1
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Trojanowicz M. Impact of nanotechnology on progress of flow methods in chemical analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1276:341643. [PMID: 37573121 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
In evolution of instrumentation for analytical chemistry as crucial technological breakthroughs should be considered a common introduction of electronics with all its progress in integration, and then microprocessors which was followed by a widespread computerization. It is seems that a similar role can be attributed to the introduction of various elements of modern nanotechnology, observed with a fast progress since beginning of this century. It concerns all areas of the applications of analytical chemistry, including also progress in flow analysis, which are being developed since the middle of 20th century. Obviously, it should not be omitted the developed earlier and analytically applied planar structures like lipid membranes or self-assembled monolayers They had essential impact prior to discoveries of numerous extraordinary nanoparticles such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene, or nanocrystalline semiconductors (quantum dots). Mostly, due to catalytic effects, significantly developed surface and the possibility of easy functionalization, their application in various stages of flow analytical procedures can significantly improve them. The application of new nanomaterials may be used for the development of new detection methods for flow analytical systems in macro-flow setups as well as in microfluidics and lateral flow immunoassay tests. It is also advantageous that quick flow conditions of measurements may be helpful in preventing unfavorable agglomeration of nanoparticles. A vast literature published already on this subject (e.g. almost 1000 papers about carbon nanotubes and flow-injection analytical systems) implies that for this reviews it was necessary to make an arbitrary selection of reported examples of this trend, focused mainly on achievements reported in the recent decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Trojanowicz
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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O'Connell L, Marcoux PR, Roupioz Y. Strategies for Surface Immobilization of Whole Bacteriophages: A Review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1987-2014. [PMID: 34038088 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophage immobilization is a key unit operation in emerging biotechnologies, enabling new possibilities for biodetection of pathogenic microbes at low concentration, production of materials with novel antimicrobial properties, and fundamental research on bacteriophages themselves. Wild type bacteriophages exhibit extreme binding specificity for a single species, and often for a particular subspecies, of bacteria. Since their specificity originates in epitope recognition by capsid proteins, which can be altered by chemical or genetic modification, their binding specificity may also be redirected toward arbitrary substrates and/or a variety of analytes in addition to bacteria. The immobilization of bacteriophages on planar and particulate substrates is thus an area of active and increasing scientific interest. This review assembles the knowledge gained so far in the immobilization of whole phage particles, summarizing the main chemistries, and presenting the current state-of-the-art both for an audience well-versed in bioconjugation methods as well as for those who are new to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry O'Connell
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, F38054 Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Yoann Roupioz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
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3
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Bhasin A, Drago NP, Majumdar S, Sanders EC, Weiss GA, Penner RM. Viruses Masquerading as Antibodies in Biosensors: The Development of the Virus BioResistor. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2384-2394. [PMID: 33001632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry recognized in vitro evolution, including the development by George Smith and Gregory Winter of phage display, a technology for engineering the functional capabilities of antibodies into viruses. Such bacteriophages solve inherent problems with antibodies, including their high cost, thermal lability, and propensity to aggregate. While phage display accelerated the discovery of peptide and protein motifs for recognition and binding to proteins in a variety of applications, the development of biosensors using intact phage particles was largely unexplored in the early 2000s. Virus particles, 16.5 MDa in size and assembled from thousands of proteins, could not simply be substituted for antibodies in any existing biosensor architectures.Incorporating viruses into biosensors required us to answer several questions: What process will allow the incorporation of viruses into a functional bioaffinity layer? How can the binding of a protein disease marker to a virus particle be electrically transduced to produce a signal? Will the variable salt concentration of a bodily fluid interfere with electrical transduction? A completely new biosensor architecture and a new scheme for electrical transduction of the binding of molecules to viruses were required.This Account describes the highlights of a research program launched in 2006 that answered these questions. These efforts culminated in 2018 in the invention of a biosensor specifically designed to interface with virus particles: the Virus BioResistor (VBR). The VBR is a resistor consisting of a conductive polymer matrix in which M13 virus particles are entrained. The electrical impedance of this resistor, measured across 4 orders of magnitude in frequency, simultaneously measures the concentration of a target protein and the ionic conductivity of the medium in which the resistor is immersed. Large signal amplitudes coupled with the inherent simplicity of the VBR sensor design result in high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N > 100) and excellent sensor-to-sensor reproducibility. Using this new device, we have measured the urinary bladder cancer biomarker nucleic acid deglycase (DJ-1) in urine samples. This optimized VBR is characterized by extremely low sensor-to-sensor coefficients of variation in the range of 3-7% across the DJ-1 binding curve down to a limit of quantitation of 30 pM, encompassing 4 orders of magnitude in concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Bhasin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Nicholas P. Drago
