1
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Yang S, Wu L, He Y, Li X. Identification of 3-hydroxyaspartate with two chiral centers by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry and vibrational circular dichroism independent of single enantiomer standard. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1323:343025. [PMID: 39182968 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3-Hydroxyaspartate(3-HA) is a non-proteinaceous amino acid whose four stereoisomers have different biological functions, making it meaningful to separate and analyze them. A combination of capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CZE-MS) and electron circular dichroism enables the separation and analysis of the four stereoisomers of 3-HA, but relies on enantiomeric standards. In contrast, the new method based on vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) can successfully confirm the peak order of the four enantiomers simultaneously without a single enantiomeric standard. This method is suitable for molecules without UV absorption, as well as for molecules with polychiral centers, and does not require enantiomeric standards. RESULTS We present a new analytical method based on CZE-MS coupled with VCD for the simultaneous determination of four stereoisomers of 3-HA with two chiral centers (D-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate, D-THA; L-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate, L-THA; D-erythro-3-hydroxyaspartate, D-EHA; L-erythro-3-hydroxyaspartate, L-EHA) in the absence of an optically pure single enantiomeric standard. The semipreparations of the non-racemic mixtures of DL-THA and DL-EHA were performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with enantiomeric excess values reaching 90 %. By comparing the experimental VCD spectra of the DL-THA/DL-EHA mixture with the theoretical VCD spectra of the single L-THA/L-EHA enantiomer, the configuration of the dominant enantiomer in the nonracemic mixture was determined, where the two characteristic peaks in the 1250-1750 cm-1 spectral range fitted well. Finally, combined with the comparison of CE peak areas, the four stereoisomers were identified successfully. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first combined CZE-MS and VCD method for the simultaneous separation and analysis of four stereoisomers of 3-HA without relying on enantiomeric standards. This method is simple and reliable, and provides a new idea for the separation and analysis of chiral compounds with polychiral centers, which are difficult to obtain from enantiomeric standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Yujian He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
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2
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Varfaj I, Protti M, Di Michele A, Gonzalez-Rodriguez J, Carotti A, Sardella R, Mercolini L. Chromatographic enantioresolution and stereochemical characterization of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists with Whelk-O®1 chiral stationary phases under mass spectrometry compatible reversed-phase conditions: A study case with seized samples. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1317:342901. [PMID: 39030005 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Varfaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Michele
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Via Pascoli 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jose Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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3
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De Luca C, Felletti S, Franchina FA, Bozza D, Compagnin G, Nosengo C, Pasti L, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Recent developments in the high-throughput separation of biologically active chiral compounds via high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115794. [PMID: 37890321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), are often chiral molecules where stereoisomers have different biological and therapeutic activity. Nevertheless, the preparation of these molecules can lead to racemic or scalemic mixtures (it is not trivial to produce just the optically pure compound). The evaluation of the enantiomeric purity of bioactive compounds, and therefore quality, is indeed of fundamental importance for regulatory scopes. Chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the gold standard technique to separate and to purify enantiomers. This comes from the wide availability of commercial chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and operational modes, which makes the technique extremely versatile. In recent years, the most relevant trend in the field of chiral analytical HPLC has been the development of CSPs suitable for fast or even ultrafast separations, thus favoring the high throughput screening of biologically active chiral compounds. This process has somehow lagged behind compared to achiral HPLC, due to a series of practical and fundamental issues. The experience has shown how in chiral chromatography even very basic concepts, such as the supposed kinetic superiority of core-shell (pellicular) particles over fully porous ones to improve the chromatographic efficiency, cannot be taken for granted. In this review, the most relevant fundamental and practical features that must be taken into consideration to design successful high-throughput, fast enantioseparations will be discussed. Afterwards, the main classes of CSPs and the most relevant, recent (last five-year) high-throughput applications in the field of the separation of chiral bioactive compounds (for pharmaceutical, forensic, food, and omics applications) will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Flavio Antonio Franchina
