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Zeid AM, Abdussalam A, Hanif S, Anjum S, Lou B, Xu G. Recent advances in microchip electrophoresis for analysis of pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:15-34. [PMID: 35689426 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Life-threatening diseases, such as hepatitis B, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and COVID-19, are widespread due to pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Therefore, the development of highly sensitive, rapid, portable, cost-effective, and selective methods for the analysis of such microorganisms is a great challenge. Microchip electrophoresis (ME) has been widely used in recent years for the analysis of bacterial and viral pathogens in biological and environmental samples owing to its portability, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and rapid analysis. However, microbial enrichment and purification are critical steps for accurate and sensitive analysis of pathogenic bacteria and viruses in complex matrices. Therefore, we first discussed the advances in the sample preparation technologies associated with the accurate analysis of such microorganisms, especially the on-chip microfluidic-based sample preparations such as dielectrophoresis and microfluidic membrane filtration. Thereafter, we focused on the recent advances in the lab-on-a-chip electrophoretic analysis of pathogenic bacteria and viruses in different complex matrices. As the microbial analysis is mainly based on the analysis of nucleic acid of the microorganism, the integration of nucleic acid-based amplification techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR, and multiplex PCR with ME will result in an accurate and sensitive analysis of microbial pathogens. Such analyses are very important for the point-of-care diagnosis of various infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah M Zeid
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abubakar Abdussalam
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China.,College of Natural and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Saima Hanif
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Saima Anjum
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Baohua Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
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2
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Microchip for continuous DNA analysis based on gel electrophoresis coupled with co-injection of size markers and in-channel staining. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5685-5694. [PMID: 34345950 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A continuous-flow microchip enabling high-accuracy DNA analysis was developed. Serial consecutive analysis for multiple amplified DNA samples was demonstrated. The sample segments were continuously introduced to the microchip from the PCR device which was interfaced to the microchip through capillary tubing. Electrokinetic co-injection of the DNA samples with size marker enabled reproducible and reliable injection of the DNAs into the gel-filled separation channel providing accurate size determination of the DNA samples. Cross-contamination between serially introduced DNA samples was minimized by plugging a washing solution segment following the previous sample segment between two sample plugs. Using this microchip, continuous separation of multiple samples was performed without any inconvenient and labor-intensive sample preparation steps such as sample mixing, staining, and gel loading which are necessary for conventional gel electrophoresis. It has taken about 4 min to separate single DNA sample and taken 37 min for three serially injected samples which implies that this microchip can be a platform device for fast as well as highly accurate DNA analysis.
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Shabani E, Dowlatshahi S, Abdekhodaie MJ. Laboratory detection methods for the human coronaviruses. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:225-246. [PMID: 32984911 PMCID: PMC7520381 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a group of envelop viruses which lead to diseases in birds and mammals as well as human. Seven coronaviruses have been discovered in humans that can cause mild to lethal respiratory tract infections. HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1 are the low-risk members of this family and the reason for some common colds. Besides, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and newly identified SARS-CoV-2, which is also known as 2019-nCoV, are the more dangerous viruses. Due to the rapid spread of this novel coronavirus and its related disease, COVID-19, a reliable, simple, fast, and low-cost detection method is necessary for patient diagnosis and tracking worldwide. Human coronaviruses detection methods were classified and presented in this article. The laboratory detection techniques include RT-PCR, RT-LAMP, electrochemical and optical biosensors for RNA detection, and whole virus or viral proteins detection assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Shabani
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayeh Dowlatshahi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J Abdekhodaie
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