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sudipta Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Emily C. Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Gregory A. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Reginald M. Penner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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4
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Jayapaul J, Schröder L. Molecular Sensing with Host Systems for Hyperpolarized 129Xe. Molecules 2020; 25:E4627. [PMID: 33050669 PMCID: PMC7587211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarized noble gases have been used early on in applications for sensitivity enhanced NMR. 129Xe has been explored for various applications because it can be used beyond the gas-driven examination of void spaces. Its solubility in aqueous solutions and its affinity for hydrophobic binding pockets allows "functionalization" through combination with host structures that bind one or multiple gas atoms. Moreover, the transient nature of gas binding in such hosts allows the combination with another signal enhancement technique, namely chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). Different systems have been investigated for implementing various types of so-called Xe biosensors where the gas binds to a targeted host to address molecular markers or to sense biophysical parameters. This review summarizes developments in biosensor design and synthesis for achieving molecular sensing with NMR at unprecedented sensitivity. Aspects regarding Xe exchange kinetics and chemical engineering of various classes of hosts for an efficient build-up of the CEST effect will also be discussed as well as the cavity design of host molecules to identify a pool of bound Xe. The concept is presented in the broader context of reporter design with insights from other modalities that are helpful for advancing the field of Xe biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany;
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5
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Bhasin A, Sanders EC, Ziegler JM, Briggs JS, Drago NP, Attar AM, Santos AM, True MY, Ogata AF, Yoon DV, Majumdar S, Wheat AJ, Patterson SV, Weiss GA, Penner RM. Virus Bioresistor (VBR) for Detection of Bladder Cancer Marker DJ-1 in Urine at 10 pM in One Minute. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6654-6666. [PMID: 32252524 PMCID: PMC7266010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DJ-1, a 20.7 kDa protein, is overexpressed in people who have bladder cancer (BC). Its elevated concentration in urine allows it to serve as a marker for BC. However, no biosensor for the detection of DJ-1 has been demonstrated. Here, we describe a virus bioresistor (VBR) capable of detecting DJ-1 in urine at a concentration of 10 pM in 1 min. The VBR consists of a pair of millimeter-scale gold electrodes that measure the electrical impedance of an ultrathin (≈ 150-200 nm), two-layer polymeric channel. The top layer of this channel (90-105 nm in thickness) consists of an electrodeposited virus-PEDOT (PEDOT is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) composite containing embedded M13 virus particles that are engineered to recognize and bind to the target protein of interest, DJ-1. The bottom layer consists of spin-coated PEDOT-PSS (poly(styrenesulfonate)). Together, these two layers constitute a current divider. We demonstrate here that reducing the thickness of the bottom PEDOT-PSS layer increases its resistance and concentrates the resistance drop of the channel in the top virus-PEDOT layer, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the VBR and enabling the detection of DJ-1. Large signal amplitudes coupled with the inherent simplicity of the VBR sensor design result in high signal-to-noise (S/N > 100) and excellent sensor-to-sensor reproducibility characterized by coefficients of variation in the range of 3-7% across the DJ-1 binding curve down to a concentration of 30 pM, near the 10 pM limit of detection (LOD), encompassing four orders of magnitude in concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Bhasin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Emily C Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joshua M Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Briggs
- PhageTech Inc., 5 Mason, Suite 170, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Nicholas P Drago
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aisha M Attar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alicia M Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Marie Y True
- PhageTech Inc., 5 Mason, Suite 170, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Alana F Ogata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Debora V Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sudipta Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Andrew J Wheat
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shae V Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- PhageTech Inc., 5 Mason, Suite 170, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Gregory A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- PhageTech Inc., 5 Mason, Suite 170, Irvine, California 92618, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Reginald M Penner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- PhageTech Inc., 5 Mason, Suite 170, Irvine, California 92618, United States
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6
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Xu J, Chau Y, Lee YK. Phage-based Electrochemical Sensors: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E855. [PMID: 31817610 PMCID: PMC6952932 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phages based electrochemical sensors have received much attention due to their high specificity, sensitivity and simplicity. Phages or bacteriophages provide natural affinity to their host bacteria cells and can serve as the recognition element for electrochemical sensors. It can also act as a tool for bacteria infection and lysis followed by detection of the released cell contents, such as enzymes and ions. In addition, possible detection of the other desired targets, such as antibodies have been demonstrated with phage display techniques. In this paper, the recent development of phage-based electrochemical sensors has been reviewed in terms of the different immobilization protocols and electrochemical detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Xu