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Desiree Bozza
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Greta Compagnin
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara Nosengo
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
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4
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Manetto S, Mazzoccanti G, Mileo V, Moretti E, Villani C, Gasparrini F. A comprehensive study to reveal the potential of a more sustainable ultra-high performance enantioselective reversed-phase chromatography on Pirkle-type stationary phase, with Whelk-O1 as a case study. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464177. [PMID: 37419020 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to make enantioselective chromatography more sustainable, more sensitive, and compatible with aqueous formulations analysis and ESI-MS. To achieve this, we examined the effects of transitioning from normal-phase chromatography (which uses hydrocarbon-based solvents) to reversed-phase chromatography (using mobile phases based on water) using broad-spectrum Whelk-O1 columns as a critical study. For the first time, we holistically compared the thermodynamics and kinetics of the two elution modes in order to answer the question of whether same-column chemistry can effectively separate the compounds even in reversed-phase mode and found, unexpectedly, that reversed-phase chromatography using acetonitrile as the organic modifier was competitive from a kinetic standpoint. We also evaluated the effectiveness of three organic modifiers simultaneously on a sample of 11 molecules already resolved in NP conditions with different resolutions and achieved a resolution value of 1.5 for 91% and a resolution value of 2 for 82% of cases. Finally, we separated three racemates (within a k factor of 9) using only 480 µL of solvent per chromatographic run on a millibore column of 1 mm I.D., demonstrating that our approach allows for greener chromatographic separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Manetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma (Italy).
| | - G Mazzoccanti
- Preclinical Analytics and Early Formulations Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici Spa, Largo Belloli, 43123 Parma (Italy)
| | - V Mileo
- Preclinical Analytics and Early Formulations Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici Spa, Largo Belloli, 43123 Parma (Italy)
| | - E Moretti
- Preclinical Analytics and Early Formulations Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici Spa, Largo Belloli, 43123 Parma (Italy)
| | - C Villani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma (Italy)
| | - F Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma (Italy).
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5
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Bitchagno GTM, Nchiozem-Ngnitedem VA, Melchert D, Fobofou SA. Demystifying racemic natural products in the homochiral world. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:806-822. [PMID: 36259059 PMCID: PMC9562063 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Natural products possess structural complexity, diversity and chirality with attractive functions and biological activities that have significantly impacted drug discovery initiatives. Chiral natural products are abundant in nature but rarely occur as racemates. The occurrence of natural products as racemates is very intriguing from a biosynthetic point of view; as enzymes are chiral molecules, enzymatic reactions generating natural products should be stereospecific and lead to single-enantiomer products. Despite several reports in the literature describing racemic mixtures of stereoisomers isolated from natural sources, there has not been a comprehensive review of these intriguing racemic natural products. The discovery of many more natural racemates and their potential enzymatic sources in recent years allows us to describe the distribution and chemical diversity of this 'class of natural products' to enrich discussions on biosynthesis. In this Review, we describe the chemical classes, occurrence and distribution of pairs of enantiomers in nature and provide insights about recent advances in analytical methods used for their characterization. Special emphasis is on the biosynthesis, including plausible enzymatic and non-enzymatic formation of natural racemates, and their pharmacological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabin Thierry M. Bitchagno
- Agrobiosciences, Mohamed IV Polytechnic University, Ben-Guerir, Morocco
- Plant Sciences and Bioeconomy, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Vaderament-A. Nchiozem-Ngnitedem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Dennis Melchert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Serge Alain Fobofou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
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6
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Balzano F, Iuliano A, Uccello-Barretta G, Zullo V. Renewable Resources for Enantiodiscrimination: Chiral Solvating Agents for NMR Spectroscopy from Isomannide and Isosorbide. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12698-12709. [PMID: 36075050 PMCID: PMC9552179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A new family of chiral selectors was synthesized in a
single synthetic
step with yields up to 84% starting from isomannide and isosorbide.
