1
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Du X, Kaneko S, Maruyama H, Sugiura H, Tsujii M, Uozumi N, Arai F. Integration of Microfluidic Chip and Probe with a Dual Pump System for Measurement of Single Cells Transient Response. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1210. [PMID: 37374795 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The integration of liquid exchange and microfluidic chips plays a critical role in the biomedical and biophysical fields as it enables the control of the extracellular environment and allows for the simultaneous stimulation and detection of single cells. In this study, we present a novel approach for measuring the transient response of single cells using a system integrated with a microfluidic chip and a probe with a dual pump. The system was composed of a probe with a dual pump system, a microfluidic chip, optical tweezers, an external manipulator, an external piezo actuator, etc. Particularly, we incorporated the probe with the dual pump to allow for high-speed liquid change, and the localized flow control enabled a low disturbance contact force detection of single cells on the chip. Using this system, we measured the transient response of the cell swelling against the osmotic shock with a very fine time resolution. To demonstrate the concept, we first designed the double-barreled pipette, which was assembled with two piezo pumps to achieve a probe with the dual pump system, allowing for simultaneous liquid injection and suction. The microfluidic chip with on-chip probes was fabricated, and the integrated force sensor was calibrated. Second, we characterized the performance of the probe with the dual pump system, and the effect of the analysis position and area of the liquid exchange time was investigated. In addition, we optimized the applied injection voltage to achieve a complete concentration change, and the average liquid exchange time was achieved at approximately 3.33 ms. Finally, we demonstrated that the force sensor was only subjected to minor disturbances during the liquid exchange. This system was utilized to measure the deformation and the reactive force of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 in osmotic shock, with an average response time of approximately 16.33 ms. This system reveals the transient response of compressed single cells under millisecond osmotic shock which has the potential to characterize the accurate physiological function of ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Du
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shingo Kaneko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hisataka Maruyama
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sugiura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masaru Tsujii
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Uozumi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Fumihito Arai
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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2
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Zeng Y, Khor JW, van Neel TL, Tu WC, Berthier J, Thongpang S, Berthier E, Theberge AB. Miniaturizing chemistry and biology using droplets in open systems. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:439-455. [PMID: 37117816 PMCID: PMC10107581 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Open droplet microfluidic systems manipulate droplets on the picolitre-to-microlitre scale in an open environment. They combine the compartmentalization and control offered by traditional droplet-based microfluidics with the accessibility and ease-of-use of open microfluidics, bringing unique advantages to applications such as combinatorial reactions, droplet analysis and cell culture. Open systems provide direct access to droplets and allow on-demand droplet manipulation within the system without needing pumps or tubes, which makes the systems accessible to biologists without sophisticated setups. Furthermore, these systems can be produced with simple manufacturing and assembly steps that allow for manufacturing at scale and the translation of the method into clinical research. This Review introduces the different types of open droplet microfluidic system, presents the physical concepts leveraged by these systems and highlights key applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jian Wei Khor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tammi L van Neel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wan-Chen Tu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sanitta Thongpang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Ashleigh B Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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3
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Chen H, Kong X, Wang D, Zhang M. Flexible Disk Ultramicroelectrode for High-Resolution and Substrate-Tolerable Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Imaging. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17320-17327. [PMID: 36448925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A simple and universal strategy for fabricating flexible 25 μm platinum (Pt) disk ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) was proposed, where a pulled borosilicate glass micropipette acted as a mold for shaping the flexible tip with flexible epoxy resin. The whole preparation procedure was highly efficient, enabling 10 or more probes to be manually fabricated within 10 h. Intriguingly, this technique permits an adjustable RG ratio, tip length, and stiffness, which could be tuned according to varying experimental demands. Besides, the electroactive area of the probe could be exposed and made renewable with a thin blade, allowing its reuse in multiple experiments. The flexibility characterization was then employed to optimize the resin/hardener mass ratio of epoxy resin and the tip position during HF etching in the fabrication process, suggesting that more hardener, a larger RG value, or a longer tip length obtained stronger deformation resistance. Subsequently, the as-prepared probe was examined by optical microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and SECM approach curves. The results demonstrated the probe possessed good geometry with a small RG ratio of less than 3 and exceptional electrochemical properties, and its insulating sheath remained undeformed after blade cutting. Owing to the tip's flexibility, it could be operated in contactless mode with an extremely low working distance and even in contact mode scanning to achieve high spatial resolution and high sensitivity while guaranteeing that the tip and samples would suffer minimal damage if the tip crashed. Finally, the flexible probe was successfully employed in three scanning scenarios where tilted and 3D structured PDMS microchips, a latent fingerprint deposited on the stiff copper sheet, and soft egg white were included. In all, the flexible probe encompasses the advantages of traditional disk UMEs and circumvents their principal drawbacks of tip crash and causing sample scratches, which is thus more compatible with large specimens of 3D structured, stiff, or even soft topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Dongrui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