- Yeates School of Graduate Studies, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Negou JT, Hu J, Li X, Easley CJ. Advancement of analytical modes in a multichannel, microfluidic droplet-based sample chopper employing phase-locked detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2018; 10:3436-3443. [PMID: 30505354 PMCID: PMC6258173 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay00947c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we expand upon our recently developed droplet-based sample chopping concepts by introducing a multiplexed fluidic micro-chopper device (μChopper). Six aqueous input channels were integrated with a single oil input, and each of these seven channels was controlled by a pneumatic valve for automated sampling through software control. This improved design, while maintaining high precision in valve-based droplet generation at bandwidths of 0.03 to 0.05 Hz, enabled a variety of analytical modes to be employed on-chip compared to previous devices limited to sample/reference alternations. The device was analytically validated for real-time, continuous calibration with a single sample and five standards; multiplexed analysis during calibration using a mixed mode; and standard addition through spiking of six sample droplets with varying amounts of standard. Finally, the standard addition mode was applied to protein quantification in human serum samples using on-chip, homogeneous fluorescence immunoassays. Ultimately, with only ~1.2 μL of total analyzed solution volume- representing 100-fold and 75-fold reductions in reagent and serum volumes, respectively-we were able to generate full, six-point standard addition curves in only 1.5 min, and results correlated well with those from standard plate-reader equipment. This work thus exploited microfluidic valves for both their automation and droplet phase-locking capabilities, resulting in a micro-analytical tool capable of complex analytical interrogation modes on sub-microliter sample volumes while also leveraging drastic noise rejection via lock-in detection. The multichannel μChopper device should prove particularly useful in analyzing precious biological samples or for dynamic analyses at small volume scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean T. Negou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Juan Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Xiangpeng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Zhuang B. Introduction. DEVELOPMENT OF A FULLY INTEGRATED “SAMPLE-IN-ANSWER-OUT” SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC GENETIC ANALYSIS 2018:1-30. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4753-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Lian DS, Zhao SJ. Capillary electrophoresis based on nucleic acid detection for diagnosing human infectious disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 54:707-38. [PMID: 26352354 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rapid transmission, high morbidity, and mortality are the features of human infectious diseases caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. These diseases may lead within a short period of time to great personal and property losses, especially in regions where sanitation is poor. Thus, rapid diagnoses are vital for the prevention and therapeutic intervention of human infectious diseases. Several conventional methods are often used to diagnose infectious diseases, e.g. methods based on cultures or morphology, or biochemical tests based on metabonomics. Although traditional methods are considered gold standards and are used most frequently, they are laborious, time consuming, and tedious and cannot meet the demand for rapid diagnoses. Disease diagnosis using capillary electrophoresis methods has the advantages of high efficiency, high throughput, and high speed, and coupled with the different nucleic acid detection strategies overcomes the drawbacks of traditional identification methods, precluding many types of false positive and negative results. Therefore, this review focuses on the application of capillary electrophoresis based on nucleic detection to the diagnosis of human infectious diseases, and offers an introduction to the limitations, advantages, and future developments of this approach.
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Colorimetric detection of clinical DNA samples using an intercalator-conjugated polydiacetylene sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 72:127-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Durney BC, Crihfield CL, Holland LA. Capillary electrophoresis applied to DNA: determining and harnessing sequence and structure to advance bioanalyses (2009-2014). Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6923-38. [PMID: 25935677 PMCID: PMC4551542 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review of capillary electrophoresis methods for DNA analyses covers critical advances from 2009 to 2014, referencing 184 citations. Separation mechanisms based on free-zone capillary electrophoresis, Ogston sieving, and reptation are described. Two prevalent gel matrices for gel-facilitated sieving, which are linear polyacrylamide and polydimethylacrylamide, are compared in terms of performance, cost, viscosity, and passivation of electroosmotic flow. The role of capillary electrophoresis in the discovery, design, and characterization of DNA aptamers for molecular recognition is discussed. Expanding and emerging techniques in the field are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Durney
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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10
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Abstract