- Bioengineering Program, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; (J.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ying Chau
- Bioengineering Program, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; (J.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yi-kuen Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Janczuk M, Niedziółka-Jönsson J, Szot-Karpińska K. Bacteriophages in electrochemistry: A review. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Long fascinating to biologists, viruses offer nanometer-scale benchtops for building molecular-scale devices and materials. Viruses tolerate a wide range of chemical modifications including reaction conditions, pH values, and temperatures. Recent examples of nongenetic manipulation of viral surfaces have extended viruses into applications ranging from biomedical imaging, drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and biosensors to materials for catalysis and energy generation. Chemical reactions on the phage surface include both covalent and noncovalent modifications, including some applied in conjunction with genetic modifications. Here, we survey viruses chemically augmented with capabilities limited only by imagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Mohan
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Gregory A. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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9
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Han L, Liu P, Petrenko VA, Liu A. A Label-Free Electrochemical Impedance Cytosensor Based on Specific Peptide-Fused Phage Selected from Landscape Phage Library. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22199. [PMID: 26908277 PMCID: PMC4764921 DOI: 10.1038/srep22199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges in the design of biosensors for cancer diagnosis is to introduce a low-cost and selective probe that can recognize cancer cells. In this paper, we combined the phage display technology and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to develop a label-free cytosensor for the detection of cancer cells, without complicated purification of recognition elements. Fabrication steps of the cytosensing interface were monitored by EIS. Due to the high specificity of the displayed octapeptides and avidity effect of their multicopy display on the phage scaffold, good biocompatibility of recombinant phage, the fibrous nanostructure of phage, and the inherent merits of EIS technology, the proposed cytosensor demonstrated a wide linear range (2.0 × 10(2) - 2.0 × 10(8) cells mL(-1)), a low limit of detection (79 cells mL(-1), S/N = 3), high specificity, good inter-and intra-assay reproducibility and satisfactory storage stability. This novel cytosensor designing strategy will open a new prospect for rapid and label-free electrochemical platform for tumor diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Han
- Institute for Biosensing &In-Vitro Diagnostics, and College of Medicine, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.,Laboratory for Biosensing, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy &Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Laboratory for Biosensing, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy &Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Valery A Petrenko
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 269 Greene Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5519, United States
| | - Aihua Liu
- Institute for Biosensing &In-Vitro Diagnostics, and College of Medicine, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.,Laboratory for Biosensing, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy &Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China
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10
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Abstract
Virus electrodes address two major challenges associated with biosensing. First, the surface of the viruses can be readily tailored for specific, high affinity binding to targeted biomarkers. Second, the viruses are entrapped in a conducting polymer for electrical resistance-based, quantitative measurement of biomarker concentration. To further enhance device sensitivity, two different ligands can be attached to the virus surface, and increase the apparent affinity for the biomarker. In the example presented here, the two ligands bind to the analyte in a bidentate binding mode with a chelate-based avidity effect, and result in a 100 pM experimentally observed limit of detection for the cancer biomarker prostate-specific membrane antigen. The approach does not require enzymatic amplification, and allows reagent-free, real-time measurements. This article presents general protocols for the development of such biosensors with modified viruses for the enhanced detection of arbitrary target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Reginald M Penner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Gregory A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California
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11
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Hosseinidoust Z, Olsson AL, Tufenkji N. Going viral: Designing bioactive surfaces with bacteriophage. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 124:2-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Hwang I. Virus outbreaks in chemical and biological sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:13592-612. [PMID: 25068866 PMCID: PMC4179090 DOI: 10.3390/s140813592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous bacteriophages have successfully been used to detect chemical and biological analytes with increased selectivity and sensitivity. The enhancement largely originates not only from the ability of viruses to provide a platform for the surface display of a wide range of biological ligands, but also from the geometric morphologies of the viruses that constitute biomimetic structures with larger surface area-to-volume ratio. This review will appraise the mechanism of multivalent display of the viruses that enables surface modification of virions either by chemical or biological methods. The accommodation of functionalized virions to various materials, including polymers, proteins, metals, nanoparticles, and electrodes for sensor applications will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseong Hwang
- The Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 147-779, Korea.
