensive two-dimensional LC separations using monolithic columns, in particular ion-exchange×reversed-phase and reversed-phase×reversed-phase LC separations conducted at high and low pH, are shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sam Wouters
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - José Luís Dores-Sousa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frantisek Svec
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A simple sheathless CE-MS interface with a sub-micrometer electrical contact fracture for sensitive analysis of peptide and protein samples. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 936:157-67. [PMID: 27566351 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Online coupling of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) has shown considerable potential, however, technical challenges have limited its use. In this study, we have developed a simple and sensitive sheathless CE-MS interface based on the novel concept of forming a sub-micrometer fracture directly in the capillary. The simple interface design allowed the generation of a stable ESI spray capable of ionization at low nanoliter flow-rates (45-90 nL/min) for high sensitivity MS analysis of challenging samples like those containing proteins and peptides. By analysis of a model peptide (leucine enkephalin), a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.045 pmol/μL (corresponding to 67 attomol in a sample volume of ∼15 nL) was obtained. The merit of the CE-MS approach was demonstrated by analysis of bovine serum albumin (BSA) tryptic peptides. A well-resolved separation profile was achieved and comparable sequence coverage was obtained by the CE-MS method (73%) compared to a representative UPLC-MS method (77%). The CE-MS interface was subsequently used to analyse a more complex sample of pharmaceutically relevant human proteins including insulin, tissue factor and α-synuclein. Efficient separation and protein ESI mass spectra of adequate quality could be achieved using only a small amount of sample (30 fmol). In addition, analysis of ubiquitin samples under both native and denatured conditions, indicate that the CE-MS setup can facilitate native MS applications to probe the conformational properties of proteins. Thus, the described CE-MS setup should be useful for a wide range of high-sensitivity applications in protein research.
Collapse
|
18
|
Preparation and evaluation of dual-enzyme microreactor with co-immobilized trypsin and chymotrypsin. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1440:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
19
|
Laurenti E, dos Santos Vianna Jr. A. Enzymatic microreactors in biocatalysis: history, features, and future perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/boca-2015-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMicrofluidic reaction devices are a very promising technology for chemical and biochemical processes. In microreactors, the micro dimensions, coupled with a high surface area/volume ratio, permit rapid heat exchange and mass transfer, resulting in higher reaction yields and reaction rates than in conventional reactors. Moreover, the lower energy consumption and easier separation of products permit these systems to have a lower environmental impact compared to macroscale, conventional reactors. Due to these benefits, the use of microreactors is increasing in the biocatalysis field, both by using enzymes in solution and their immobilized counterparts. Following an introduction to the most common applications of microreactors in chemical processes, a broad overview will be given of the latest applications in biocatalytic processes performed in microreactors with free or immobilized enzymes. In particular, attention is given to the nature of the materials used as a support for the enzymes and the strategies employed for their immobilization. Mathematical and engineering aspects concerning fluid dynamics in microreactors were also taken into account as fundamental factors for the optimization of these systems.