The demand for rapid and accurate diagnosis of plant diseases has risen in the last decade. On-site diagnosis of single or multiple pathogens using portable devices is the first step in this endeavour. Despite extensive attempts to develop portable devices for pathogen detection, current technologies are still restricted to detecting known pathogens with limited detection accuracy. Developing new detection techniques for rapid and accurate detection of multiple plant pathogens and their associated variants is essential. Recent single DNA sequencing technologies are a promising new avenue for developing future portable devices for plant pathogen detection. In this review, we detail the current progress in portable devices and technologies used for detecting plant pathogens, the current position of emerging sequencing technologies for analysis of plant genomics, and the future of portable devices for rapid pathogen diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sanati Nezhad
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Khodakov DA, Khodakova AS, Linacre A, Ellis AV. Sequence selective capture, release and analysis of DNA using a magnetic microbead-assisted toehold-mediated DNA strand displacement reaction. Analyst 2014; 139:3548-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00694a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide modified magnetic beads for the selective capture and release of forensically relevant genes for human identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy A. Khodakov
- Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology
- Flinders University
- Adelaide, 5001 Australia
| | | | - Adrian Linacre
- School of Biological Sciences
- Flinders University
- Adelaide, 5001 Australia
| | - Amanda V. Ellis
- Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology
- Flinders University
- Adelaide, 5001 Australia
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12
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A rapid, low-cost quantitative diagnostic method for hepatitis C virus infection using capillary zone electrophoresis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:439-52. [PMID: 24253493 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA amplification is a costly procedure in terms of time and reagents. Consequently, the search for more a cost-effective specific HCV diagnostic method is of great interest. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) methods that detect HCV in serum, plasma, whole blood, and ascites without the need for sample pretreatment are not currently available. Here, a CZE method was developed that detects a larger specific peak in serum and other body fluids of HCV-infected patients than that found in healthy or hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected individuals. The nature of the HCV peak was investigated using biochemical treatments, including RNase, DNase, and chymotrypsin enzymes. Electroeluted HCV peak was applied to transmission electron microscopy; electron micrographs showed that the HCV peak was attributed to virus-like particles with diameter and morphological properties similar to non-enveloped HCV nucleocapsids. The determination of CZE-HCV and HCV-RNA levels using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 258 subjects revealed that these two tests were highly correlated (r = 0.92, p < 0.0001). One important issue of HCV testing is the storage conditions of serum to obtain reliable results. Serum samples at -20 °C showed the best preservation of the HCV peak up to one year. In conclusion, we detected HCV using CZE in a microliters volume from different body fluids. Besides the stability of samples in maintaining their peak height, the HCV-CZE test is rapid (<15 min) and a well-suited and low-cost technique. Thus, a major improvement in the quantitative diagnosis of HCV infection was established.
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13
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Novel moving reaction boundary-induced stacking and separation of human hemoglobins in slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8587-95. [PMID: 23912834 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) method to stack and separate human hemoglobins (Hbs) based on the concept of moving reaction boundary (MRB). This differs from the classic isotachophoresis (ITP)-based stacking PAGE in the aspect of buffer composition, including the electrode buffer (pH 8.62 Tris-Gly), sample buffer (pH 6.78 Tris-Gly), and separation buffer (pH 8.52 Tris-Gly). In the MRB-PAGE system, a transient MRB was formed between alkaline electrode buffer and acidic sample buffer, being designed to move toward the anode. Hbs carried partial positive charges in the sample buffer due to its pH below pI values of Hbs, resulting in electromigrating to the cathode. Hbs would carry negative charges quickly when migrated into the alkaline electrode buffer and be transported to the anode until meeting the sample buffer again. Thus, Hbs were stacked within a MRB until the transient MRB reached the separation buffer and then separated by zone electrophoresis with molecular sieve effect of the gel. The experimental results demonstrated that there were three clear and sharp protein zones of Hbs (HbA1c, HbA0, and HbA2) in MRB-PAGE, in contrast to only one protein zone (HbA0) in ITP-PAGE for large-volume loading (≥15 μl), indicating high stacking efficiency, separation resolution, and good sensitivity of MRB-PAGE. In addition, MRB-PAGE was performed in a conventional slab PAGE device, requiring no special device. Thus, it could be widely used in separation and analysis of diluted protein in a standard laboratory.
