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Biotransformation of phenytoin in the electrochemically-driven CYP2C19 system. Biophys Chem 2022; 291:106894. [PMID: 36174335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of the detection of atypical kinetic profiles of drug biotransformation using electrochemical systems based on immobilized cytochromes P450 with phenytoin hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) as an example was evaluated for the first time. For this purpose, we developed an electrochemical system, where one of the electrodes was modified by didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) and was used as an electron donor for reduction of heme iron ion of the immobilized CYP2C19 and initiation of the catalytic reaction, while the second electrode was not modified and served for an electrochemical quantitation of 4-hydroxyphenytoin, which is a metabolite of antiepileptic drug phenytoin, by its oxidation peak. It was revealed that the dependence of the rate of 4-hydroxyphenytoin formation on phenytoin concentration is described by the equation for two enzymes or two binding sites indicating the existing of high- and low-affinity forms of the enzyme. The atypical kinetics and the kinetic parameters of CYP2C19-mediated phenytoin hydroxylation in the electrochemical system correlate to the same characteristics obtained by other authors in an alternative enzymatic system. Our results demonstrate the possibility of electrochemical systems based on cytochromes P450 to be applied for the detection of atypical kinetic profiles of drug metabolism.
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2
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Kuzikov AV, Filippova TA, Masamrekh RA, Shumyantseva VV. Electrochemical determination of (S)-7-hydroxywarfarin for analysis of CYP2C9 catalytic activity. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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3
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Valikhani D, Bolivar JM, Pelletier JN. An Overview of Cytochrome P450 Immobilization Strategies for Drug Metabolism Studies, Biosensing, and Biocatalytic Applications: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donya Valikhani
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal and Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), 1375 Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux Ave., Montréal, Quebec H2 V 0B3, Canada
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec City Quebec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Juan M. Bolivar
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Complutense Ave., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal and Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), 1375 Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux Ave., Montréal, Quebec H2 V 0B3, Canada
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec City Quebec G1 V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard-Montpetit ave, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
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Engineered human CYP2C9 and its main polymorphic variants for bioelectrochemical measurements of catalytic response. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 138:107729. [PMID: 33421896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphism is an important aspect in drug metabolism responsible for different individual response to drug dosage, often leading to adverse drug reactions. Here human CYP2C9 as well as its polymorphic variants CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 present in approximately 35% of the Caucasian population have been engineered by linking their gene to the one of D. vulgaris flavodoxin (FLD) that acts as regulator of the electron flow from the electrode surface to the haem. The redox properties of the immobilised proteins were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrocatalysis was measured in presence of the largely used anticoagulant drug S-warfarin, marker substrate for CYP2C9. Immobilisation of the CYP2C9-FLD, CYP2C9*2-FLD and CYP2C9*3-FLD on DDAB modified glassy carbon electrodes showed well defined redox couples on the oxygen-free cyclic voltammograms and mid-point potentials of all enzymes were calculated. Electrocatalysis in presence of substrate and quantification of the product formed showed lower catalytic activities for the CYP2C9*3-FLD (2.73 ± 1.07 min-1) and CYP2C9*2-FLD (12.42 ± 2.17 min-1) compared to the wild type CYP2C9-FLD (18.23 ± 1.29 min-1). These differences in activity among the CYP2C9 variants are in line with the reported literature data, and this set the basis for the use of the bio-electrode for the measurement of the different catalytic responses towards drugs very relevant in therapy.
