1
|
Zang W, Liu Z, Kulkarni GS, Zhu H, Wu Y, Lee K, Li MWH, Fan X, Zhong Z. A Microcolumn DC Graphene Sensor for Rapid, Sensitive, and Universal Chemical Vapor Detection. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:10301-10308. [PMID: 34878794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all existing direct current (DC) chemical vapor sensing methodologies are based on charge transfer between sensor and adsorbed molecules. However, the high binding energy at the charge-trapped sites, which is critical for high sensitivity, significantly slows sensors' responses and makes the detection of nonpolar molecules difficult. Herein, by exploiting the incomplete screening effect of graphene, we demonstrate a DC graphene electronic sensor for rapid (subsecond) and sensitive (ppb) detection of a broad range of vapor analytes, including polar, nonpolar, organic, and inorganic molecules. Molecular adsorption induced capacitance change in the graphene transistor is revealed to be the main sensing mechanism. A novel sensor design, which integrates a centimeter-scale graphene transistor and a microfabricated flow column, is pioneered to enhance the fringing capacitive gating effect. Our work provides an avenue for a broad spectrum real-time gas sensing technology and serves as an ideal testbed for probing molecular physisorption on graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Zang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Girish S Kulkarni
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hongbo Zhu
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - You Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kyunghoon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Maxwell Wei-Hao Li
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xudong Fan
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhaohui Zhong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Montes-García V, Squillaci MA, Diez-Castellnou M, Ong QK, Stellacci F, Samorì P. Chemical sensing with Au and Ag nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1269-1304. [PMID: 33290474 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01112f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) are ideal scaffolds for the fabrication of sensing devices because of their high surface-to-volume ratio combined with their unique optical and electrical properties which are extremely sensitive to changes in the environment. Such characteristics guarantee high sensitivity in sensing processes. Metal NPs can be decorated with ad hoc molecular building blocks which can act as receptors of specific analytes. By pursuing this strategy, and by taking full advantage of the specificity of supramolecular recognition events, highly selective sensing devices can be fabricated. Besides, noble metal NPs can also be a pivotal element for the fabrication of chemical nose/tongue sensors to target complex mixtures of analytes. This review highlights the most enlightening strategies developed during the last decade, towards the fabrication of chemical sensors with either optical or electrical readout combining high sensitivity and selectivity, along with fast response and full reversibility, with special attention to approaches that enable efficient environmental and health monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Montes-García
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xie Z, Ramakrishnam Raju MV, Stewart AC, Nantz MH, Fu XA. Imparting sensitivity and selectivity to a gold nanoparticle chemiresistor through thiol monolayer functionalization for sensing acetone. RSC Adv 2018; 8:35618-35624. [PMID: 30555687 PMCID: PMC6238108 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06137h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemiresistor-based gas sensors for detection of target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air face common challenges of poor sensitivity and selectivity as well as suffering from interference by other constituent gases and/or humidity. This work demonstrates that functionalizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with a designed thiol monolayer improves sensitivity and selectivity of the derived AuNPs gas sensor. We report the synthesis and application of a thiol ligand fitted with both a urea motif and a tert-butyl end group for functionalizing AuNPs. The AuNPs sensor prepared using the urea thiol ligand demonstrated significantly increased acetone sensing in comparison with tested commercially available thiol-functionalized AuNPs. The sensor worked under ambient temperature and high humidity conditions, and demonstrated a linear relationship between the sensor response and the common logarithm of analyte concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Xie
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
| | | | - Andrew C Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
| | - Michael H Nantz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Potyrailo RA. Toward high value sensing: monolayer-protected metal nanoparticles in multivariable gas and vapor sensors. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5311-5346. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review provides analysis of advances in multivariable sensors based on monolayer-protected nanoparticles and several principles of signal transduction that result in building non-resonant and resonant electrical sensors as well as material- and structure-based photonic sensors.
Collapse
|
5
|
Fu K, Chen S, Zhao J, Willis BG. Dielectrophoretic Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles in Nanoscale Junctions for Rapid, Miniature Chemiresistor Vapor Sensors. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kan Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Shutang Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Brian G. Willis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Johnson KJ, Rose-Pehrsson SL. Sensor Array Design for Complex Sensing Tasks. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:287-310. [PMID: 26132346 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062011-143205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical detection in complex environments presents numerous challenges for successful implementation. Arrays of sensors are often implemented for complex chemical sensing tasks, but systematic understanding of how individual sensor response characteristics contribute overall detection system performance remains elusive, with generalized strategies for design and optimization of these arrays rarely reported and even less commonly adopted by practitioners. This review focuses on the literature of nonspecific sensor array design and optimization strategies as well as related work that may inform future efforts in complex sensing with arrays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Johnson
- Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375; ,
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Scholten K, Collin WR, Fan X, Zellers ET. Nanoparticle-coated micro-optofluidic ring resonator as a detector for microscale gas chromatographic vapor analysis. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:9282-9. [PMID: 25939851 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01780g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A vapor sensor comprising a nanoparticle-coated microfabricated optofluidic ring resonator (μOFRR) is introduced. A multilayer film of polyether functionalized, thiolate-monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles (MPN) was solvent cast on the inner wall of the hollow cylindrical SiOxμOFRR resonator structure, and whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances were generated with a 1550 nm tunable laser via an optical fiber taper. Reversible shifts in the WGM resonant wavelength upon vapor exposure were detected with a photodetector. The μOFRR chip was connected to a pair of upstream etched-Si chips containing PDMS-coated separation μcolumns and calibration curves were generated from the peak-area responses to five volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Calibration curves were linear, and the sensitivities reflected the influence of analyte volatility and analyte-MPN functional group affinity. Sorption-induced changes in film thickness apparently dominate over changes in the refractive index of the film as the determinant of responses for all VOCs. Peaks from the MPN-coated μOFRR were just 20-50% wider than those from a flame ionization detector for similar μcolumn separation conditions, reflecting the rapid response of the sensor for VOCs. The five VOCs were baseline separated in <1.67 min, with detection limits as low as 38 ng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Scholten