Mono- or disubstituted carbamate derivatives were obtained by reacting
the isohexides with electron-donating arylisocyanate (3,5-dimethylphenyl-
or 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl-) and electron-withdrawing arylisocyanate (3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl-)
groups to test opposite electronic effects on enantiodifferentiation.
Deeper chiral pockets and derivatives with more acidic protons were
obtained by derivatization with 1-naphthylisocyanate and p-toluenesulfonylisocyanate, respectively. All compounds were
tested as chiral solvating agents (CSAs) in 1H NMR experiments
with rac-N-3,5-dinitrobenzoylphenylglycine
methyl ester in order to determine the influence of different structural
features on the enantiodiscrimination capabilities. Some selected
compounds were tested with other racemic analytes, still leading to
enantiodiscrimination. The enantiodiscrimination conditions were then
optimized for the best CSA/analyte couple. Finally, a 2D- and 1D-NMR
study was performed employing the best performing CSA with the two
enantiomers of the selected analyte, aiming to determine the enantiodiscrimination
mechanism, the stoichiometry of interaction, and the complexation
constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Balzano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Iuliano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Uccello-Barretta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerio Zullo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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7
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A perspective on enantioselective chromatography by comparing ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography and normal-phase liquid chromatography through the use of a Pirkle-type stationary phase. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Peel AJ, Terzopoulos A, Jethwa RB, Choudhury D, Niu HC, Bond AD, Slaughter J, Wright DS. A chiral phosphazane reagent strategy for the determination of enantiomeric excess of amines. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5398-5412. [PMID: 35655560 PMCID: PMC9093139 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01692c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for measuring enantiomeric excess (ee) of organic molecules by NMR spectroscopy provide rapid analysis using a standard technique that is readily available. Commonly this is accomplished by chiral derivatisation of the detector molecule (producing a chiral derivatisation agent, CDA), which is reacted with the mixture of enantiomers under investigation. However, these CDAs have almost exclusively been based on carbon frameworks, which are generally costly and/or difficult to prepare. In this work, a methodology based on the readily prepared inorganic cyclodiphosph(iii)azane CDA ClP(μ-NtBu)2POBorn (Born = endo-(1S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl) is shown to be highly effective in the measurement of ee’s of chiral amines, involving in situ reaction of the chiral amines (R*NH2) with the P–Cl bond of the CDA followed by quaternization of the phosphorus framework with methyl iodide. This results in sharp 31P NMR signals with distinct chemical shift differences between the diastereomers that are formed, which can be used to obtain the ee directly by integration. Spectroscopic, X-ray structural and DFT studies suggest that the NMR chemical shift differences between diastereomers is steric in origin, with the sharpness of these signals resulting from conformational locking of the bornyl group relative to the P2N2 ring induced by the presence of the P(v)-bonded amino group (R*NH). This study showcases cheap inorganic phosphazane CDAs as simple alternatives to organic variants for the rapid determination of ee. The simple inorganic cyclodiphosph(iii)azane chiral derivatisation agent ClP(μ-tBuN)2POBorn (Born = endo-(1S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl) is shown to be effective in the measurement of ee’s of chiral amines using 31P NMR spectroscopy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Peel
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Alexandros Terzopoulos
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rajesh B. Jethwa
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Dipanjana Choudhury
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Hao-Che Niu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Andrew D. Bond
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jonathan Slaughter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- The Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Dominic S. Wright
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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9
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Ferré S, González-Ruiz V, Zangari J, Girel S, Martinou JC, Sardella R, Rudaz S. Separation and determination of cysteine enantiomers in plasma after derivatization with 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114539. [PMID: 34954468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The importance of D-amino acids in mammals associated with enantio-dependent biological functions has been increasingly highlighted. In addition to naturally occurring, D-amino acid supplementation could have a positive biological impact, including cytoprotective implications. In this context, supplementation with D-cysteine has revealed beneficial effects. Quantification of cysteine enantiomers in rodent plasma has been achieved by using 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan derivatization of the target analytes. Cystine, the main form of cysteine in the plasma, was initially reduced to cysteine using DL-dithiothreitol. Baseline enantioseparation was then achieved in less than 3 min using a (R,R)-Whelk-O 1 stationary phase and isocratic elution using CH3OH-H2O 90:10 (v/v) with 15 mM ammonium formate (apparent pH 6.0) at 0.5 mL/min. The derivatives were then detected using negative ESI-MS in SRM mode. An external calibration was employed for D-cysteine, while L-cysteine quantification, as an endogenous analyte, was addressed using a background subtraction strategy. The method was validated. Response functions were obtained from 0 to 300 µM and from 0 to 125 µM for D-cysteine and L-cysteine, respectively. The trueness ranged from 96% to 105% for both enantiomers with repeatability and intermediate precision lower than 8% and 15% for the D-form and the endogenous L-form, respectively. The method was successfully applied for determining D- and L-cysteine in mouse plasma after D-cysteine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ferré
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Joséphine Zangari
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Sergey Girel
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland.