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13
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Poenar DP, Iliescu C, Boulaire J, Yu H. Label-free virus identification and characterization using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:433-40. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Poenar
- Novitas, Nanoelectronics Centre of Excellence; School of Electrical and Electronical Engineering; Nanyang Technological University (NTU); Singapore
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN); Singapore
| | - Jérôme Boulaire
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN); Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN); Singapore
- Department of Physiology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology; Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- Department of Biological Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA USA
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14
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Knez K, Noppe W, Geukens N, Janssen KPF, Spasic D, Heyligen J, Vriens K, Thevissen K, Cammue BPA, Petrenko V, Ulens C, Deckmyn H, Lammertyn J. Affinity Comparison of p3 and p8 Peptide Displaying Bacteriophages Using Surface Plasmon Resonance. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10075-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402192k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Knez
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 42, P.O. Box 2428, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Noppe
- IRF
Life Siences, KU Leuven Kulak, E. Sabbelaan 53, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Nick Geukens
- PharmAbs, The KU Leuven Antibody Center, O&N II, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 824, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris P. F. Janssen
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 42, P.O. Box 2428, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dragana Spasic
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 42, P.O. Box 2428, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Heyligen
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 42, P.O. Box 2428, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Vriens
- Centre
for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, P.O. 2460, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre
for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, P.O. 2460, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bruno P. A. Cammue
- Centre
for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, P.O. 2460, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Valery Petrenko
- Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Pathobiology, 269 Greene Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5519, United States
| | - Chris Ulens
- Laboratory for Structural Neurobiology, KU Leuven, O&N I, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 601, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Deckmyn
- IRF
Life Siences, KU Leuven Kulak, E. Sabbelaan 53, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
- PharmAbs, The KU Leuven Antibody Center, O&N II, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 824, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 42, P.O. Box 2428, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Hiatt LA, Cliffel DE. Real-time Recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Lipoarabinomannan using the Quartz Crystal Microbalance. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2012; 174:245-252. [PMID: 23175600 PMCID: PMC3500912 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2012.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) immunosensor has been successfully employed to screen for both whole Mycobacteria tuberculosis (Mtb) bacilli and a Mtb surface antigen, lipoarabinomannan (LAM). One of the most abundant components of the Mtb cell surface, LAM, may be detected without the presence of the entire bacterium. Using available antibodies with proven utility in enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs), a sensor was designed to measure Mtb bacilli and LAM. Equilibrium association constants (K(a)) were determined for the interaction of Mtb with immobilized α-LAM and anti-H37Rv antibodies, where avidity was seen to strengthen this interaction and provide for greater binding than might have otherwise been achieved. The binding of LAM to immobilized α-LAM had a high associate rate constant (k(a)) allowing for rapid detection. Evaluating these binding constants helped the compare the sensitivity of these immunosensors to conventional ELISAs. The use of these assays with the better antibodies may allow for immunosensor use in determining LAM as a point-of-care (POC) diagnostic for Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A. Hiatt
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822 USA
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822 USA
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16
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Donavan KC, Arter JA, Weiss GA, Penner RM. Virus-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) biocomposite films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:12581-7. [PMID: 22856875 PMCID: PMC3683562 DOI: 10.1021/la302473j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Virus-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (virus-PEDOT) biocomposite films are prepared by electropolymerizing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in aqueous electrolytes containing 12 mM LiClO(4) and the bacteriophage M13. The concentration of virus in these solutions, [virus](soln), is varied from 3 to 15 nM. A quartz crystal microbalance is used to directly measure the total mass of the biocomposite film during its electrodeposition. In combination with a measurement of the electrodeposition charge, the mass of the virus incorporated into the film is calculated. These data show that the concentration of the M13 within the electropolymerized film, [virus](film), increases linearly with [virus](soln). The incorporation of virus particles into the PEDOT film from solution is efficient, resulting in a concentration ratio of [virus](film):[virus](soln) ≈ 450. Virus incorporation into the PEDOT causes roughening of the film topography that is observed using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The electrical conductivity of the virus-PEDOT film, measured perpendicular to the plane of the film using conductive tip AFM, decreases linearly with virus loading, from 270 μS/cm for pure PEDOT films to 50 μS/cm for films containing 100 μM virus. The presence on the virus surface of displayed affinity peptides did not significantly influence the efficiency of incorporation into virus-PEDOT biocomposite films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C. Donavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jessica A. Arter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Gregory A. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Reginald M. Penner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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17
