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Witkiewicz Z, Neffe S, Sliwka E, Quagliano J. Analysis of the Precursors, Simulants and Degradation Products of Chemical Warfare Agents. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018. [PMID: 29533075 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1439366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in analysis of precursors, simulants and degradation products of chemical warfare agents (CWA) are reviewed. Fast and reliable analysis of precursors, simulants and CWA degradation products is extremely important at a time, when more and more terrorist groups and radical non-state organizations use or plan to use chemical weapons to achieve their own psychological, political and military goals. The review covers the open source literature analysis after the time, when the chemical weapons convention had come into force (1997). The authors stated that during last 15 years increased number of laboratories are focused not only on trace analysis of CWA (mostly nerve and blister agents) in environmental and biological samples, but the growing number of research are devoted to instrumental analysis of precursors and degradation products of these substances. The identification of low-level concentration of CWA degradation products is often more important and difficult than the original CWA, because of lower level of concentration and a very large number of compounds present in environmental and biological samples. Many of them are hydrolysis products and are present in samples in the ionic form. For this reason, two or three instrumental methods are used to perform a reliable analysis of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zygfryd Witkiewicz
- a Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry , Military University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Slawomir Neffe
- a Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry , Military University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Ewa Sliwka
- b Division of Chemistry and Technology of Fuel , Wroclaw University of Technology , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Javier Quagliano
- c Applied Chemistry Department , Argentine Institute for Scientific and Technical Research for the Defense (CITEDEF) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Dhummakupt ES, Mach PM, Carmany D, Demond PS, Moran TS, Connell T, Wylie HS, Manicke NE, Nilles JM, Glaros T. Direct Analysis of Aerosolized Chemical Warfare Simulants Captured on a Modified Glass-Based Substrate by "Paper-Spray" Ionization. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10866-10872. [PMID: 28898050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Paper spray ionization mass spectrometry offers a rapid alternative platform requiring no sample preparation. Aerosolized chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants trimethyl phosphate, dimethyl methylphosphonate, and diisopropyl methylphosphonate were captured by passing air through a glass fiber filter disk within a disposable paper spray cartridge. CWA simulants were aerosolized at varying concentrations using an in-house built aerosol chamber. A custom 3D-printed holder was designed and built to facilitate the aerosol capture onto the paper spray cartridges. The air flow through each of the collection devices was maintained equally to ensure the same volume of air sampled across methods. Each approach yielded linear calibration curves with R2 values between 0.98-0.99 for each compound and similar limits of detection in terms of disbursed aerosol concentration. While the glass fiber filter disk has a higher capture efficiency (≈40%), the paper spray method produces analogous results even with a lower capture efficiency (≈1%). Improvements were made to include glass fiber filters as the substrate within the paper spray cartridge consumable. Glass fiber filters were then treated with ammonium sulfate to decrease chemical interaction with the simulants. This allowed for improved direct aerosol capture efficiency (>40%). Ultimately, the limits of detection were reduced to levels comparable to current worker population limits of 1 × 10-6 mg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Dhummakupt
- Research and Technology Directorate, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Phillip M Mach
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Daniel Carmany
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Paul S Demond
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Theodore S Moran
- Research and Technology Directorate, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Theresa Connell
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Harold S Wylie
- TriMech Services, LLC , 4461 Cox Rd # 302, Glen Allen, Virginia 23060, United States
| | - Nicholas E Manicke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - J Michael Nilles
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Trevor Glaros
- Research and Technology Directorate, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
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Jang YJ, Kim K, Tsay OG, Atwood DA, Churchill DG. Update 1 of: Destruction and Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents. Chem Rev 2015; 115:PR1-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong Jang
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibong Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga G. Tsay
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - David A. Atwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - David G. Churchill
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305−701, Republic of Korea
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CAI J, ZHENG M, YAN CQ, FU HY, ZHANG YJ, LI M, ZHOU Z, ZHANG YH. Application and Progress of Single Particle Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry in Fine Particulate Matter Research. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(15)60825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pratt KA, Prather KA. Mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols--recent developments and applications. Part II: On-line mass spectrometry techniques. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:17-48. [PMID: 21449003 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many of the significant advances in our understanding of atmospheric particles can be attributed to the application of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry provides high sensitivity with fast response time to probe chemically complex particles. This review focuses on recent developments and applications in the field of mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols. In Part II of this two-part review, we concentrate on real-time mass spectrometry techniques, which provide high time resolution for insight into brief events and diurnal changes while eliminating the potential artifacts acquired during long-term filter sampling. In particular, real-time mass spectrometry has been shown recently to provide the ability to probe the chemical composition of ambient individual particles <30 nm in diameter to further our understanding of how particles are formed through nucleation in the atmosphere. Further, transportable real-time mass spectrometry techniques are now used frequently on ground-, ship-, and aircraft-based studies around the globe to further our understanding of the spatial distribution of atmospheric aerosols. In addition, coupling aerosol mass spectrometry techniques with other measurements in series has allowed the in situ determination of chemically resolved particle effective density, refractive index, volatility, and cloud activation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Kim K, Tsay OG, Atwood DA, Churchill DG. Destruction and detection of chemical warfare agents. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5345-403. [PMID: 21667946 DOI: 10.1021/cr100193y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kibong Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Single-Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (SPAMS) for High-Throughput and Rapid Analysis of Biological Aerosols and Single Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2011-1065.ch010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Detecting trace pesticides in real time using single particle aerosol mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 661:188-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Aubriet F, Carré V. Potential of laser mass spectrometry for the analysis of environmental dust particles—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 659:34-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Martin AN, Farquar GR, Steele PT, Jones AD, Frank M. Use of Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometry for the Automated Nondestructive Identification of Drugs in Multicomponent Samples. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9336-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901208h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey N. Martin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, and Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - George R. Farquar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, and Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Paul T. Steele
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, and Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, and Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Matthias Frank
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, and Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Chingin K, Chen H, Gamez G, Zhu L, Zenobi R. Detection of diethyl phthalate in perfumes by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:123-9. [PMID: 19063675 DOI: 10.1021/ac801572d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that long-term exposure to diethyl phthalate (DEP), one of the widely used phthalate esters, can lead to serious health problems. Most perfumes contain non-negligible amounts of DEP. Rapid and sensitive detection of DEP in perfumes is thus of increasing importance. A novel procedure based on extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) has been developed for fast detection and identification of DEP in perfumes without the need for any sample pretreatment. The limit of determination for DEP in perfume was less than 100 ppb using tandem mass spectrometry on a commercial quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The dynamic range of this method was about 4 orders of magnitude. A single sample analysis was completed within a few seconds, providing a rapid way to obtain semiquantitative information on the DEP content in perfumes. This study shows that both volatile and nonvolatile analytes (e.g., amino acids) in liquids can be directly sampled by neutral desorption, providing a convenient way for high-throughput screening of target compounds using EESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Chingin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Yu T, Shen JS, Bai HH, Guo L, Tang JJ, Jiang YB, Xie JW. A photoluminescent nanocrystal-based signaling protocol highly sensitive to nerve agents and highly toxic organophosphate pesticides. Analyst 2009; 134:2153-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b915159c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Demirev PA, Fenselau C. Mass spectrometry in biodefense. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1441-57. [PMID: 18720458 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Potential agents for biological attacks include both microorganisms and toxins. In mass spectrometry (MS), rapid identification of potential bioagents is achieved by detecting the masses of unique biomarkers, correlated to each agent. Currently, proteins are the most reliable biomarkers for detection and characterization of both microorganisms and toxins, and MS-based proteomics is particularly well suited for biodefense applications. Confident identification of an organism can be achieved by top-down proteomics following identification of individual protein biomarkers from their tandem mass spectra. In bottom-up proteomics, rapid digestion of intact protein biomarkers is again followed by MS/MS to provide unambiguous bioagent identification and characterization. Bioinformatics obviates the need for culturing and rigorous control of experimental variables to create and use MS fingerprint libraries for various classes of bioweapons. For specific applications, MS methods, instruments and algorithms have also been developed for identification based on biomarkers other than proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plamen A Demirev
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
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Steele PT, Farquar GR, Martin AN, Coffee KR, Riot VJ, Martin SI, Fergenson DP, Gard EE, Frank M. Autonomous, Broad-Spectrum Detection of Hazardous Aerosols in Seconds. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4583-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8004428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Steele
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - George R. Farquar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Audrey N. Martin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Keith R. Coffee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Vincent J. Riot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sue I. Martin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - David P. Fergenson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Eric E. Gard
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Matthias Frank
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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SETO Y, KANAMORI-KATAOKA M, TSUGE K. Mass Spectrometric Technologies for Countering Chemical and Biological Terrorism Incidents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.5702/massspec.56.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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