Collapse
|
20
|
Long Y, Wood TD. Immobilized pepsin microreactor for rapid peptide mapping with nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:194-197. [PMID: 25374334 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Most enzymatic microreactors for protein digestion are based on trypsin, but proteins with hydrophobic segments may be difficult to digest because of the paucity of Arg and Lys residues. Microreactors based on pepsin, which is less specific than trypsin, can overcome this challenge. Here, an integrated immobilized pepsin microreactor (IPMR)/nanoelectrospray emitter is examined for its potential for peptide mapping. For myoglobin, equivalent sequence coverage is obtained in a thousandth the time of solution digestion with better sequence coverage. While sequence coverage of cytochrome c is lesser than solution in this short duration, more highly-charged peptic peptides are produced and a number of peaks are unidentified at low-resolution, suggesting that high-resolution mass spectrometry is needed to take full advantage of integrated IPMR/nanoelectrospray devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Long
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-3000, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kohl FJ, Sánchez-Hernández L, Neusüß C. Capillary electrophoresis in two-dimensional separation systems: Techniques and applications. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:144-58. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix J. Kohl
- Department of Chemistry; Aalen University; Aalen Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hong T, Chi C, Ji Y. Pepsin-modified chiral monolithic column for affinity capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3377-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Hong
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; Ministry of Education; Nanjing China
| | - Cuijie Chi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; Ministry of Education; Nanjing China
| | - Yibing Ji
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; Ministry of Education; Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kler PA, Sydes D, Huhn C. Column–coupling strategies for multidimensional electrophoretic separation techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:119-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
24
|
Capillary electrophoresis-based immobilized enzyme reactor using particle-packing technique. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1352:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
25
|
Sun L, Zhu G, Yan X, Mou S, Dovichi NJ. Uncovering immobilized trypsin digestion features from large-scale proteome data generated by high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1337:40-7. [PMID: 24636566 PMCID: PMC4000775 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immobilized trypsin produces very fast protein digestion, which is attractive for application to high throughput bottom-up proteomics. While there is a rich literature on the preparation of immobilized trypsin, there are very few studies that investigate its application to complex proteomic samples. In this work, we compared solution-phase trypsin with trypsin immobilized on magnetic microspheres for digestion of two complex proteomes, Escherichia coli and the MCF7 cell line. The digests were separated by HPLC, and detected with a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer, which generated high resolution and high quality parent- and fragment-ion mass spectra. The data were analyzed using MaxQuant. We make several conclusions about the features of immobilized trypsin digestion of complex proteomes. First, both immobilized and solution-phase trypsin generate peptides that sample the same protein pool. Second, immobilized trypsin can digest complex proteomes two orders of magnitude faster than solution-phase trypsin while retaining similar numbers of protein identifications and proteome depth. Digestion using immobilized trypsin for 5-min produces a similar number of missed cleavages as solution-based trypsin digestion for 4-h; digestion using immobilized trypsin for 20-min produces a similar number of missed cleavages as solution-based trypsin digestion for 12-h. Third, immobilized trypsin produces quantitatively reproducible digestion of complex proteomes. Finally, there is small but measurable loss of peptide due to non-specific adsorption to the immobilization matrix. This adsorption generates a bias against detection of basic peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Guijie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Si Mou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Norman J Dovichi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mou S, Sun L, Dovichi NJ. Accurate determination of peptide phosphorylation stoichiometry via automated diagonal capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry: proof of principle. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10692-6. [PMID: 24144020 DOI: 10.1021/ac402858a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While reversible protein phosphorylation plays an important role in many cellular processes, simple and reliable measurement of the stoichiometry of phosphorylation can be challenging. This measurement is confounded by differences in the ionization efficiency of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated sites during analysis by mass spectrometry. Here, we demonstrate diagonal capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for the accurate determination of this stoichiometry. Diagonal capillary electrophoresis is a two-dimensional separation method that incorporates an immobilized alkaline phosphatase microreactor at the distal end of the first capillary and employs identical electrophoretic separation modes in both dimensions. The first dimension is used to separate a mixture of the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of a peptide. Fractions are parked in the reactor where they undergo complete dephosphorylation. The products are then periodically transferred to the second capillary and analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS). Because the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms differ in charge, they are well resolved in the first dimension separation. Because the unphosphorylated and dephosphorylated peptides are identical, there is no bias in ionization efficiency, and phosphorylation stoichiometry can be determined by the ratio of the signal of the two forms. A calibration curve was generated from mixtures of a phosphorylated standard peptide and its unphosphorylated form, prepared in a bovine serum albumin tryptic digest. This proof of principle experiment demonstrated a linear response across nearly 2 orders of magnitude in stoichiometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Mou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nowak P, Woźniakiewicz M, Kościelniak P. An overview of on-line systems using drug metabolizing enzymes integrated into capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2604-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Nowak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Kraków; Poland
| | - Michał Woźniakiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Kraków; Poland
| | - Paweł Kościelniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Kraków; Poland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ghafourifar G, Fleitz A, Waldron KC. Development of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chymotrypsin and an in situ immobilized enzyme microreactor with peptide mapping by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1804-11. [PMID: 23686566 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Immobilized proteolytic enzymes present several advantages over their soluble form, not the least of which is suppression of autoproteolysis peaks even at high enzyme-to-substrate ratios. We have made immobilized chymotrypsin by directly crosslinking it with glutaraldehyde to produce polymeric particles. Digestion of two model substrates using the particles was followed by CE peptide mapping with detection by UV absorbance or LIF. Results showed that autoproteolysis was highly suppressed and that different storage conditions of the particles in the short term (24 h) did not affect digestion of denatured BSA. As well, the chymotrypsin particles were indifferent to the presence of fluorescein groups on a casein substrate. Glutaraldehyde crosslinking of chymotrypsin inside a fused silica capillary column to make an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) was achieved in a series of reagent addition and washing steps, entirely automated using a commercial CE instrument. Digestion of myoglobin in the IMER for 30 min at 37°C followed by peptide mapping by CE-MS of the collected digest allowed identification of 17 chymotryptic peptides of myoglobin, or 83% primary sequence coverage.