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10
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Schafroth MA, Mazzoccanti G, Reynoso-Moreno I, Erni R, Pollastro F, Caprioglio D, Botta B, Allegrone G, Grassi G, Chicca A, Gasparrini F, Gertsch J, Carreira EM, Appendino G. Δ 9- cis-Tetrahydrocannabinol: Natural Occurrence, Chirality, and Pharmacology. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2502-2510. [PMID: 34304557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cis-stereoisomers of Δ9-THC [(-)-3 and (+)-3] were identified and quantified in a series of low-THC-containing varieties of Cannabis sativa registered in Europe as fiber hemp and in research accessions of cannabis. While Δ9-cis-THC (3) occurs in cannabis fiber hemp in the concentration range of (-)-Δ9-trans-THC [(-)-1], it was undetectable in a sample of high-THC-containing medicinal cannabis. Natural Δ9-cis-THC (3) is scalemic (ca. 80-90% enantiomeric purity), and the absolute configuration of the major enantiomer was established as 6aS,10aR [(-)-3] by chiral chromatographic comparison with a sample available by asymmetric synthesis. The major enantiomer, (-)-Δ9-cis-THC [(-)-3], was characterized as a partial cannabinoid agonist in vitro and elicited a full tetrad response in mice at 50 mg/kg doses. The current legal discrimination between narcotic and non-narcotic cannabis varieties centers on the contents of "Δ9-THC and isomers" and needs therefore revision, or at least a more specific wording, to account for the presence of Δ9-cis-THCs [(+)-3 and (-)-3] in cannabis fiber hemp varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Schafroth
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ines Reynoso-Moreno
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reto Erni
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Bruno Botta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianna Allegrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Giulio Grassi
- Canvasalus Research, Via Cristoforo Colombo 64, 35043 Monselice (PD), Italy
| | - Andrea Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erick M Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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11
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Felletti S, De Luca C, Buratti A, Bozza D, Cerrato A, Capriotti AL, Laganà A, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Potency testing of cannabinoids by liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography: Where we are, what we need. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462304. [PMID: 34118531 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hemp and cannabis industry is undergoing a renewed interest due to legalization of marijuana (a topic that all countries are discussing, especially in recent years) and the growing importance of therapeutic properties of cannabinoids. Together with an increment in the production of hemp and recreational cannabis, there has been an increasing demand for accurate potency testing of products (i.e. quantification of main cannabinoids present in the plant in terms of weight percentage) prior commercialization. This translates in an urgent need of reliable analytical methods to characterize cannabis and hemp samples. Cannabis and hemp preparations are commercialized under various forms (e.g., flowers, oils, candies or even baked goods) usually containing a large number of often very similar compounds making their separation very challenging. Strictly connected to this, another emerging topic concerns the need for the developing of large scale separation techniques for the purification of cannabinoids from complex matrices and for the preparation of analytical-grade standards (including the chiral ones). This paper reviews the most recent achievements in both these aspects. Cutting-edge applications and novel opportunities in potency testing by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection (which is becoming the golden standard, according to several pharmacopeias, for this kind of measurements) are discussed. The focus has been given to the very important topic of enantio-discrimination of chiral cannabinoids, for which supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) appears to be particularly suitable. The last part of the work covers the purification of cannabinoids through preparative chromatography. In this regard, particular attention has been given to the most innovative multi-column techniques allowing for the continuous purification of target molecules. The most recent advancements and future challenges in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Alessandro Buratti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Desiree Bozza
