1
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Andreyev DS, Zybailov BL. Integration of Flow Cytometry and Single Cell Sequencing. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 38:133-136. [PMID: 31672388 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Integrating cytometric analysis of cells, mitochondria, and other polynucleotide-containing biological particles with high-throughput single particle sequencing would provide an ultimate bioanalytical tool, simultaneously assessing phenotype, functionality, genome, and transcriptome of each particle in a large population. Here, we describe how such integration could be performed by adapting existing, well-established technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Andreyev
- X-BIO Institute, University of Tyumen, Tyumen, Russia, 625003; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Boris L Zybailov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
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2
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Beutner A, Herl T, Matysik FM. Selectivity enhancement in capillary electrophoresis by means of two-dimensional separation or dual detection concepts. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1057:18-35. [PMID: 30832915 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For the identification and quantification of analytes in complex samples, highly selective analytical strategies are required. The selectivity of single separation techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), or capillary electrophoresis (CE) with common detection principles can be enhanced by hyphenating orthogonal separation techniques but also by using complementary detection systems. In this review, two-dimensional systems containing CE in at least one dimension are reviewed, namely LC-CE or 2D CE systems. Particular attention is paid to the aspect of selectivity enhancement due to the orthogonality of the different separation mechanisms. As an alternative concept, dual detection approaches are reviewed using the common detectors of CE such as UV/VIS, laser-induced fluorescence, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity (C4D), electrochemical detection, and mass spectrometry. Special emphasis is given to dual detection systems implementing the highly flexible C4D as one detection component. Selectivity enhancement can be achieved in case of complementarity of the different detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Beutner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Herl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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3
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Wolken GG, Arriaga EA. Simultaneous measurement of individual mitochondrial membrane potential and electrophoretic mobility by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4217-26. [PMID: 24673334 PMCID: PMC4018156 DOI: 10.1021/ac403849x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
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Mitochondrial membrane
potential varies, depending on energy demand,
subcellular location, and morphology and is commonly used as an indicator
of mitochondrial functional status. Electrophoretic mobility is a
heterogeneous surface property reflective of mitochondrial surface
composition and morphology, which could be used as a basis for separation
of mitochondrial subpopulations. Since these properties are heterogeneous,
methods for their characterization in individual mitochondria are
needed to better design and understand electrophoretic separations
of subpopulations of mitochondria. Here we report on the first method
for simultaneous determination of individual mitochondrial membrane
potential and electrophoretic mobility by capillary electrophoresis
with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF). Mitochondria were
isolated from cultured cells, mouse muscle, or liver, and then polarized,
labeled with JC-1 (a ratiometric fluorescent probe, which indicates
changes in membrane potential), and separated with CE-LIF. Red/green
fluorescence intensity ratios from individual mitochondria were used
as an indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential. Reproducible
distributions of individual mitochondrial membrane potential and electrophoretic
mobility were observed. Analysis of polarized and depolarized regions
of interest defined using red/green ratios and runs of depolarized
controls allowed for the determination of membrane potential and comparison
of electrophoretic mobility distributions in preparations containing
depolarized mitochondria. Through comparison of these regions of interest,
we observed dependence of electrophoretic mobility on membrane potential,
with polarized regions of interest displaying decreased electrophoretic
mobility. This method could be applied to investigate mitochondrial
heterogeneity in aging or disease models where membrane potential
is an important factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Wolken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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4
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Taylor TH, Frost NW, Bowser MT, Arriaga EA. Analysis of individual mitochondria via fluorescent immunolabeling with Anti-TOM22 antibodies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:1683-91. [PMID: 24481619 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are responsible for maintaining a variety of cellular functions. One such function is the interaction and subsequent import of proteins into these organelles via the translocase of outer membrane (TOM) complex. Antibodies have been used to analyze the presence and function of proteins comprising this complex, but have not been used to investigate variations in the abundance of TOM complex in mitochondria. Here, we report on the feasibility of using capillary cytometry with laser-induced fluorescence to detect mitochondria labeled with antibodies targeting the TOM complex and to estimate the number of antibodies that bind to these organelles. Mitochondria were fluorescently labeled with DsRed2, while antibodies targeting the TOM22 protein, one of nine proteins comprising the TOM complex, were conjugated to the Atto-488 fluorophore. At typical labeling conditions, 94% of DsRed2 mitochondria were also immunofluorescently labeled with Atto-488 Anti-TOM22 antibodies. The calculated median number of Atto-488 Anti-TOM22 antibodies bound to the surface of mitochondria was ∼2,000 per mitochondrion. The combination of fluorescent immunolabeling and capillary cytometry could be further developed to include multicolor labeling experiments, which enable monitoring several molecular targets at the same time in the same or different organelle types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thane H Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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5