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Xiang Y, Lu Y. Portable and quantitative detection of protein biomarkers and small molecular toxins using antibodies and ubiquitous personal glucose meters. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4174-8. [PMID: 22455548 DOI: 10.1021/ac300517n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Developing portable and low-cost methods for quantitative detection of large protein biomarkers and small molecular toxins can play a significant role in controlling and preventing diseases or toxins outbreaks. Despite years of research, most current methods still require laboratory-based or customized devices that are not widely available to the general public for quantitative analysis. We have previously demonstrated the use of personal glucose meters (PGMs) and functional DNAs for the detection of many nonglucose targets. However, the range of targets detectable by functional DNAs is limited at the current stage. To expand the range of targets that can be detected by PGMs, we report here the use of antibodies in combination with sandwich and competitive assays for quantitative detection of protein biomarkers (PSA, with a detection limit of 0.4 ng/mL) and small molecular toxins (Ochratoxin A, with a detection limit of 6.8 ng/mL), respectively. In both assay methods, with invertase conjugates as the link, quantitative detection is achieved via the dependence between the concentrations of the targets in the sample and the glucose measured by PGMs. Given the wide availability of antibodies for numerous targets, the methods demonstrated here can expand the range of target detection by PGMs significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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18
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Abstract
Transformational advances in the performance of nanowire-based chemical sensors and biosensors have been achieved over the past two to three years. These advances have arisen from a better understanding of the mechanisms of transduction operating in these devices, innovations in nanowire fabrication, and improved methods for incorporating receptors into or onto nanowires. Nanowire-based biosensors have detected DNA in undiluted physiological saline. For silicon nanowire nucleic acid sensors, higher sensitivities have been obtained by eliminating the passivating oxide layer on the nanowire surface and by substituting uncharged protein nucleic acids for DNA as the capture strands. Biosensors for peptide and protein cancer markers, based on both semiconductor nanowires and nanowires of conductive polymers, have detected these targets at physiologically relevant concentrations in both blood plasma and whole blood. Nanowire chemical sensors have also detected several gases at the parts-per-million level. This review discusses these and other recent advances, concentrating on work published in the past three years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald M Penner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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19
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Arter JA, Diaz JE, Donavan KC, Yuan T, Penner RM, Weiss GA. Virus-polymer hybrid nanowires tailored to detect prostate-specific membrane antigen. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2776-83. [PMID: 22339784 DOI: 10.1021/ac203143y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the de novo fabrication of a biosensor, based upon virus-containing poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanowires, that detects prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). This development process occurs in three phases: (1) isolation of a M13 virus with a displayed polypeptide receptor, from a library of ≈10(11) phage-displayed peptides, which binds PSMA with high affinity and selectivity, (2) microfabrication of PEDOT nanowires that entrain these virus particles using the lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE) method, and (3) electrical detection of the PSMA in high ionic strength (150 mM salt) media, including synthetic urine, using an array of virus-PEDOT nanowires with the electrical resistance of these nanowires for transduction. The electrical resistance of an array of these nanowires increases linearly with the PSMA concentration from 20 to 120 nM in high ionic strength phosphate-buffered fluoride (PBF) buffer, yielding a limit of detection (LOD) for PSMA of 56 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Arter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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20
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Becker B, Cooper MA. A survey of the 2006-2009 quartz crystal microbalance biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2011; 24:754-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Donavan KC, Arter JA, Pilolli R, Cioffi N, Weiss GA, Penner RM. Virus-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) composite films for impedance-based biosensing. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2420-4. [PMID: 21388148 PMCID: PMC3069217 DOI: 10.1021/ac2000835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Composite films composed of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT, and the filamentous virus M13-K07 were prepared by electrooxidation of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in aqueous solutions containing 8 nM of the virus at planar gold electrodes. These films were characterized using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical impedance of virus-PEDOT films increases upon exposure to an antibody (p-Ab) that selectively binds to the M13 coat peptide. Exposure to p-Ab causes a shift in both real (Z(RE)) and imaginary (Z(IM)) impedance components across a broad range of frequencies from 50 Hz to 10 kHz. Within a narrower frequency range from 250 Hz to 5 kHz, the increase of the total impedance (Z(total)) with p-Ab concentration conforms to a Langmuir adsorption isotherm over the concentration range from from 6 to 66 nM, yielding a value for K(d) = 16.9 nM at 1000 Hz.