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
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12
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Spectroscopic identification of intermediates and final products of the chiral pool synthesis of sutezolid. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Improved Achiral and Chiral HPLC-UV Analysis of Ruxolitinib in Two Different Drug Formulations. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, two new reversed-phase (RP) HPLC-UV methods enabling the quantitative achiral and chiral analysis of ruxolitinib in commercial tablets (containing 20 mg of active pharmaceutical ingredient, API) and not commercially available galenic capsules (with 5 mg of API) are described. For the achiral method based on the use of a water/acetonitrile [70:30, v/v; with 0.1% (v) formic acid] eluent, a “research validation” study was performed mostly following the “International Council for Harmonization” guidelines. All the system suitability parameters were within the acceptance criteria: tailing factor, between 1.7 and 2.0; retention factor, 2.2; number of theoretical plates, >9000. The linearity curve showed R2 = 0.99 (Rxv2 = 0.99), while trueness (expressed as recovery) was between 96.3 and 106.3%. Coefficient of variations (CVs) (repeatability: CVw and intermediate precision: CVIP) did not exceed 1.3% and 2.9%, respectively. Moreover, the use of the enantiomeric Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phases operated under similar RP eluent conditions as for the achiral analyses, and the “inverted chirality columns approach (ICCA)” allowed us to establish that the enantiomeric purity of ruxolitinib is retained upon reformulation from tablets to capsules. The two developed methods can allow accurate determinations of ruxolitinib in drug formulations for medical use.
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14
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Ianni F, Cerra B, Shandiz ST, Michele AD, Saluti G, Galarini R, Gioiello A, Sardella R, Carotti A. Integrating experimental and computational techniques to study chromatographic enantioresolutions of chiral tetrahydroindazole derivatives. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461310. [PMID: 32709352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the selection of partially saturated 2H-indazoles as model compounds, we demonstrate the possibility to use Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phases (CSPs) to succeed in efficient small-scale preparative enantioseparations. Runs of three consecutive liquid chromatography injections (about 300 μg of racemate repeatedly injected in a 100 μL loop) produced groups of peaks without band contamination (α = 1.2 and RS = 2.57). With this procedure approximately 3.0 mg of each enantiomer, with enantiomeric excess ≥ 97% were obtained. Very profitably, the high volatility of n-hexane used as the sole eluent facilitated the solvent evaporation after the enantiomer recovery. High resolution mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that the chemical identity of the two enantiomers was preserved along the entire process. The ability of Whelk-O1 phases in enantioseparating structurally similar compounds was confirmed with the analysis of other two racemates. Moreover, the relevant chemoselectivity exhibited by the CSP towards the three racemates should allow to simultaneously optimizing the enantioselectivity of different analytes and perform small-scale enantioresolutions of different compounds during the same run. In this study, the integration of experimental off-line electronic circular dichroism analysis with ab initio time-dependent density-functional theory simulations facilitated the assignment of the absolute configuration of the single enantiomers, while a molecular dynamics protocol can be useful to make a priori predictions of the enantioseparation ability of CSP towards selected compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 - Perugia, Italy
| | - Bruno Cerra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 - Perugia, Italy
| | - Shiva Tali Shandiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 - Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Michele
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Via Pascoli 1, 06123 - Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Saluti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 - Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 - Perugia, Italy
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 - Perugia, Italy
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 - Perugia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 - Perugia, Italy.