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Montealegre C, Verardo V, Luisa Marina M, Caboni MF. Analysis of glycerophospho- and sphingolipids by CE. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:779-92. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Montealegre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Vito Verardo
- Inter-Departmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research (CIRI Agroalimentare); University of Bologna; Piazza Goidanich Cesena (FC) Italy
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Maria Fiorenza Caboni
- Inter-Departmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research (CIRI Agroalimentare); University of Bologna; Piazza Goidanich Cesena (FC) Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna; Piazza Goidanich Cesena (FC) Italy
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6
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Satori CP, Kostal V, Arriaga EA. Review on recent advances in the analysis of isolated organelles. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 753:8-18. [PMID: 23107131 PMCID: PMC3484375 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of isolated organelles is one of the pillars of modern bioanalytical chemistry. This review describes recent developments on the isolation and characterization of isolated organelles both from living organisms and cell cultures. Salient reports on methods to release organelles focused on reproducibility and yield, membrane isolation, and integrated devices for organelle release. New developments on organelle fractionation after their isolation were on the topics of centrifugation, immunocapture, free flow electrophoresis, flow field-flow fractionation, fluorescence activated organelle sorting, laser capture microdissection, and dielectrophoresis. New concepts on characterization of isolated organelles included atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers combined with Raman spectroscopy, organelle sensors, flow cytometry, capillary electrophoresis, and microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad P Satori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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7
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Palanisami A, Fang J, Lowder TW, Kunz H, Miller JH. Rapid morphological characterization of isolated mitochondria using Brownian motion. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2012; 4:513-521. [PMID: 26435755 PMCID: PMC4590767 DOI: 10.1039/c2ay05686k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial morphology has been associated with numerous pathologies including cancer, diabetes, obesity and heart disease. However, the connection is poorly understood-in part due to the difficulty of characterizing the morphology. This impedes the use of morphology as a tool for disease detection/monitoring. Here, we use the Brownian motion of isolated mitochondria to characterize their size and shape in a high throughput fashion. By using treadmill exercise training, mitochondria from heart and gastrocnemius of Balb/c mice were modulated in size and used to investigate the protocol. Consistent with previous reports, the heart mitochondria of untrained mice increased 5% in diameter immediately after a single bout of moderate exercise (1.091 ± 0.004 μm) as compared to completely sedentary controls (1.040 ± 0.022 μm). In addition, no change was observed in the size of gastrocnemius mitochondria (1.025 ± 0.018 μm), which was also in agreement with previous studies. The method was also successfully applied to smaller Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akilan Palanisami
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 202 Houston Science Center, Houston, TX, USA. ; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jie Fang
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 202 Houston Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas W Lowder
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3855 Holman Street, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hawley Kunz
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3855 Holman Street, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John H Miller
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 202 Houston Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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8
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Pagliara S, Chimerel C, Langford R, Aarts DGAL, Keyser UF. Parallel sub-micrometre channels with different dimensions for laser scattering detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3365-3368. [PMID: 21804971 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel and simple approach for the realization of polymer sub-micrometre channels is introduced by exploiting replica molding of Pt wires deposited by focused ion beam. We fabricate arrays of parallel channels with typical dimensions down to 600 nm and with variable height. We characterize the pressure-driven transport of polymer colloids through the channels in terms of the translocation frequency, amplitude and duration by implementing a laser scattering detection technique. We propose a prototype application of the presented platform such as the in situ sizing and sensing of populations of particles with different dimensions down to 50 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pagliara
- University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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9