Collapse
|
29
|
Sun L, Zhu G, Dovichi NJ. Integrated capillary zone electrophoresis-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry system with an immobilized trypsin microreactor for online digestion and analysis of picogram amounts of RAW 264.7 cell lysate. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4187-94. [PMID: 23510126 DOI: 10.1021/ac400523x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) system was integrated with an immobilized trypsin microreactor. The system was evaluated and then applied for online digestion and analysis of picogram loadings of RAW 264.7 cell lysate. Protein samples were dissolved in a buffer containing 50% (v/v) acetonitrile (ACN), and then directly loaded into the capillary for digestion, followed by CZE separation and MS/MS identification. The organic solvent (50% (v/v) ACN) assisted the immobilized trypsin digestion and simplified the protein sample preparation protocol. Neither protein reduction nor alkylation steps were employed, which minimized sample loss and contamination. The integrated CZE-ESI-MS/MS system generated confident identification of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with 19% sequence coverage and 14 peptide identifications (IDs) when 20 fmol was loaded. When only 1 fmol of BSA was injected, one BSA peptide was consistently detected. For the analysis of a standard protein mixture, the integrated system produced efficient protein digestion and confident identification for proteins with different molecular weights and isoelectric points when a low-femtomole amount was loaded for each protein. We further applied the system for triplicate analysis of a RAW 264.7 cell lysate; 2 ± 1 and 7 ± 2 protein groups were confidently identified from only 300 pg and 3 ng loadings, respectively. The 300 pg sample loading corresponds to the protein content of three RAW 264.7 cells. In addition to high-sensitivity analysis, the integrated CZE-ESI-MS/MS system produces good reproducibility in terms of peptide and protein IDs, peptide migration time, and peptide intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nemes P, Rubakhin SS, Aerts JT, Sweedler JV. Qualitative and quantitative metabolomic investigation of single neurons by capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2013; 8:783-99. [PMID: 23538882 PMCID: PMC3655804 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell mass spectrometry (MS) empowers metabolomic investigations by decreasing analytical dimensions to the size of individual cells and subcellular structures. We describe a protocol for investigating and quantifying metabolites in individual isolated neurons using single-cell capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI) time-of-flight (TOF) MS. The protocol requires ∼2 h for sample preparation, neuron isolation and metabolite extraction, and 1 h for metabolic measurement. We used the approach to detect more than 300 distinct compounds in the mass range of typical metabolites in various individual neurons (25-500 μm in diameter) isolated from the sea slug (Aplysia californica) central and rat (Rattus norvegicus) peripheral nervous systems. We found that a subset of identified compounds was sufficient to reveal metabolic differences among freshly isolated neurons of different types and changes in the metabolite profiles of cultured neurons. The protocol can be applied to the characterization of the metabolome in a variety of smaller cells and/or subcellular domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nemes
- 1] Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA. [2]
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vlakh EG, Tennikova TB. Flow-through immobilized enzyme reactors based on monoliths: II. Kinetics study and application. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1149-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia G. Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Tatiana B. Tennikova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vlakh EG, Tennikova TB. Flow-through immobilized enzyme reactors based on monoliths: I. Preparation of heterogeneous biocatalysts. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:110-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia G. Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Tatiana B. Tennikova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Iqbal J, Iqbal S, Müller CE. Advances in immobilized enzyme microbioreactors in capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2013; 138:3104-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
34
|
The characteristics of open-tubular capillary electrochromatography columns with series/mixed stationary phases constructed with magnetic nanoparticle coating. Talanta 2013; 104:173-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
35
|
Nemes P, Knolhoff AM, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. Single-cell metabolomics: changes in the metabolome of freshly isolated and cultured neurons. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:782-92. [PMID: 23077722 PMCID: PMC3474288 DOI: 10.1021/cn300100u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Metabolites are involved in a diverse range of intracellular
processes,
including a cell’s response to a changing extracellular environment.