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15
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West C, Khater S. Characterization of retention and separation mechanisms with Pirkle-type enantioselective stationary phases in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Nemes A, Csóka T, Béni S, Garádi Z, Szabó D, Rábai J. Chiral
α
‐Amino Acid‐Based NMR Solvating Agents. Helv Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Nemes
- Institute of ChemistryEötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A HU-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Tamás Csóka
- Institute of ChemistryEötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A HU-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Béni
- Department of PharmacognosySemmelweis University Üllői út 26 HU-1085 Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsófia Garádi
- Department of PharmacognosySemmelweis University Üllői út 26 HU-1085 Budapest Hungary
| | - Dénes Szabó
- Institute of ChemistryEötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A HU-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - József Rábai
- Institute of ChemistryEötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A HU-1117 Budapest Hungary
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17
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Optimized one-pot derivatization and enantioseparation of cysteine: Application to the study of a dietary supplement. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 180:113066. [PMID: 31891875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid which plays an outstanding role in many biological pathways in mammals. The analysis and quantification of native cysteine remains a critical issue due to its highly reactive thiol group evolving to the disulfide cystine derivative through oxidation reaction. Aimed at improving the derivative stability, cysteine was labelled with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F), which reacts with both amino and thiol groups. The derivatization was optimized and the chemical identity of the reaction product was assessed via high-resolution mass spectrometry. The NBD-cysteine derivative resulted stable for 10 days. This derivative was enantioresolved (α and RS equal to 1.25 and 2.70, respectively) thanks to a (R,R)-Whelk-O1 phase with the following chromatographic setting: eluent, MeOH/water-90/10 (v/v) with 15 mM ammonium formate (pwsH 6.0); column temperature, 35 °C; flow rate, 1.0 mL/min. The developed method was validated following the ICH guidelines and applied for the quality control of a L-cysteine containing dietary supplement.
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18
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Application of the “inverted chirality columns approach” for the monitoring of asymmetric synthesis protocols. Talanta 2019; 203:147-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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19
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Qiu Z, Nakamura S, Fujimoto K. Reversible photo-cross-linking of the GCN4 peptide containing 3-cyanovinylcarbazole amino acid to double-stranded DNA. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6277-6283. [PMID: 31192345 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00372j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interaction analysis in vivo greatly promotes the analyses and understanding of biological functions. The interaction between DNA and peptides or proteins is very important in terms of readout and amplifying information from genomic DNA. In this study, we designed and synthesized a photo-cross-linkable amino acid, l-3-cyanovinlycarbazole amino acid (l-CNVA), to double-stranded DNA. Reversible photo-cross-linking between DNA and peptides containing CNVA, having 3-cyanovinylcarbazole moieties capable of photo-cross-linking to nucleic acids, was demonstrated. As a result, it was shown that the GCN4 peptide, containing CNVA, can be photo-cross-linked to DNA, and its adduct was photo-split into the original peptide and DNA with 312 nm-irradiation. This is the first report that reversibly manipulates photo-crosslinking between double stranded DNA and peptides. In addition, this reversible photo-cross-linking, using l-CNVA, is faster and with higher yield than that using diazirine and psoralen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Qiu
- School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. Asahidai 1-1, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
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20
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Woiwode U, Reischl RJ, Buckenmaier S, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Imaging Peptide and Protein Chirality via Amino Acid Analysis by Chiral × Chiral Two-Dimensional Correlation Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7963-7971. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Woiwode
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roland Johann Reischl
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Laboratories, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stephan Buckenmaier
- Agilent Technologies, Research and Development, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lindner
- Lindner
Consulting
GmbH, Ziegelofengasse 37, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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21
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Mazzoccanti G, Ismail OH, D'Acquarica I, Villani C, Manzo C, Wilcox M, Cavazzini A, Gasparrini F. Cannabis through the looking glass: chemo- and enantio-selective separation of phytocannabinoids by enantioselective ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:12262-12265. [PMID: 29072720 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06999e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By using the Inverted Chirality Columns Approach (ICCA) we have developed an enantioselective UHPSFC method to determine the enantiomeric excess (ee) of (-)-Δ9-THC in medicinal marijuana (Bedrocan®). The ee was high (99.73%), but the concentration of the (+)-enantiomer (0.135%) was not negligible, and it is worth a systematic evaluation of bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mazzoccanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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22