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Lipkin WI, Firth C. Viral surveillance and discovery. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:199-204. [PMID: 23602435 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The field of virus discovery has burgeoned with the advent of high throughput sequencing platforms and bioinformatics programs that enable rapid identification and molecular characterization of known and novel agents, investments in global microbial surveillance that include wildlife and domestic animals as well as humans, and recognition that viruses may be implicated in chronic as well as acute diseases. Here we review methods for viral surveillance and discovery, strategies and pitfalls in linking discoveries to disease, and identify opportunities for improvements in sequencing instrumentation and analysis, the use of social media and medical informatics that will further advance clinical medicine and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10025, USA.
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Dorfman KD, King SB, Olson DW, Thomas JDP, Tree DR. Beyond gel electrophoresis: microfluidic separations, fluorescence burst analysis, and DNA stretching. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2584-667. [PMID: 23140825 PMCID: PMC3595390 DOI: 10.1021/cr3002142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Dorfman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota — Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 1-612-624-5560. Fax: 1-612-626-7246
| | - Scott B. King
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota — Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 1-612-624-5560. Fax: 1-612-626-7246
| | - Daniel W. Olson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota — Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 1-612-624-5560. Fax: 1-612-626-7246
| | - Joel D. P. Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota — Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 1-612-624-5560. Fax: 1-612-626-7246
| | - Douglas R. Tree
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota — Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 1-612-624-5560. Fax: 1-612-626-7246
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16
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Almassian DR, Cockrell LM, Nelson WM. Portable nucleic acid thermocyclers. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8769-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60144g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kulinsky L, Noroozi Z, Madou M. Present technology and future trends in point-of-care microfluidic diagnostics. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 949:3-23. [PMID: 23329432 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-134-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This work reviews present technologies and developing trends in Point-of-Care (POC) microfluidic diagnostics platforms. First, various fluidics technologies such as pressure-driven flows, capillary flows, electromagnetically driven flows, centrifugal fluidics, acoustically driven flows, and droplet fluidics are categorized. Then three broad categories of POC microfluidic testing devices are considered: lateral flow devices, desktop and handheld POC diagnostic platforms, and emergent molecular diagnostic POC systems. Such evolving trends as miniaturization, multiplexing, networking, new more sensitive detection schemes, and the importance of sample processing are discussed. It is concluded that POC microfluidic diagnostics has a potential to improve patient treatment outcome and bring substantial savings in overall healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Kulinsky
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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18
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Olasagasti F, Ruiz de Gordoa JC. Miniaturized technology for protein and nucleic acid point-of-care testing. Transl Res 2012; 160:332-45. [PMID: 22683416 PMCID: PMC7104926 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of point-of-care (POC) testing technology is developing quickly and producing instruments that are increasingly reliable, while their size is being gradually reduced. Proteins are a common target for POC analyses and the detection of protein markers typically involves immunoassays aimed at detecting different groups of proteins such as tumor markers, inflammation proteins, and cardiac markers; but other techniques can also be used to analyze plasma proteins. In the case of nucleic acids, hybridization and amplification strategies can be used to record electromagnetic or electric signals. These techniques allow for the identification of specific viral or bacterial infections as well as specific cancers. In this review, we consider some of the latest advances in the analysis of specific nucleic acid and protein biomarkers, taking into account their trend toward miniaturization and paying special attention to the technology that can be implemented in future applications, such as lab-on-a-chip instruments.