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Kuzikov AV, Masamrekh RA, Filippova TA, Haurychenka YI, Gilep AA, Shkel TV, Strushkevich NV, Usanov SA, Shumyantseva VV. Electrochemical oxidation of estrogens as a method for CYP19A1 (aromatase) electrocatalytic activity determination. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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6
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Masamrekh RA, Kuzikov AV, Haurychenka YI, Shcherbakov KA, Veselovsky AV, Filimonov DA, Dmitriev AV, Zavialova MG, Gilep AA, Shkel TV, Strushkevich NV, Usanov SA, Archakov AI, Shumyantseva VV. In vitro
interactions of abiraterone, erythromycin, and CYP3A4: implications for drug–drug interactions. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 34:120-130. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rami A. Masamrekh
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8 Moscow 119121 Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Ostrovityanova Street, 1 Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Alexey V. Kuzikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8 Moscow 119121 Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Ostrovityanova Street, 1 Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Yaraslau I. Haurychenka
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Ostrovityanova Street, 1 Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Kirill A. Shcherbakov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8 Moscow 119121 Russia
| | | | - Dmitrii A. Filimonov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8 Moscow 119121 Russia
| | - Alexander V. Dmitriev
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8 Moscow 119121 Russia
| | - Maria G. Zavialova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8 Moscow 119121 Russia
| | - Andrei A. Gilep
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NASB 5 Academician V.F. Kuprevich Street, Build 2 Minsk BY‐220141 Belarus
| | - Tatsiana V. Shkel
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NASB 5 Academician V.F. Kuprevich Street, Build 2 Minsk BY‐220141 Belarus
| | - Natallia V. Strushkevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NASB 5 Academician V.F. Kuprevich Street, Build 2 Minsk BY‐220141 Belarus
| | - Sergey A. Usanov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NASB 5 Academician V.F. Kuprevich Street, Build 2 Minsk BY‐220141 Belarus
| | - Alexander I. Archakov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8 Moscow 119121 Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Ostrovityanova Street, 1 Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Victoria V. Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8 Moscow 119121 Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Ostrovityanova Street, 1 Moscow 117997 Russia
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7
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Kuzikov A, Masamrekh R, Shkel T, Strushkevich N, Gilep A, Usanov S, Archakov A, Shumyantseva V. Assessment of electrocatalytic hydroxylase activity of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by means of derivatization of 6β-hydroxycortisol by sulfuric acid for fluorimetric assay. Talanta 2019; 196:231-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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From electrochemistry to enzyme kinetics of cytochrome P450. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 121:192-204. [PMID: 30218927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review is an attempt to describe advancements in the electrochemistry of cytochrome P450 enzymes (EC 1.14.14.1) and to study molecular aspects and catalytic behavior of enzymatic electrocatalysis. Electroanalysis of cytochrome P450 demonstrates how to translate theoretical laws and equations of classical electrochemistry for the calculation of the kinetic parameters of enzymatic reactions and then translation of kinetic parameters to interpretation of drug-drug interactions. The functional significance of cytochrome P450s (CYPs) includes the metabolism of drugs, foreign chemicals, and endogenic compounds. The pharmaceutical industry needs sensitive and cost-effective systems for screening new drugs and investigation of drug-drug interactions. The development of different types of CYP-based biosensors is now in great demand. This review also highlights the characteristics of electrode processes and electrode properties for optimization of the cytochrome P450 electroanalysis. Electrochemical cytochrome P450-biosensors are the most studied. In this review, we analyzed electrode/cytochrome P450 systems in terms of the mechanisms underlying P450-catalyzed reactions. Screening of potential substrates or inhibitors of cytochromes P450 by means of electrodes were described.
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Kuzikov AV, Masamrekh RA, Archakov AI, Shumyantseva VV. Methods for Determination of Functional Activity of Cytochrome P450 Isoenzymes. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750818030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Microsecond MD simulations of human CYP2D6 wild-type and five allelic variants reveal mechanistic insights on the function. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202534. [PMID: 30133539 PMCID: PMC6104999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and the impact of the major identified allelic variants on the activity of one of the most dominating drug-metabolising enzymes is essential to increase drug safety and avoid adverse reactions. Microsecond molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to capture the dynamic signatures of this complex enzyme and five allelic variants with diverse enzymatic activity. In addition to the apo simulations, three substrates (bufuralol, veliparib and tamoxifen) and two inhibitors (prinomastat and quinidine) were included to explore their influence on the structure and dynamical features of the enzyme. Our results indicate that the altered enzyme activity can be attributed to changes in the hydrogen bonding network within the active site, and local structural differences in flexibility, position and shape of the binding pocket. In particular, the increased (CYP2D6*53) or the decreased (CYP2D6*17) activity seems to be related to a change in dynamics of mainly the BC loop due to a modified hydrogen bonding network around this region. In addition, the smallest active site volume was found for CYP2D6*4 (no activity). CYP2D6*2 (normal activity) showed no major differences in dynamic behaviour compared to the wild-type.