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Calcaterra A, D’Acquarica I. The market of chiral drugs: Chiral switches versus de novo enantiomerically pure compounds. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:323-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Qiao L, Zhou X, Li X, Du W, Yu A, Zhang S, Wu Y. Synthesis and performance of chiral ferrocene modified silica gel for mixed-mode chromatography. Talanta 2017; 163:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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García-Rodríguez R, Hanf S, Bond AD, Wright DS. A non-chiral lithium aluminate reagent for the determination of enantiomeric excess of chiral alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1225-1228. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09671a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we illustrate a new method for the rapid determination of ee's of chiral alcohols using the thermally-stable, non-chiral lithium aluminate reagent [EtAl(6-Me-2-py)3Li] (1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Schirin Hanf
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- UK
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25
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26
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Kotoni D, Villani C, Bell DS, Capitani D, Campiglia P, Gasparrini F. Bidentate urea-based chiral selectors for enantioselective high performance liquid chromatography: Synthesis and evaluation of “Crab-like” stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1297:157-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Kotoni D, Ciogli A, D’Acquarica I, Kocergin J, Szczerba T, Ritchie H, Villani C, Gasparrini F. Enantioselective ultra-high and high performance liquid chromatography: A comparative study of columns based on the Whelk-O1 selector. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:226-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Liu B, Zhou Y, Yang GS, Aboul-Enein HY. Enantioseparation of Four Organophosphonate Derivatives onN-(3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl)-l-leucine-n-Propylamide Stationary Phase by Molecular Modeling. Chirality 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Xinxiang University; Xinxiang; People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; Xinxiang University; Xinxiang; People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Sheng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan; People's Republic of China
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division; National Research Centre; Cairo; Egypt
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29
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Sánchez FG, Navas Díaz A, Sánchez Torreño E, Aguilar A, Medina Lama I, Algarra M. Determination of enantiomeric excess by chiral liquid chromatography without enantiomerically pure starting standards. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:1241-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. G. Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Malaga; 2071-Malaga; Spain
| | - A. Navas Díaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Malaga; 2071-Malaga; Spain
| | - E. Sánchez Torreño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Malaga; 2071-Malaga; Spain
| | - A. Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Malaga; 2071-Malaga; Spain
| | - I. Medina Lama
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Malaga; 2071-Malaga; Spain
| | - M. Algarra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Malaga; 2071-Malaga; Spain
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30
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Cavazzini A, Pasti L, Massi A, Marchetti N, Dondi F. Recent applications in chiral high performance liquid chromatography: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 706:205-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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31
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Zhao C, Li C, Wang L, Zu Y, Yang L. Determination of Camptothecin and 10-Hydroxycamptothecin inCamptotheca acuminataby LC-ESI-MS/MS. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003763608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Laser induced fluorescence and photochemical derivatization for trace determination of camptothecin. Talanta 2010; 83:256-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Revised: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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González-Ruiz V, Mussardo P, Corda E, Girotti S, Olives AI, Martín MA. Liquid chromatographic analysis of the anticancer alkaloid luotonin A and some new derivatives in human serum samples. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2086-93. [PMID: 20568252 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The quantitation of the natural cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory alkaloid luotonin A and five recently synthesized derivatives is described, constituting the first report of a HPLC method for the analysis of these compounds in human serum samples. The conditions for the chromatographic separation were optimized and the method was validated for the analysis of these compounds in biological samples according to international guidelines. An RP-HPLC method with fluorimetric detection and a C(18) stationary phase was applied. Different ACN/water mobile phases were assayed, including 0-4% of a mobile phase modifier such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane or tert-butyl methyl ether. Isocratic and gradient elution conditions are compared. The influence of pH on the efficiency and resolution of the separation was also considered. The developed method was applied to the determination of luotonins in pooled human serum samples by gradient elution RP-HPLC using a simple cleanup procedure. The proposed chromatographic method exhibits satisfactory analytical figures of merit, with LOD from 1.0 x 10(-10) to 2.0 x 10(-10) M, intraday and interday precision below 6% except for the concentration level closest to LOD, and good agreement between experimental and theoretical concentrations. Therefore, the developed method is suitable, reliable, rapid, and simple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor González-Ruiz