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4
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Zhao Z, Martino N, Tagliabue L, Minguzzi A, Vertova A. Facile preparation of robust and multipurpose microelectrodes based on injected epoxy resin. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Iffelsberger C, Wert S, Matysik FM, Pumera M. Catalyst Formation and In Operando Monitoring of the Electrocatalytic Activity in Flow Reactors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:35777-35784. [PMID: 34283572 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flow reactors are of increasing importance and have become crucial devices due to their wide application in chemical synthesis, electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), or electrochemical waste water treatment. In many of these applications, catalyst materials such as transition-metal chalcogenides (TMCs) for the HER, provide the desired electrochemical reactivity for the HER. Generally, the flow electrolyzers' performance is evaluated as the overall output, but the decrease in activity of the electrolyzer is due to localized failure of the catalyst. Herein, we present a method for the spatially resolved (tens of micrometers) In Operando analysis of the catalytic activity under real operation conditions as well as the localized deposition of the catalyst in an operating model flow reactor. For these purposes, scanning electrochemical microscopy was applied for MoSx catalyst deposition and for localized tracking of the TMC activity with a resolution of 25 μm. This approach offers detailed information about the catalytic performance and should find broad application for the characterization and optimization of flow reactor catalysis under real operational conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Iffelsberger
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Wert
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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6
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Taylor DP, Kaigala GV. Fluidic Bypass Structures for Improving the Robustness of Liquid Scanning Probes. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 66:2491-2498. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2890602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Filice FP, Ding Z. Analysing single live cells by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Analyst 2019; 144:738-752. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01490f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) offers single live cell activities along its topography toward cellular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P. Filice
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
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8
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Zhang Q, Mao S, Khan M, Feng S, Zhang W, Li W, Lin JM. In Situ Partial Treatment of Single Cells by Laminar Flow in the “Open Space”. Anal Chem 2018; 91:1644-1650. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sifeng Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mashooq Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuo Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wanling Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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9
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Gao Y, Li B, Singhal R, Fontecchio A, Pelleg B, Orynbayeva Z, Gogotsi Y, Friedman G. Perfusion double-channel micropipette probes for oxygen flux mapping with single-cell resolution. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:850-860. [PMID: 29600146 PMCID: PMC5852649 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Measuring cellular respiration with single-cell spatial resolution is a significant challenge, even with modern tools and techniques. Here, a double-channel micropipette is proposed and investigated as a probe to achieve this goal by sampling fluid near the point of interest. A finite element model (FEM) of this perfusion probe is validated by comparing simulation results with experimental results of hydrodynamically confined fluorescent molecule diffusion. The FEM is then used to investigate the dependence of the oxygen concentration variation and the measurement signal on system parameters, including the pipette's shape, perfusion velocity, position of the oxygen sensors within the pipette, and proximity of the pipette to the substrate. The work demonstrates that the use of perfusion double-barrel micropipette probes enables the detection of oxygen consumption signals with micrometer spatial resolution, while amplifying the signal, as compared to sensors without the perfusion system. In certain flow velocity ranges (depending on pipette geometry and configuration), the perfusion flow increases oxygen concentration gradients formed due to cellular oxygen consumption. An optimal perfusion velocity for respiratory measurements on single cells can be determined for different system parameters (e.g., proximity of the pipette to the substrate). The optimum perfusion velocities calculated in this paper range from 1.9 to 12.5 μm/s. Finally, the FEM model is used to show that the spatial resolution of the probe may be varied by adjusting the pipette tip diameter, which may allow oxygen consumption mapping of cells within tissue, as well as individual cells at subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Riju Singhal
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam Fontecchio
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ben Pelleg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zulfiya Orynbayeva
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gary Friedman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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10
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Lin TE, Lu YJ, Sun CL, Pick H, Chen JP, Lesch A, Girault HH. Weiche elektrochemische Sonden zum Abbilden der Verteilung von Biomarkern und injizierten Nanomaterialien in tierischem und menschlichem Gewebe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; EPFL Valais Wallis; 1951 Sitten Schweiz
| | - Yu-Jen Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery; Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Guishan Taoyuan 33305 Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Guishan Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery; Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Guishan Taoyuan 33305 Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Guishan Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
| | - Horst Pick
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry of Macromolecules; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL; 1015 Lausanne Schweiz