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Kuzikov AV, Masamrekh RA, Archakov AI, Shumyantseva VV. [Methods for determining of cytochrome P450 isozymes functional activity]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2018; 64:149-168. [PMID: 29723145 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20186402149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review is dedicated to modern methods and technologies for determining of cytochrome P450 isozymes functional activity, such as absorbance and fluorescent spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Raman, Mossbauer, and X-ray spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), atomic force microscopy (AFM). Methods of molecular genetic analysis were reviewed from personalized medicine point of view. The use of chromate-mass-spectrometric methods for cytochrome P450-dependent catalytic reactions' products was discussed. The review covers modern electrochemical systems based on cytochrome P450 isozymes for their catalytic activity analysis, their use in practice and further development perspectives for experimental pharmacology, biotechnology and translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kuzikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - R A Masamrekh
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Archakov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
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12
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Bostick CD, Mukhopadhyay S, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D, Lederman D. Protein bioelectronics: a review of what we do and do not know. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:026601. [PMID: 29303117 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa85f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We review the status of protein-based molecular electronics. First, we define and discuss fundamental concepts of electron transfer and transport in and across proteins and proposed mechanisms for these processes. We then describe the immobilization of proteins to solid-state surfaces in both nanoscale and macroscopic approaches, and highlight how different methodologies can alter protein electronic properties. Because immobilizing proteins while retaining biological activity is crucial to the successful development of bioelectronic devices, we discuss this process at length. We briefly discuss computational predictions and their connection to experimental results. We then summarize how the biological activity of immobilized proteins is beneficial for bioelectronic devices, and how conductance measurements can shed light on protein properties. Finally, we consider how the research to date could influence the development of future bioelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Bostick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States of America. Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
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13
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Ducharme J, Auclair K. Use of bioconjugation with cytochrome P450 enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017. [PMID: 28625736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation, defined as chemical modification of biomolecules, is widely employed in biological and biophysical studies. It can expand functional diversity and enable applications ranging from biocatalysis, biosensing and even therapy. This review summarizes how chemical modifications of cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s or CYPs) have contributed to improving our understanding of these enzymes. Genetic modifications of P450s have also proven very useful but are not covered in this review. Bioconjugation has served to gain structural information and investigate the mechanism of P450s via photoaffinity labeling, mechanism-based inhibition (MBI) and fluorescence studies. P450 surface acetylation and protein cross-linking have contributed to the investigation of protein complexes formation involving P450 and its redox partner or other P450 enzymes. Finally, covalent immobilization on polymer surfaces or electrodes has benefited the areas of biocatalysis and biosensor design. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ducharme
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
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14
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Martin LL, Kubeil C, Simonov AN, Kuznetsov VL, Corbin CJ, Auchus RJ, Conley AJ, Bond AM, Rodgers RJ. Electrochemistry of cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (P450c17). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:62-67. [PMID: 27702589 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the superfamily of cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s), there is a small class which is functionally employed for steroid biosynthesis. The enzymes in this class appear to have a small active site to accommodate the steroid substrates specifically and snuggly, prior to the redox transformation or hydroxylation to form a product. Cytochrome P450c17 is one of these and is also a multi-functional P450, with two activities, the first 17α-hydroxylation of pregnenolone is followed by a subsequent 17,20-lyase transformation to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) as the dominant pathways to cortisol precursors or androgens in humans, respectively. How P450c17 regulates these two redox reactions is of special interest. There is a paucity of direct electrochemical studies on steroidogenic P450s, and in this mini-review we provide an overview of these studies with P450c17. Historical consideration as to the difficulties in obtaining reliable electrochemistry due to issues of handling proteins on an electrode, together with advances in the electrochemical techniques are addressed. Recent work using Fourier transformed alternating current voltammetry is highlighted as this technique can provide both catalytic information simultaneously with the underlying redox transfer with the P450 haem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra L Martin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Clemens Kubeil
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Alexandr N Simonov
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Vladimir L Kuznetsov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Prospekt Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - C Jo Corbin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alan J Conley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alan M Bond
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Raymond J Rodgers
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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15
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Heme iron centers in cytochrome P450: structure and catalytic activity. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-016-0565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bostick CD, Hickey KM, Wollenberg LA, Flora DR, Tracy TS, Gannett PM. Immobilized Cytochrome P450 for Monitoring of P450-P450 Interactions and Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:741-9. [PMID: 26961240 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) protein-protein interactions have been shown to alter their catalytic activity. Furthermore, these interactions are isoform specific and can elicit activation, inhibition, or no effect on enzymatic activity. Studies show that these effects are also dependent on the protein partner cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) and the order of protein addition to purified reconstituted enzyme systems. In this study, we use controlled immobilization of P450s to a gold surface to gain a better understanding of P450-P450 interactions between three key drug-metabolizing isoforms (CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6). Molecular modeling was used to assess the favorability of homomeric/heteromeric P450 complex formation. P450 complex formation in vitro was analyzed in real time utilizing surface plasmon resonance. Finally, the effects of P450 complex formation were investigated utilizing our immobilized platform and reconstituted enzyme systems. Molecular modeling shows favorable binding of CYP2C9-CPR, CYP2C9-CYP2D6, CYP2C9-CYP2C9, and CYP2C9-CYP3A4, in rank order.KDvalues obtained via surface plasmon resonance show strong binding, in the nanomolar range, for the above pairs, with CYP2C9-CYP2D6 yielding the lowestKD, followed by CYP2C9-CYP2C9, CYP2C9-CPR, and CYP2C9-CYP3A4. Metabolic incubations show that immobilized CYP2C9 metabolism was activated by homomeric complex formation. CYP2C9 metabolism was not affected by the presence of CYP3A4 with saturating CPR concentrations. CYP2C9 metabolism was activated by CYP2D6 at saturating CPR concentrations in solution but was inhibited when CYP2C9 was immobilized. The order of addition of proteins (CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CPR) influenced the magnitude of inhibition for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. These results indicate isoform-specific P450 interactions and effects on P450-mediated metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D Bostick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (C.D.B., K.M.H.); Array BioPharma, Boulder, Colorado (L.A.W.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (D.R.F.); College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (P.M.G.)