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Satori CP, Kostal V, Arriaga EA. Individual organelle pH determinations of magnetically enriched endocytic organelles via laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7331-9. [PMID: 21863795 PMCID: PMC3184341 DOI: 10.1021/ac201196n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of biotransformations that occur in lysosomes and other endocytic organelles is critical to studies on intracellular degradation, nutrient recycling, and lysosomal storage disorders. Such analyses require bioactive organelle preparations that are devoid of other contaminating organelles. Commonly used differential centrifugation techniques produce impure fractions and may not be compatible with microscale separation platforms. Density gradient centrifugation procedures reduce the level of impurities but may compromise bioactivity. Here we report on simple magnetic setup and a procedure that produce highly enriched bioactive organelles based on their magnetic capture as they traveled through open tubes. Following capture, in-line laser-induced fluorecence detection (LIF) determined for the first time the pH of each magnetically retained individual endocytic organelle. Unlike bulk measurements, this method was suitable to describe the distributions of pH values in endocytic organelles from L6 rat myoblasts treated with dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (for magnetic retention) and fluorescein/TMRM-conjugated dextran (for pH measurements by LIF). Their individual pH values ranged from 4 to 6, which is typical of bioactive endocytic organelles. These analytical procedures are of high relevance to evaluate lysosomal-related degradation pathways in aging, storage disorders, and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad P. Satori
- University of Minnesota; Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant St. SE; Minneapolis MN 55455-0431
| | | | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- University of Minnesota; Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant St. SE; Minneapolis MN 55455-0431
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10
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Opekar F, Štulík K. Some important combinations of detection techniques for electrophoresis in capillaries and on chips with emphasis on electrochemical principles. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:795-810. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Kostal V, Arriaga EA. Capillary electrophoretic analysis reveals subcellular binding between individual mitochondria and cytoskeleton. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1822-9. [PMID: 21309532 PMCID: PMC3106115 DOI: 10.1021/ac200068p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the cytoskeleton and mitochondria are essential for normal cellular function. An assessment of such interactions is commonly based on bulk analysis of mitochondrial and cytoskeletal markers present in a given sample, which assumes complete binding between these two organelle types. Such measurements are biased because they rarely account for nonbound "free" subcellular species. Here we report on the use of capillary electrophoresis with dual laser induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) to identify, classify, count, and quantify properties of individual binding events of the mitochondria and cytoskeleton. Mitochondria were fluorescently labeled with DsRed2 while F-actin, a major cytoskeletal component, was fluorescently labeled with Alexa488-phalloidin. In a typical subcellular fraction of L6 myoblasts, 79% of mitochondrial events did not have detectable levels of F-actin, while the rest had on average ~2 zmol of F-actin, which theoretically represents a ~2.5 μm long network of actin filaments per event. Trypsin treatment of L6 subcellular fractions prior to analysis decreased the fraction of mitochondrial events with detectable levels of F-actin, which is expected from digestion of cytoskeletal proteins on the surface of mitochondria. The electrophoretic mobility distributions of the individual events were also used to further distinguish between cytoskeleton-bound from cytoskeleton-free mitochondrial events. The CE-LIF approach described here could be further developed to explore cytoskeleton interactions with other subcellular structures, the effects of cytoskeleton destabilizing drugs, and the progression of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vratislav Kostal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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12
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Lin SW, Chang CH, Lin CH. High-throughput Fluorescence Detections in Microfluidic Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2211-4254(11)60005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Ding J, Zhang L, Qu F, Ren X, Zhao X, Liu Q. Cell activity analysis by capillary zone electrophoresis combined with specific cell staining. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:455-63. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Palanisami A, Miller JH. Simultaneous sizing and electrophoretic mobility measurement of sub-micron particles using Brownian motion. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3613-8. [PMID: 20882556 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The size and surface chemistry of micron scale particles are of fundamental importance in studies of biology and air particulate pollution. However, typical electrophoretic measurements of these and other sub-micron scale particles (300 nm-1 μm) cannot resolve size information within heterogeneous mixtures unambiguously. Using optical microscopy, we monitor electrophoretic motion together with the Brownian velocity fluctuations - using the latter to measure size by either the Green-Kubo relation or by calibration from known size standards. Particle diameters are resolved to ±12% with 95% confidence. Strikingly, the size resolution improves as the particle size decreases due to the increased Brownian motion. The sizing ability of the Brownian assessed electrophoresis method described here complements the electrophoretic mobility resolution of the traditional CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akilan Palanisami
- Department of Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5002, USA.