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Key Words
- poc, point-of-care
- lfi, lateral flow immunochromatography
- psa, prostate-specific antigen
- hcg, human chorionic gonadotropin
- tsh, thyroid-stimulating hormone
- seb, staphylococcal enterotixin b
- fret, förster resonance energy transfer
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinase 9
- bnp, b-type natriuretic peptide
- crp, c-reactive protein
- pdms, polydimethylsiloxane
- ig, immunoglobulin
- hb a1c, hemoglobin a1c
- ag, antigen
- ab, antibody
- tnfα, tumor necrosis factor α
- pct, procalcitonin
- il, interleukin
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- ca, cancer antigen
- cea, carcinoembryonic antigen
- nmp, nuclear matrix protein
- s100β, s100 calcium binding protein beta
- elisa, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor
- pmma, methyl methacrylate
- ctni, cardiac troponin i
- egf, epidermal growth factor
- ip, interferon-inducible
- mcp, monocyte chemoattractant protein
- timp-1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1
- rantes, regulated upon activation, normal t cell expressed and secreted
- mip-1 β, macrophage inflammatory protein-beta
- ctnt, cardiac troponin t
- hrp, horseradish peroxidase
- si-fet, silicon field-effect-transistor
- afp, alpha fetoprotein
- act, antichymotrypsin
- mia, magnetic immunoassay
- apc, allophycocyanin
- he4, human epididymis protein 4
- tmb, 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine
- hp, hairpin
- lamp, loop-mediated isothermal amplification
- mrsa, methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
- fmdv, foot-and-mouth disease virus
- mμlamp, multiplex microfluidic lamp
- had, helicase-dependent amplification
- nasba, nucleic acid sequence based amplification
- lfm, lateral flow chromatography microarrays
- hsp, heat shock proteins
- spr, surface plasmon resonance
- mems, micro-electro-mechanical systems
- mimed, magnetic integrated microfluidic electrochemical detectors
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Olasagasti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Farmazia Fakultatea/Facultad de Farmacia, UPV-EHU, Gasteiz, Spain.
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Foudeh AM, Fatanat Didar T, Veres T, Tabrizian M. Microfluidic designs and techniques using lab-on-a-chip devices for pathogen detection for point-of-care diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:3249-66. [PMID: 22859057 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40630f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Effective pathogen detection is an essential prerequisite for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Despite recent advances in biosensors, infectious diseases remain a major cause of illnesses and mortality throughout the world. For instance in developing countries, infectious diseases account for over half of the mortality rate. Pathogen detection platforms provide a fundamental tool in different fields including clinical diagnostics, pathology, drug discovery, clinical research, disease outbreaks, and food safety. Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices offer many advantages for pathogen detection such as miniaturization, small sample volume, portability, rapid detection time and point-of-care diagnosis. This review paper outlines recent microfluidic based devices and LOC design strategies for pathogen detection with the main focus on the integration of different techniques that led to the development of sample-to-result devices. Several examples of recently developed devices are presented along with respective advantages and limitations of each design. Progresses made in biomarkers, sample preparation, amplification and fluid handling techniques using microfluidic platforms are also covered and strategies for multiplexing and high-throughput analysis, as well as point-of-care diagnosis, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir M Foudeh
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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20
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Edwards KA, Bolduc OR, Baeumner AJ. Miniaturized bioanalytical systems: enhanced performance through liposomes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:444-52. [PMID: 22673065 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biorecognition-element labeled liposomes are simple and versatile tools used to amplify signals for the detection of analytes of environmental, clinical, food safety, and national security interest. Relying on measurement of encapsulated species via electrochemical or spectroscopic techniques, or properties inherent to liposomes themselves (such as mass, refractive index, or charge), many advances have been made in both bench-scale and microfluidic applications. Some of these measurement techniques are inherently sensitivity limited, but through the inclusion of liposomes, reduced limits of detection potentially broaden the utility towards otherwise challenging levels of analytes. Other advances took advantage of the hydrophobic environment required by many biorecognition elements to expand the target selectivity range or utilized the amphipathic nature of the lipid bilayer to provide enhanced separation capabilities. Novel handling approaches included wavelength-specific release of contents encapsulated within thermosensitive liposomes or application of electric fields to move, concentrate, and strategically lyse liposomes. These and other topics are discussed in terms of either present incorporation or adaptation to microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Edwards
- Cornell University, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