- Sección Departamental Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Heo KS, Hyun MH, Cho YJ, Ryoo JJ. Determination of optical purity of 3,5-dimethoxybenzoyl-leucine diethylamide by chiral chromatography and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Chirality 2010; 23:281-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Tokunaga T, Okamoto M, Tanaka K, Tode C, Sugiura M. Chiral Liquid Chromatography−Circular Dichroism−NMR for Estimating Separation Conditions of Chiral HPLC without Authentic Samples. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4293-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100318k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tokunaga
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98 Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan, and Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Masahiko Okamoto
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98 Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan, and Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98 Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan, and Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Chisato Tode
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98 Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan, and Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Makiko Sugiura
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98 Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan, and Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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36
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Badaloni E, Cabri W, Ciogli A, D’Acquarica I, Deias R, Gasparrini F, Giorgi F, Kotoni D, Villani C. Extending the use of “Inverted Chirality Columns Approach” for enantiomeric excess determination in absence of reference samples: Application to a water-soluble camptothecin derivative. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1024-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Fryčák P, Schug KA. High throughput multiplexed method for evaluation of enantioselective performance of chiral selectors by HPLC-ESI-MS and dynamic titration: Cinchona alkaloid carbamates discriminatingN-blocked amino acids. Chirality 2009; 21:929-36. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Lämmerhofer M. Chiral recognition by enantioselective liquid chromatography: mechanisms and modern chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1217:814-56. [PMID: 19906381 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An overview of the state-of-the-art in LC enantiomer separation is presented. This tutorial review is mainly focused on mechanisms of chiral recognition and enantiomer distinction of popular chiral selectors and corresponding chiral stationary phases including discussions of thermodynamics, additivity principle of binding increments, site-selective thermodynamics, extrathermodynamic approaches, methods employed for the investigation of dominating intermolecular interactions and complex structures such as spectroscopic methods (IR, NMR), X-ray diffraction and computational methods. Modern chiral stationary phases are discussed with particular focus on those that are commercially available and broadly used. It is attempted to provide the reader with vivid images of molecular recognition mechanisms of selected chiral selector-selectand pairs on basis of solid-state X-ray crystal structures and simulated computer models, respectively. Such snapshot images illustrated in this communication unfortunately cannot account for the molecular dynamics of the real world, but are supposed to be helpful for the understanding. The exploding number of papers about applications of various chiral stationary phases in numerous fields of enantiomer separations is not covered systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lämmerhofer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Recognition Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Cirilli R, Costi R, Di Santo R, La Torre F, Pierini M, Siani G. Perturbing Effects of Chiral Stationary Phase on Enantiomerization Second-Order Rate Constants Determined by Enantioselective Dynamic High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: A Practical Tool to Quantify the Accessible Acid and Basic Catalytic Sites Bonded on Chromatographic Supports. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3560-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802212s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cirilli
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università “G. d’Annunzio”, via dei Vestini 31-66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università “G. d’Annunzio”, via dei Vestini 31-66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università “G. d’Annunzio”, via dei Vestini 31-66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco La Torre
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università “G. d’Annunzio”, via dei Vestini 31-66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Pierini
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università “G. d’Annunzio”, via dei Vestini 31-66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabriella Siani
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università “G. d’Annunzio”, via dei Vestini 31-66013 Chieti, Italy
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Laskar DB, Zeng L, Xu R, Kassel DB. Parallel SFC/MS‐MUX screening to assess enantiomeric purity. Chirality 2008; 20:885-95. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Ward
- Millsaps College 1701 North State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210, USA.
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