Using single-cell capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray
ionization mass spectrometry, we investigated how placing individual
identified neurons in culture affects their metabolic profile. First,
glycerol-based cell stabilization was evaluated using metacerebral
neurons from Aplysia californica; the
measurement error was reduced from ∼24% relative standard deviation
to ∼6% for glycerol-stabilized cells compared to those isolated
without glycerol stabilization. In order to determine the changes
induced by culturing, 14 freshly isolated and 11 overnight-cultured
neurons of two metabolically distinct cell types from A. californica, the B1 and B2 buccal neurons, were
characterized. Of the more than 300 distinctive cell-related signals
detected, 35 compounds were selected for their known biological roles
and compared among each measured cell. Unsupervised multivariate and
statistical analysis revealed robust metabolic differences between
these two identified neuron types. We then compared the changes induced
by overnight culturing; metabolite concentrations were distinct for
26 compounds in the cultured B1 cells. In contrast, culturing had
less influence on the metabolic profile of the B2 neurons, with only
five compounds changing significantly. As a result of these culturing-induced
changes, the metabolic composition of the B1 neurons became indistinguishable
from the cultured B2 cells. This observation suggests that the two
cell types differentially regulate their in vivo or in vitro metabolomes in response to a changing environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nemes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ann M. Knolhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stanislav S. Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews
Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sun L, Zhu G, Li Y, Yang P, Dovichi NJ. Coupling methanol denaturation, immobilized trypsin digestion, and accurate mass and time tagging for liquid-chromatography-based shotgun proteomics of low nanogram amounts of RAW 264.7 cell lysate. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8715-21. [PMID: 22971241 PMCID: PMC3477608 DOI: 10.1021/ac3019608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the shotgun proteomic analysis of mammalian cell lysates that contain low nanogram amounts of protein. Proteins were denatured using methanol, digested using immobilized trypsin, and analyzed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The approach generated more peptides and higher sequence coverage for a mixture of three standard proteins than the use of free trypsin solution digestion of heat- or urea-denatured proteins. We prepared triplicate RAW 264.7 cell lysates that contained 6, 30, 120, and 300 ng of protein. An average of 2 ± 1, 23 ± 2, 134 ± 11, and 218 ± 26 proteins were detected for each sample size, respectively. The numbers of both protein and peptide IDs scaled linearly with the amount of sample taken for analysis. Our approach also outperformed traditional methods (free trypsin digestion of heat- or urea-denatured proteins) for 6-300 ng RAW 264.7 cell protein analysis in terms of number of peptides and proteins identified. The use of accurate mass and time (AMT) tags resulted in the identification of an additional 16 proteins based on 20 peptides from the 6 ng cell lysate prepared with our approach. When AMT analysis was performed for the 6 ng cell lysate prepared with traditional methods, no reasonable peptide signal could be obtained. In all cases, roughly ∼30% of the digested sample was taken for analysis, corresponding to the analysis of a 2 ng aliquot of homogenate from the 6 ng cell lysate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Guijie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Yihan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Norman J. Dovichi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhu Y, Zhang L, Qian J, Gao F, Ma F, Zhang W. Theoretical and experimental investigations on migration behavior of weak monoprotic acids in continuous two-dimensional ion exchange/reversed phase CEC. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3028-35. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lingyi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai; P. R. China
| | - Junhong Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai; P. R. China
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai; P. R. China
| | - Fei Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai; P. R. China