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Guishan Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center; Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Guishan Taoyuan 33305 Taiwan
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; EPFL Valais Wallis; 1951 Sitten Schweiz
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; EPFL Valais Wallis; 1951 Sitten Schweiz
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11
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Lin TE, Lu YJ, Sun CL, Pick H, Chen JP, Lesch A, Girault HH. Soft Electrochemical Probes for Mapping the Distribution of Biomarkers and Injected Nanomaterials in Animal and Human Tissues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16498-16502. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; EPFL Valais Wallis; 1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Yu-Jen Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery; Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Guishan Taoyuan 33305 Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Guishan Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery; Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Guishan Taoyuan 33305 Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Guishan Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
| | - Horst Pick
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry of Macromolecules; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Guishan Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center; Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Guishan Taoyuan 33305 Taiwan
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; EPFL Valais Wallis; 1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; EPFL Valais Wallis; 1951 Sion Switzerland
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12
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Oskooei A, Kaigala GV. Deep-Reaching Hydrodynamic Flow Confinement: Micrometer-Scale Liquid Localization for Open Substrates With Topographical Variations. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 64:1261-1269. [PMID: 28541189 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2597297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present a method for nonintrusive localization and reagent delivery on immersed biological samples with topographical variation on the order of hundreds of micrometers. Our technique, which we refer to as the deep-reaching hydrodynamic flow confinement (DR-HFC), is simple and passive: it relies on a deep-reaching hydrodynamic confinement delivered through a simple microfluidic probe design to perform localized microscale alterations on substrates as deep as 600 μm. Designed to scan centimeter-scale areas of biological substrates, our method passively prevents sample intrusion by maintaining a large gap between the probe and the substrate. The gap prevents collision of the probe and the substrate and reduces the shear stress experienced by the sample. We present two probe designs: linear and annular DR-HFC. Both designs comprise a reagent-injection aperture and aspiration apertures that serve to confine the reagent. We identify the design parameters affecting reagent localization and depth by DR-HFC and study their individual influence on the operation of DR-HFC numerically. Using DR-HFC, we demonstrate localized binding of antihuman immunoglobulin G (IgG) onto an activated substrate at various depths from 50 to 600 μm. DR-HFC provides a readily implementable approach for noninvasive processing of biological samples applicable to the next generation of diagnostic and bioanalytical devices.
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Huang CM, Zhu Y, Jin DQ, Kelly RT, Fang Q. Direct Surface and Droplet Microsampling for Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Analysis with an Integrated Dual-Probe Microfluidic Chip. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9009-9016. [PMID: 28780855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry (MS) has revolutionized the way of MS analysis and broadened its application in various fields. This paper describes the use of microfluidic techniques to simplify the setup and improve the functions of ambient MS by integrating the sampling probe, electrospray emitter probe, and online mixer on a single glass microchip. Two types of sampling probes, including a parallel-channel probe and a U-shaped channel probe, were designed for dry-spot and liquid-phase droplet samples, respectively. We demonstrated that the microfabrication techniques not only enhanced the capability of ambient MS methods in analysis of dry-spot samples on various surfaces, but also enabled new applications in the analysis of nanoliter-scale chemical reactions in an array of droplets. The versatility of the microchip-based ambient MS method was demonstrated in multiple different applications including evaluation of residual pesticide on fruit surfaces, sensitive analysis of low-ionizable analytes using postsampling derivatization, and high-throughput screening of Ugi-type multicomponent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Min Huang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Di-Qiong Jin
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ryan T Kelly
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Qun Fang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310058, China
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14
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Mao S, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zeng H, Nakajima H, Lin JM, Uchiyama K. Convection-Diffusion Layer in an “Open Space” for Local Surface Treatment and Microfabrication using a Four-Aperture Microchemical Pen. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2357-2363. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sifeng Mao
- Department of Chemistry; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation; The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Weifei Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Hulie Zeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Hizuru Nakajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation; The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Katsumi Uchiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Minamiohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
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15
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Lin TE, Lesch A, Li CL, Girault HH. Mapping the antioxidant activity of apple peels with soft probe scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Yuill EM, Baker LA. Electrochemical Aspects of Mass Spectrometry: Atmospheric Pressure Ionization and Ambient Ionization for Bioanalysis. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Yuill
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
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17