| | - Katherine M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (C.D.B., K.M.H.); Array BioPharma, Boulder, Colorado (L.A.W.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (D.R.F.); College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (P.M.G.)
| | - Lance A Wollenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (C.D.B., K.M.H.); Array BioPharma, Boulder, Colorado (L.A.W.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (D.R.F.); College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (P.M.G.)
| | - Darcy R Flora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (C.D.B., K.M.H.); Array BioPharma, Boulder, Colorado (L.A.W.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (D.R.F.); College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (P.M.G.)
| | - Timothy S Tracy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (C.D.B., K.M.H.); Array BioPharma, Boulder, Colorado (L.A.W.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (D.R.F.); College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (P.M.G.)
| | - Peter M Gannett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (C.D.B., K.M.H.); Array BioPharma, Boulder, Colorado (L.A.W.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (D.R.F.); College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (P.M.G.)
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Rua F, Sadeghi SJ, Castrignanò S, Valetti F, Gilardi G. Electrochemistry of Canis familiaris cytochrome P450 2D15 with gold nanoparticles: An alternative to animal testing in drug discovery. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 105:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Yuan T, Permentier H, Bischoff R. Surface-modified electrodes in the mimicry of oxidative drug metabolism. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Bussy U, Boisseau R, Thobie-Gautier C, Boujtita M. Electrochemistry-mass spectrometry to study reactive drug metabolites and CYP450 simulations. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Bostick CD, Flora DR, Gannett PM, Tracy TS, Lederman D. Nanoscale electron transport measurements of immobilized cytochrome P450 proteins. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:155102. [PMID: 25804257 PMCID: PMC4791957 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/15/155102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanopillars, functionalized with an organic self-assembled monolayer, can be used to measure the electrical conductance properties of immobilized proteins without aggregation. Measurements of the conductance of nanopillars with cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) proteins using conducting probe atomic force microscopy demonstrate that a correlation exists between the energy barrier height between hopping sites and CYP2C9 metabolic activity. Measurements performed as a function of tip force indicate that, when subjected to a large force, the protein is more stable in the presence of a substrate. This agrees with the hypothesis that substrate entry into the active site helps to stabilize the enzyme. The relative distance between hopping sites also increases with increasing force, possibly because protein functional groups responsible for electron transport (ETp) depend on the structure of the protein. The inhibitor sulfaphenazole, in addition to the previously studied aniline, increased the barrier height for electron transfer and thereby makes CYP2C9 reduction more difficult and inhibits metabolism. This suggests that P450 Type II binders may decrease the ease of ETp processes in the enzyme, in addition to occupying the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Bostick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9530, USA
| | - Darcy R. Flora
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peter M. Gannett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9530, USA
| | - Timothy S. Tracy
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - David Lederman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6315, USA
- Address correspondence to
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Gonçalves AM, Pedro AQ, Santos FM, Martins LM, Maia CJ, Queiroz JA, Passarinha LA. Trends in protein-based biosensor assemblies for drug screening and pharmaceutical kinetic studies. Molecules 2014; 19:12461-85. [PMID: 25153865 PMCID: PMC6270898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190812461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of natural and chemical compounds for potential applications in new pharmaceutical formulations constitutes a time-consuming procedure in drug screening. To overcome this issue, new devices called biosensors, have already demonstrated their versatility and capacity for routine clinical diagnosis. Designed to perform analytical analysis for the detection of a particular analyte, biosensors based on the coupling of proteins to amperometric and optical devices have shown the appropriate selectivity, sensibility and accuracy. During the last years, the exponential demand for pharmacokinetic studies in the early phases of drug development, along with the need of lower molecular weight detection, have led to new biosensor structure materials with innovative immobilization strategies. The result has been the development of smaller, more reproducible biosensors with lower detection limits, and with a drastic reduction in the required sample volumes. Therefore in order to describe the main achievements in biosensor fields, the present review has the main aim of summarizing the essential strategies used to generate these specific devices, that can provide, under physiological conditions, a credible molecule profile and assess specific pharmacokinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Augusto Q Pedro