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15
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Ren X, Qu F, Zhang L, Ding J, Liu Q. Continuous intact cell detection and viability determination by CE with dual-wavelength detection. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:324-30. [PMID: 20024918 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We introduce here a method for continuous intact cell detection and viability determination of individual trypan blue stained cells by CE with ultraviolet-visible dual-wavelength detection. To avoid cell aggregation or damage during electrophoresis, cells after staining were fixed with 4% formaldehyde and were continuously introduced into the capillary by EOF. The absorbance of a cell at 590 nm was used to determine its viability. An absorbance of two milli-absorbance unit at 590 nm was the clear cut-off point for living and dead Hela cells in our experiments. Good viability correlation between the conventional trypan blue staining assay and our established CE method (correlation coefficient, R(2)=0.9623) was demonstrated by analysis of cell mixtures with varying proportions of living and dead cells. The CE method was also used to analyze the cytotoxicity of methylmercury, and the results were in good agreement with the trypan blue staining assay and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide methods. Compared with the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide method, our established CE method can be easily automated to report cell viability based on the state of individual cells. Tedious manual cell counting and human error due to investigator bias can be avoided by using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Ren
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China
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16
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LI X, TONG YL, LIU C, LI OL, YANG XJ, CHEN ZG. Dual Detection Methods for Microchip and Conventional Capillary Electrophoreses. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(08)60138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Davis JM, Arriaga EA. Evaluation of peak overlap in migration-time distributions determined by organelle capillary electrophoresis: Type-II error analogy based on statistical-overlap theory. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6335-42. [PMID: 19632681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Organelles commonly are separated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced-fluorescence detection. Usually, it is assumed that peaks observed in the CE originate from single organelles, with negligible occurrence of peak overlap. Under this assumption, migration-time and mobility distributions are obtained by partitioning the CE into different regions and counting the number of observed peaks in each region. In this paper, criteria based on statistical-overlap theory (SOT) are developed to test the assumption of negligible peak overlap and to predict conditions for its validity. For regions of the CE having constant peak density, the numbers of peaks (i.e., intensity profiles of single organelles) and observed peaks (i.e., maxima) are modeled by probability distributions. For minor peak overlap, the distributions partially merge, and their mergence is described by an analogy to the Type-II error of hypothesis testing. Criteria are developed for the amount of peak overlap, at which the number of observed peaks has an 85% or 90% probability of lying within the 95% confidence interval of the number of peaks of single organelles. For this or smaller amounts of peak overlap, the number of observed peaks is a good approximation to the number of peaks. A simple procedure is developed for evaluating peak overlap, requiring determination of only the peak standard deviation, the duration of the region occupied by peaks, and the number of observed peaks in the region. The procedure can be applied independently to each region of the partitioned CE. The procedure is applied to a mitochondrial CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe M Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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18
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Kostal V, Arriaga EA. Recent advances in the analysis of biological particles by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2578-86. [PMID: 18576409 PMCID: PMC3037010 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review covers research papers published in the years 2005-2007 that describe the application of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of biological particles such as whole cells, subcellular organelles, viruses and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vratislav Kostal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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19
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Kostal V, Katzenmeyer J, Arriaga EA. Capillary electrophoresis in bioanalysis. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4533-50. [PMID: 18484738 DOI: 10.1021/ac8007384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vratislav Kostal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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20
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Rezenom YH, Wellman AD, Tilstra L, Medley CD, Gilman SD. Separation and detection of individual submicron particles by capillary electrophoresis with laser-light-scattering detection. Analyst 2007; 132:1215-22. [DOI: 10.1039/b709509k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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