| | - Weibing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai; P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sun L, Zhu G, Li Y, Wojcik R, Yang P, Dovichi NJ. CZE-ESI-MS/MS system for analysis of subnanogram amounts of tryptic digests of a cellular homogenate. Proteomics 2012; 12:3013-9. [PMID: 22888077 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the performance of capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with an electrokinetically pumped electrospray interface and an Orbitrap-Velos mass spectrometer for high sensitivity protein analysis. We first investigated the system for quantitation of the tryptic digest of BSA. The system produced outstanding linearity with respect to peak height, number of peptide IDs, and spectral counts across the range of 12 nM to 750 nM (60 amol to 3.5 fmol) of BSA injected. One peptide produced a detection limit of 0.3 nM (1.5 amol) injected. We also analyzed 700 pg of a tryptic digest prepared from a RAW264.7 cell lysate; ten proteins were identified in triplicate analyses after filtering the data with peptide confidence value as high. This sample size corresponds to the protein content of approximately ten eukaryotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Microscale 2D separation systems have been implemented in capillaries and microfabricated channels. They offer advantages of faster analysis, higher separation efficiency and less sample consumption than the conventional methods, such as liquid chromatography (LC) in a column and slab gel electrophoresis. In this article, we review their recent advancement, focusing on three types of platforms, including 2D capillary electrophoresis (CE), CE coupling with capillary LC, and microfluidic devices. A variety of CE and LC modes have been employed to construct 2D separation systems via sophistically designed interfaces. Coupling of different separation modes has also been realized in a number of microfluidic devices. These separation systems have been applied for the proteomic analysis of various biological samples, ranging from a single cell to tumor tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6250, USA
| | - Ke Liu
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6250, USA
| | - Z. Hugh Fan
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6250, USA
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sun L, Li Y, Yang P, Zhu G, Dovichi NJ. High efficiency and quantitatively reproducible protein digestion by trypsin-immobilized magnetic microspheres. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1220:68-74. [PMID: 22176736 PMCID: PMC3253205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde- and NHS-activated magnetic microspheres were used to immobilize trypsin (CHO-trypsin and NHS-trypsin), and their performance for protein digestion was evaluated by reversed phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry using an LTQ Orbitrap Velos instrument. NHS-trypsin provided greater sequence coverage and identified more peptides for the digestion of bovine serum albumin. A 1-min digestion at room temperature using the immobilized trypsin also identified more peptides (96±6 vs. 48±1) and produced higher sequence coverage (90±2% vs. 75±2%) than traditional free trypsin digestion for 12h at 37 °C. Analysis of 15 nM (0.001 mg/mL) BSA digested by NHS-trypsin in 1 min at room temperature consistently yielded one detected peptide; 150 nM BSA generated 22 peptides. Peptide intensity and protein spectral count were used to evaluate the run-to-run digestion reproducibility of NHS-trypsin with a three-protein-mixture. Three high intensity peptides for each protein generated intensity ratios from 0.70 to 1.09 and spectral count ratios from 0.78 to 1.18. Finally, RAW 264.7 cell lysates were digested by NHS-trypsin for 10 min and 30 min at room temperature, 604 and 697 protein groups, respectively, were identified by RPLC-ESI-MS/MS, with a peptide false discovery rate of less than 1%. Digestion by solution phase trypsin for 12h at 37 °C resulted in identification of 878 protein groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen Y, Wu M, Wang K, Chen B, Yao S, Zou H, Nie L. Vinyl functionalized silica hybrid monolith-based trypsin microreactor for on line digestion and separation via thiol-ene “click” strategy. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7982-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
42
|
Wang T, Ma J, Wu S, Yuan H, Zhang L, Liang Z, Zhang Y. Integrated platform of capillary isoelectric focusing, trypsin immobilized enzyme microreactor and nanoreversed-phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for online protein profiling. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2848-56. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
43
|
|
44
|
Liang Y, Tao D, Ma J, Sun L, Liang Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Hydrophilic monolith based immobilized enzyme reactors in capillary and on microchip for high-throughput proteomic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2898-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
45
|
Zhang Z, Du X, Li X. Sweeping with Electrokinetic Injection and Analyte Focusing by Micelle Collapse in Two-Dimensional Separation via Integration of Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography with Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1291-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102344y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China
| | - Xiuzhen Du