- CICS-UBI Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Fátima M Santos
- CICS-UBI Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Luís M Martins
- CICS-UBI Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Cláudio J Maia
- CICS-UBI Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - João A Queiroz
- CICS-UBI Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Luís A Passarinha
- CICS-UBI Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Lu J, Li H, Cui D, Zhang Y, Liu S. Enhanced Enzymatic Reactivity for Electrochemically Driven Drug Metabolism by Confining Cytochrome P450 Enzyme in TiO2 Nanotube Arrays. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8003-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502234x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jusheng Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People’s Republic of China
| | - Henan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songqin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People’s Republic of China
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Bernhardt R, Urlacher VB. Cytochromes P450 as promising catalysts for biotechnological application: chances and limitations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6185-203. [PMID: 24848420 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) belong to the superfamily of heme b containing monooxygenases with currently more than 21,000 members. These enzymes accept a vast range of organic molecules and catalyze diverse reactions. These extraordinary capabilities of CYP systems that are unmet by other enzymes make them attractive for biotechnology. However, the complexity of these systems due to the need of electron transfer from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) via redox partner proteins for the initial hydroxylation step limits a broader technical implementation of CYP enzymes. There have been several reviews during the past years tackling the potential CYPs for synthetic application. The aim of this review is to give a critical overview about possibilities and chances for application of these interesting catalysts as well as to discuss drawbacks and problems related to their use. Solutions to overcome these limitations will be demonstrated, and several selected examples of successful CYP applications under industrial conditions will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany,
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25
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p-Aminothiophenol modification on gold surface improves stability for electrochemically driven cytochrome P450 microsome activity. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.10.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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27
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Ahmed MU, Saaem I, Wu PC, Brown AS. Personalized diagnostics and biosensors: a review of the biology and technology needed for personalized medicine. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:180-96. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.778228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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28
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Sadeghi SJ, Gilardi G. Chimeric P450 enzymes: Activity of artificial redox fusions driven by different reductases for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2013; 60:102-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Effect of human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 polymorphism on the metabolism of aurora kinase inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:2707-16. [PMID: 23358255 PMCID: PMC3588010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14022707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora kinases were recently identified as a potential target in anticancer therapy and, amongst their available inhibitors, Tozasertib (VX-680) and Danusertib (PHA-739358) have been indicated as possible substrates of human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (hFMO3). Here we report the in vitro rate of oxidation of these drugs by wild-type hFMO3 and its polymorphic variant V257M. The conversion of Tozasertib and Danusertib to their corresponding metabolites, identified by LC-MS, by the purified wild-type and V257M hFMO3 show significant differences. In the case of Tozasertib, the V257M variant shows a catalytic efficiency, expressed as kcat/Km, similar to the wild-type: 0.39 ± 0.06 min−1μM−1 for V257M compared to 0.33 ± 0.04 min−1μM−1 for the wild type. On the other hand, in the case of Danusertib, V257M shows a 3.4× decrease in catalytic efficiency with kcat/Km values of 0.05 ± 0.01 min−1μM−1 for V257M and 0.17 ± 0.03 min−1μM−1 for the wild type. These data reveal how a simple V257M substitution ascribed to a single nucleotide polymorphism affects the N-oxidation of relevant anticancer drugs, with important outcome in their therapeutic effects. These findings demonstrate that codon 257 is important for activity of the hFMO3 gene and the codon change V to M has an effect on the catalytic efficiency of this enzyme.