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109-1040
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu B, Kong H, Luo A. A cataluminescence-based vapor-sensitive sensor array for discriminating flammable liquid vapors. Talanta 2014; 121:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
9
|
Collin WR, Serrano G, Wright LK, Chang H, Nuñovero N, Zellers ET. Microfabricated gas chromatograph for rapid, trace-level determinations of gas-phase explosive marker compounds. Anal Chem 2013; 86:655-63. [PMID: 24205966 DOI: 10.1021/ac402961t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A prototype microfabricated gas chromatograph (μGC) adapted specifically for the rapid determination of selected gas-phase marker compounds of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) at sub-parts-per-billion (<ppb) concentrations in complex mixtures is described. Si-microfabricated focuser, separation column, and sensor array components are integrated with a high-volume sampler of conventional construction to reduce analysis time and the limit of detection (LOD). The primary markers selected as target analytes were 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT, a persistent impurity of TNT) and 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB, a taggant), along with 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT, a less-prominent TNT impurity), which was also included in numerous tests. Selective preconcentration, on-column focusing, temperature-programmed chromatographic separation, and sensor array detection/recognition facilitated determinations of the primary markers in the presence of 20 (or more) interferences within ∼2 min under laptop control. Estimated LODs of 2.2, 0.48, and 0.86 ng were achieved for DMNB, 2,6-DNT, and 2,4-DNT, respectively, which correspond to 0.30, 0.067, and 0.12 ppb in each 1-L air sample collected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William R Collin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Potyrailo RA, Larsen M, Riccobono O. Detection of Individual Vapors and Their Mixtures Using a Selectivity-Tunable Three-Dimensional Network of Plasmonic Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10360-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
11
|
Potyrailo RA, Larsen M, Riccobono O. Detection of Individual Vapors and Their Mixtures Using a Selectivity-Tunable Three-Dimensional Network of Plasmonic Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
12
|
Wright LK, Zellers ET. A nanoparticle-coated chemiresistor array as a microscale gas chromatograph detector for explosive marker compounds: flow rate and temperature effects. Analyst 2013; 138:6860-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01136d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Ariga K, Ito H, Hill JP, Tsukube H. Molecular recognition: from solution science to nano/materials technology. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5800-35. [PMID: 22773130 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35162e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the 25 years since its Nobel Prize in chemistry, supramolecular chemistry based on molecular recognition has been paid much attention in scientific and technological fields. Nanotechnology and the related areas seek breakthrough methods of nanofabrication based on rational organization through assembly of constituent molecules. Advanced biochemistry, medical applications, and environmental and energy technologies also depend on the importance of specific interactions between molecules. In those current fields, molecular recognition is now being re-evaluated. In this review, we re-examine current trends in molecular recognition from the viewpoint of the surrounding media, that is (i) the solution phase for development of basic science and molecular design advances; (ii) at nano/materials interfaces for emerging technologies and applications. The first section of this review includes molecular recognition frontiers, receptor design based on combinatorial approaches, organic capsule receptors, metallo-capsule receptors, helical receptors, dendrimer receptors, and the future design of receptor architectures. The following section summarizes topics related to molecular recognition at interfaces including fundamentals of molecular recognition, sensing and detection, structure formation, molecular machines, molecular recognition involving polymers and related materials, and molecular recognition processes in nanostructured materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ariga
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Go-bancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu Y, Xu P, Yu H, Zuo G, Cheng Z, Lee DW, Li X. Hyper-branched sensing polymer directly constructed on a resonant micro-cantilever for the detection of trace chemical vapor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Francis P. Zamborini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292,
United States
| | - Lanlan Bao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292,
United States
| | - Radhika Dasari
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim SK, Chang H, Zellers ET. Microfabricated gas chromatograph for the selective determination of trichloroethylene vapor at sub-parts-per-billion concentrations in complex mixtures. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7198-206. [PMID: 21859085 DOI: 10.1021/ac201788q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A complete field-deployable microfabricated gas chromatograph (μGC) is described, and its adaptation to the analysis of low- and subparts-per-billion (ppb) concentrations of trichloroethylene (TCE) vapors in complex mixtures is demonstrated through laboratory testing. The specific application being addressed concerns the problem of indoor air contamination by TCE vapor intrusion. The μGC prototype employs a microfabricated focuser, dual microfabricated separation columns, and a microsensor array. These are interfaced to a nonmicrofabricated front-end pretrap and high-volume sampler module to reduce analysis time and limits of detection (LOD). Selective preconcentration and focusing are coupled with rapid chromatographic separation and multisensor detection for the determination of TCE in the presence of up to 45 interferences. Autonomous operation is possible via a laptop computer. Preconcentration factors as high as 500 000 are achieved. Sensitivities are constant over the range of captured TCE masses tested (i.e., 9-390 ng), and TCE is measured in a test atmosphere at 120 parts-per-trillion (ppt), with a projected LOD of 40 ppt (4.2 ng captured, 20 L sample) and a maximum sampling + analytical cycle time of 36 min. Short- and medium-term (1 month) variations in retention time, absolute responses, and response patterns are within acceptable limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kyu Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|