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Haselberg R, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for the analysis of intact proteins 2007-2010. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:66-82. [PMID: 21171114 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CE coupled to MS has proven to be a powerful analytical tool for the characterization of intact proteins, as it combines the high separation efficiency of CE with the selectivity of MS. This review provides an overview of the development and application of CE-MS methods within the field of intact protein analysis as published between January 2007 and June 2010. Ongoing technological developments with respect to CE-MS interfacing, capillary coatings for CE-MS, coupling of CIEF with MS and chip-based CE-MS are treated. Furthermore, CE-MS of intact proteins involving ESI, MALDI and ICP ionization is outlined and overviews of the use of the various CE-MS methods are provided by tables. Representative examples illustrate the applicability of CE-MS for the characterization of proteins, including glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, protein-ligand complexes, biomarkers and dietary proteins. It is concluded that CE-MS is a valuable technique with high potential for intact protein analysis, providing useful information on protein identity and purity, including modifications and degradation products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Haselberg
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ma J, Hou C, Sun L, Tao D, Zhang Y, Shan Y, Liang Z, Zhang L, Yang L, Zhang Y. Coupling Formic Acid Assisted Solubilization and Online Immobilized Pepsin Digestion with Strong Cation Exchange and Microflow Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Integral Membrane Proteome Analysis. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9622-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1023099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center and Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chunyan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center and Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center and Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dingyin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center and Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center and Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yichu Shan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center and Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center and Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center and Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center and Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center and Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li Y, Wojcik R, Dovichi NJ. A replaceable microreactor for on-line protein digestion in a two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis system with tandem mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:2007-11. [PMID: 21030030 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We describe a two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis system that incorporates a replaceable enzymatic microreactor for on-line protein digestion. In this system, trypsin is immobilized on magnetic beads. At the start of each experiment, old beads are flushed to waste and replaced with a fresh plug of beads, which is captured by a pair of magnets at the distal tip of the first capillary. For analysis, proteins are separated in the first capillary. A fraction is then parked in the reactor to create peptides. Digested peptides are periodically transferred to the second capillary for separation; a fresh protein fraction is simultaneously moved to the reactor for digestion. An electrospray interface is used to introduce peptides into a mass spectrometer for analysis. This procedure is repeated for several dozen fractions under computer control. The system was demonstrated by the separation and digestion of insulin chain b oxidized and β-casein as model proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wojcik R, Dada OO, Sadilek M, Dovichi NJ. Simplified capillary electrophoresis nanospray sheath-flow interface for high efficiency and sensitive peptide analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2554-60. [PMID: 20740530 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple nanospray sheath-flow interface for capillary electrophoresis. This interface relies on electrokinetic flow to drive both the separation and the electrospray; no mechanical pump is used for the sheath flow. This system was interfaced with an LCQ mass spectrometer. The best results were observed with a 2-microm diameter emitter tip and a 1-mm spacing between the separation capillary tip and the emitter tip. Under these conditions, mass detection limits (3sigma) of 100 amol were obtained for insulin receptor fragment 1142-1153. The separation efficiency exceeded 200,000 plates for this compound. The relative standard deviation generated during continual infusion of a 50 microM solution of angiotensin II was 2% for the total ion count and 3% for the extracted ion count over a 40-min period. Finally, the interface was also demonstrated for negative ion mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roza Wojcik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang T, Ma J, Zhu G, Shan Y, Liang Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Integration of capillary isoelectric focusing with monolithic immobilized pH gradient, immobilized trypsin microreactor and capillary zone electrophoresis for on-line protein analysis. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3194-200. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|