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Schneider E, Clark DS. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and the development of CYP biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 39:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Xie Y, Ahmed D, Lapsley MI, Lin SCS, Nawaz AA, Wang L, Huang TJ. Single-shot characterization of enzymatic reaction constants Km and kcat by an acoustic-driven, bubble-based fast micromixer. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7495-501. [PMID: 22880882 PMCID: PMC3991781 DOI: 10.1021/ac301590y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work we present an acoustofluidic approach for rapid, single-shot characterization of enzymatic reaction constants K(m) and k(cat). The acoustofluidic design involves a bubble anchored in a horseshoe structure which can be stimulated by a piezoelectric transducer to generate vortices in the fluid. The enzyme and substrate can thus be mixed rapidly, within 100 ms, by the vortices to yield the product. Enzymatic reaction constants K(m) and k(cat) can then be obtained from the reaction rate curves for different concentrations of substrate while holding the enzyme concentration constant. We studied the enzymatic reaction for β-galactosidase and its substrate (resorufin-β-D-galactopyranoside) and found K(m) and k(cat) to be 333 ± 130 μM and 64 ± 8 s(-1), respectively, which are in agreement with published data. Our approach is valuable for studying the kinetics of high-speed enzymatic reactions and other chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Daniel Ahmed
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michael Ian Lapsley
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sz-Chin Steven Lin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ahmad Ahsan Nawaz
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Ascent Bio-Nano Technologies Inc, State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Sadeghi SJ, Ferrero S, Di Nardo G, Gilardi G. Drug–drug interactions and cooperative effects detected in electrochemically driven human cytochrome P450 3A4. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 86:87-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rua F, Sadeghi SJ, Castrignanò S, Di Nardo G, Gilardi G. Engineering Macaca fascicularis cytochrome P450 2C20 to reduce animal testing for new drugs. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 117:277-84. [PMID: 22819650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop in vitro methods as an alternative to P450 animal testing in the drug discovery process, two main requisites are necessary: 1) gathering of data on animal homologues of the human P450 enzymes, currently very limited, and 2) bypassing the requirement for both the P450 reductase and the expensive cofactor NADPH. In this work, P450 2C20 from Macaca fascicularis, homologue of the human P450 2C8 has been taken as a model system to develop such an alternative in vitro method by two different approaches. In the first approach called "molecular Lego", a soluble self-sufficient chimera was generated by fusing the P450 2C20 domain with the reductase domain of cytochrome P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium (P450 2C20/BMR). In the second approach, the need for the redox partner and also NADPH were both obviated by the direct immobilization of the P450 2C20 on glassy carbon and gold electrodes. Both systems were then compared to those obtained from the reconstituted P450 2C20 monooxygenase in presence of the human P450 reductase and NADPH using paclitaxel and amodiaquine, two typical drug substrates of the human P450 2C8. The K(M) values calculated for the 2C20 and 2C20/BMR in solution and for 2C20 immobilized on electrodes modified with gold nanoparticles were 1.9 ± 0.2, 5.9 ± 2.3, 3.0 ± 0.5 μM for paclitaxel and 1.2 ± 0.2, 1.6±0.2 and 1.4 ± 0.2 μM for amodiaquine, respectively. The data obtained not only show that the engineering of M. fascicularis did not affect its catalytic properties but also are consistent with K(M) values measured for the microsomal human P450 2C8 and therefore show the feasibility of developing alternative in vitro animal tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rua
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
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Xu X, Wei W, Huang M, Yao L, Liu S. Electrochemically driven drug metabolism via cytochrome P450 2C9 isozyme microsomes with cytochrome P450 reductase and indium tin oxide nanoparticle composites. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:7802-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33575a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Huang M, Xu X, Yang H, Liu S. Electrochemically-driven and dynamic enhancement of drug metabolism via cytochrome P450 microsomes on colloidal gold/graphene nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22014h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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36
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P450-based porous silicon biosensor for arachidonic acid detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 28:320-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yarman A, Peng L, Wu Y, Bandodkar A, Gajovic-Eichelmann N, Wollenberger U, Hofrichter M, Ullrich R, Scheibner K, Scheller FW. Can peroxygenase and microperoxidase substitute cytochrome P450 in biosensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12566-011-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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38
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Fantuzzi A, Mak LH, Capria E, Dodhia V, Panicco P, Collins S, Gilardi G. A New Standardized Electrochemical Array for Drug Metabolic Profiling with Human Cytochromes P450. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3831-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200309q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fantuzzi
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, Biochemistry Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Lok Hang Mak
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, Biochemistry Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ennio Capria
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, Biochemistry Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Vikash Dodhia
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, Biochemistry Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Panicco
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, Biochemistry Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Collins
- NanoBioDesign Ltd., Woodstock House, Winch Road, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne, Kent, ME9 8EF, United Kingdom
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, Italy
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