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22
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Horikawa S, Bedi D, Li S, Shen W, Huang S, Chen IH, Chai Y, Auad ML, Bozack MJ, Barbaree JM, Petrenko VA, Chin BA. Effects of surface functionalization on the surface phage coverage and the subsequent performance of phage-immobilized magnetoelastic biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:2361-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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23
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Li K, Chen Y, Li S, Nguyen HG, Niu Z, You S, Mello CM, Lu X, Wang Q. Chemical modification of M13 bacteriophage and its application in cancer cell imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1369-77. [PMID: 20499838 DOI: 10.1021/bc900405q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The M13 bacteriophage has been demonstrated to be a robust scaffold for bionanomaterial development. In this paper, we report on the chemical modifications of three kinds of reactive groups, i.e., the amino groups of lysine residues or N-terminal, the carboxylic acid groups of aspartic acid or glutamic acid residues, and the phenol group of tyrosine residues, on M13 surface. The reactivity of each group was identified through conjugation with small fluorescent molecules. Furthermore, the regioselectivity of each reaction was investigated by HPLC-MS-MS. By optimizing the reaction condition, hundreds of fluorescent moieties could be attached to create a highly fluorescent M13 bacteriophage. In addition, cancer cell targeting motifs such as folic acid could also be conjugated onto the M13 surface. Therefore, dual-modified M13 particles with folic acid and fluorescent molecules were synthesized via the selective modification of two kinds of reactive groups. Such dual-modified M13 particles showed very good binding affinity to human KB cancer cells, which demonstrated the potential applications of M13 bacteriophage in bioimaging and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), Dalian, P. R. China
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24
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Li K, Nguyen HG, Lu X, Wang Q. Viruses and their potential in bioimaging and biosensing applications. Analyst 2009; 135:21-7. [PMID: 20024176 DOI: 10.1039/b911883g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Successful development of ultrasensitive constructs for bioimaging and biosensing is a challenging task. Recently, viruses have drawn increasing attention due to their exquisite three-dimensional structures and unique properties, including multivalency, orthogonal reactivities, and responsiveness to genetic modifications. With such well-characterized structures, functional units, such as imaging and binding motifs, can be engineered on the surface of viruses in a programmable, polyvalent manner, which leads to novel nanosized sensing/imaging systems with enhanced signaling and targeting performance. This review highlights some recent progress in the applications of viruses in bioimaging and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, PR China
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25
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26
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Lamboy JA, Tam PY, Lee LS, Jackson PJ, Avrantinis SK, Lee HJ, Corn RM, Weiss GA. Chemical and genetic wrappers for improved phage and RNA display. Chembiochem 2009; 9:2846-52. [PMID: 18973165 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An Achilles heel inherent to all molecular display formats, background binding between target and display system introduces false positives into screens and selections. For example, the negatively charged surfaces of phage, mRNA, and ribosome display systems bind with unacceptably high nonspecificity to positively charged target molecules, which represent an estimated 35% of proteins in the human proteome. Here we report the first systematic attempt to understand why a broad class of molecular display selections fail, and then solve the underlying problem for both phage and RNA display. Firstly, a genetic strategy was used to introduce a short, charge-neutralizing peptide into the solvent-exposed, negatively charged phage coat. The modified phage (KO7(+)) reduced or eliminated nonspecific binding to the problematic high-pI proteins. In the second, chemical approach, nonspecific interactions were blocked by oligolysine wrappers in the cases of phage and total RNA. For phage display applications, the peptides Lys(n) (where n=16 to 24) emerged as optimal for wrapping the phage. Lys(8), however, provided effective wrappers for RNA binding in assays against the RNA binding protein HIV-1 Vif. The oligolysine peptides blocked nonspecific binding to allow successful selections, screens, and assays with five previously unworkable protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Lamboy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
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27
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Cheng X, Chen G, Rodriguez WR. Micro- and nanotechnology for viral detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 393:487-501. [PMID: 19052733 PMCID: PMC7080050 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of viruses at the start of the 20th century, detecting their presence has presented great challenges. In the past two decades, there has been significant progress in viral detection methods for clinical diagnosis and environmental monitoring. The earliest advances were in molecular biology and imaging techniques. Advances in microfabrication and nanotechnology have now begun to play an important role in viral detection, and improving the detection limit, operational simplicity, and cost-effectiveness of viral diagnostics. Here we provide an overview of recent advances, focusing especially on advances in simple, device-based approaches for viral detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhong Cheng