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Khodakov D, Thredgold L, Lenehan CE, Andersson GG, Kobus H, Ellis AV. DNA capture-probe based separation of double-stranded polymerase chain reaction amplification products in poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic channels. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:26503. [PMID: 23761843 PMCID: PMC3386992 DOI: 10.1063/1.4729131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the development of a novel primer system that allows for the capture of double-stranded polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification products onto a microfluidic channel without any preliminary purification stages. We show that specially designed PCR primers consisting of the main primer sequence and an additional "tag sequence" linked through a poly(ethylene glycol) molecule can be used to generate ds-PCR amplification products tailed with ss-oligonucleotides of two forensically relevant genes (amelogenin and human c-fms (macrophage colony-stimulating factor) proto-oncogene for the CSF-1 receptor (CSF1PO). Furthermore, with a view to enriching and eluting the ds-PCR products of amplification on a capillary electrophoretic-based microfluidic device we describe the capture of the target ds-PCR products onto poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannels modified with ss-oligonucleotide capture probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Khodakov
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Meagher RJ, Thaitrong N. Microchip electrophoresis of DNA following preconcentration at photopatterned gel membranes. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1236-46. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wang CY, Hsiao TH, Chu LH, Lin YL, Huang JL, Chen CH, Peck K. Unraveling virus identity by detection of depleted probes with capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 734:88-92. [PMID: 22704476 PMCID: PMC7094614 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of new viral infections and pandemics, there is a need to develop faster methods to unravel the virus identities in a large number of clinical samples. This report describes a virus identification method featuring high throughput, high resolution, and high sensitivity detection of viruses. Identification of virus is based on liquid hybridization of different lengths of virus-specific probes to their corresponding viruses. The probes bound to target sequences are removed by a biotin–streptavidin pull-down mechanism and the supernatant is analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. The probes depleted from the sample appear as diminished peaks in the electropherograms and the remaining probes serve as calibrators to align peaks in different capillaries. The virus identities are unraveled by a signal processing and peak detection algorithm developed in-house. Nine viruses were used in the study to demonstrate how the system works to unravel the virus identity in single and double virus infections. With properly designed probes, the system is able to distinguish closely related viruses. The system takes advantage of the high resolution feature of capillary electrophoresis to resolve probes that differ by length. The method may facilitate virus identity screen from more candidate viruses with an automated 4-color DNA sequencer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yu Wang
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Kovarik ML, Gach PC, Ornoff DM, Wang Y, Balowski J, Farrag L, Allbritton NL. Micro total analysis systems for cell biology and biochemical assays. Anal Chem 2012; 84:516-40. [PMID: 21967743 PMCID: PMC3264799 DOI: 10.1021/ac202611x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Kovarik
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Phillip C. Gach
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Douglas M. Ornoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Joseph Balowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Lila Farrag
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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Integrated microdevice of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with colorimetric immunochromatographic detection for rapid gene expression analysis of influenza A H1N1 virus. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 33:88-94. [PMID: 22265877 PMCID: PMC7126693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An integrated microdevice of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) reactor and an immunochromatographic strip was constructed for colorimetric detection of gene expression of influenza A virus subtype H1N1. An RT-PCR cocktail, which included Texas Red-labeled primers, dNTP including biotin-labeled dUTP, and RNA templates of influenza A H1N1 virus, was filled in the PCR chamber through the micropump, and the RT-PCR was performed to amplify the target H1 gene (102 bp). The resultant amplicons bearing biotin moieties and Texas Red haptens were subsequently eluted to the immunochromatographic strip, in which they were first conjugated with the gold nanoparticle labeled anti-hapten antibody in the conjugation pad, and then captured on the streptavidin coated test line through the biotin–streptavidin interaction. By observing a violet color in the test line which was derived from the gold nanoparticle, we confirmed the H1N1 target virus. The entire process on the integrated microdevice consisting of a micropump, a 2 μL PCR chamber, and an immunochromatographic strip was carried out on the portable genetic analyzer within 2.5 h, enabling on-site colorimetric pathogen identification with detection sensitivity of 14.1 pg RNA templates.
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Abstract
Microfluidic devices exhibit a great promising development in clinical diagnosis and disease screening due to their advantages of precise controlling of fluid flow, requirement of miniamount sample, rapid reaction speed and convenient integration. In this paper, the improvements of microfluidic diagnostic technologies in recent years are reviewed. The applications and developments of on-chip disease marker detection, microfluidic cell selection and cell drug metabolism, and diagnostic micro-devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifang Li
- School of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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