- 5 E. Packer Ave, Whitaker Laboratory, Bioengineering, Materials and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
| | - Grace Chen
- Harvard–MIT Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02119 USA
| | - William R. Rodriguez
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
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28
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Abstract
Viruses have recently proven useful for the detection of target analytes such as explosives, proteins, bacteria, viruses, spores, and toxins with high selectivity and sensitivity. Bacteriophages (often shortened to phages), viruses that specifically infect bacteria, are currently the most studied viruses, mainly because target-specific nonlytic phages (and the peptides and proteins carried by them) can be identified by using the well-established phage display technique, and lytic phages can specifically break bacteria to release cell-specific marker molecules such as enzymes that can be assayed. In addition, phages have good chemical and thermal stability, and can be conjugated with nanomaterials and immobilized on a transducer surface in an analytical device. This Review focuses on progress made in the use of phages in chemical and biological sensors in combination with traditional analytical techniques. Recent progress in the use of virus-nanomaterial composites and other viruses in sensing applications is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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29
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Petrenko V. Evolution of phage display: from bioactive peptides to bioselective nanomaterials. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:825-36. [PMID: 18712993 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.8.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New phage-derived biorecognition nanomaterials have emerged recently as a result of the in-depth study of the genetics and structure of filamentous phage and the evolution of phage display technology. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on the progress made in the development of these new nanomaterials and discusses the prospects of using phage as a bioselectable molecular recognition interface in medical and technical devices. METHODS The author used data obtained both in his research group and sourced using Science Citation Index (Web of Science) search resources. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The merging of phage display technologies with nanotechnology over the past few years has proved promising and has already shown its vitality and productivity by contributing vigorously to different areas of medicine and technology, such as medical diagnostics and monitoring, molecular imaging, targeted drug and gene delivery, vaccine development, as well as bone and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Va Petrenko
- Auburn University, Department of Pathobiology, AL 36849, USA.
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30
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Yang LMC, Diaz JE, McIntire TM, Weiss GA, Penner RM. Direct electrical transduction of antibody binding to a covalent virus layer using electrochemical impedance. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5695-705. [PMID: 18590279 DOI: 10.1021/ac8008109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is used to detect the binding of a 148.2 kDa antibody to a "covalent virus layer" (CVL) immobilized on a gold electrode. The CVL consisted of M13 phage particles covalently anchored to a 3 mm diameter gold disk electrode. The ability of the CVL to distinguish this antibody ("p-Ab") from a second, nonbinding antibody ("n-Ab") was evaluated as a function of the frequency and phase of the measured current relative to the applied voltage. The binding of p-Ab to the CVL was correlated with a change in the resistance, reducing it at low frequency (1-40 Hz) while increasing it at high frequency (2-140 kHz). The capacitance of the CVL was virtually uncorrelated with p-Ab binding. At both low and high frequency, the electrode resistance was linearly dependent on the p-Ab concentration from 20 to 266 nM but noise compromised the reproducibility of the p-Ab measurement at frequencies below 40 Hz. A "signal-to-noise" ratio for antibody detection was computed based upon the ratio between the measured resistance change upon p-Ab binding and the standard deviation of this change obtained from multiple measurements. In spite of the fact that the impedance change upon p-Ab binding in the low frequency domain was more than 100 times larger than that measured at high frequency, the S/N ratio at high frequency was higher and virtually independent of frequency from 4 to 140 kHz. Attempts to release p-Ab from the CVL using 0.05 M HCl, as previously described for mass-based detection, caused a loss of sensitivity that may be associated with a transition of these phage particles within the CVL from a linear to a coiled conformation at low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Mei C Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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