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Iffelsberger C, Vatsyayan P, Matysik FM. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy with Forced Convection Introduced by High-Precision Stirring. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1658-1664. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Iffelsberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Preety Vatsyayan
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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18
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Lin TE, Bondarenko A, Lesch A, Pick H, Cortés-Salazar F, Girault HH. Untersuchung der Tyrosinase-Expression in nicht-metastatischen und metastatischen Melanomgeweben durch elektrochemische Rastersondenmikroskopie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis; CH-1951 Sion Schweiz
| | - Alexandra Bondarenko
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis; CH-1951 Sion Schweiz
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis; CH-1951 Sion Schweiz
| | - Horst Pick
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; CH-1015 Lausanne Schweiz
| | - Fernando Cortés-Salazar
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis; CH-1951 Sion Schweiz
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis; CH-1951 Sion Schweiz
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19
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Lin TE, Bondarenko A, Lesch A, Pick H, Cortés-Salazar F, Girault HH. Monitoring Tyrosinase Expression in Non-metastatic and Metastatic Melanoma Tissues by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3813-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis; CH-1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Bondarenko
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis; CH-1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis; CH-1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Fernando Cortés-Salazar
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis; CH-1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis; CH-1951 Sion Switzerland
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20
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Bondarenko A, Cortés-Salazar F, Gheorghiu M, Gáspár S, Momotenko D, Stanica L, Lesch A, Gheorghiu E, Girault HH. Electrochemical push-pull probe: from scanning electrochemical microscopy to multimodal altering of cell microenvironment. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4479-86. [PMID: 25833001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To understand biological processes at the cellular level, a general approach is to alter the cells' environment and to study their chemical responses. Herein, we present the implementation of an electrochemical push-pull probe, which combines a microfluidic system with a microelectrode, as a tool for locally altering the microenvironment of few adherent living cells by working in two different perturbation modes, namely electrochemical (i.e., electrochemical generation of a chemical effector compound) and microfluidic (i.e., infusion of a chemical effector compound from the pushing microchannel, while simultaneously aspirating it through the pulling channel, thereby focusing the flow between the channels). The effect of several parameters such as flow rate, working distance, and probe inclination angle on the affected area of adherently growing cells was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. As a proof of concept, localized fluorescent labeling and pH changes were purposely introduced to validate the probe as a tool for studying adherent cancer cells through the control over the chemical composition of the extracellular space with high spatiotemporal resolution. A very good agreement between experimental and simulated results showed that the electrochemical perturbation mode enables to affect precisely only a few living cells localized in a high-density cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bondarenko
- †Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Cortés-Salazar
- †Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mihaela Gheorghiu
- ‡International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor Street, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Szilveszter Gáspár
- ‡International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor Street, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- †Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luciana Stanica
- ‡International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor Street, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.,§Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreas Lesch
- †Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eugen Gheorghiu
- ‡International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor Street, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.,§Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Hubert H Girault
- †Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Nadappuram BP, McKelvey K, Byers JC, Güell AG, Colburn AW, Lazenby RA, Unwin PR. Quad-barrel multifunctional electrochemical and ion conductance probe for voltammetric analysis and imaging. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3566-73. [PMID: 25719392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication and use of a multifunctional electrochemical probe incorporating two independent carbon working electrodes and two electrolyte-filled barrels, equipped with quasi-reference counter electrodes (QRCEs), in the end of a tapered micrometer-scale pipet is described. This "quad-probe" (4-channel probe) was fabricated by depositing carbon pyrolytically into two diagonally opposite barrels of a laser-pulled quartz quadruple-barrelled pipet. After filling the open channels with electrolyte solution, a meniscus forms at the end of the probe and covers the two working electrodes. The two carbon electrodes can be used to drive local electrochemical reactions within the meniscus while a bias between the QRCEs in the electrolyte channels provides an ion conductance signal that is used to control and position the meniscus on a surface of interest. When brought into contact with a surface, localized high resolution amperometric imaging can be achieved with the two carbon working electrodes with a spatial resolution defined by the meniscus contact area. The substrate can be an insulating material or (semi)conductor, but herein, we focus mainly on conducting substrates that can be connected as a third working electrode. Studies using both aqueous and ionic liquid electrolytes in the probe, together with gold and individual single walled carbon nanotube samples, demonstrate the utility of the technique. Substrate generation-dual tip collection measurements are shown to be characterized by high collection efficiencies (approaching 100%). This hybrid configuration of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) should be powerful for future applications in electrode mapping, as well as in studies of insulating materials as demonstrated by transient spot redox-titration measurements at an electrostatically charged Teflon surface and at a pristine calcite surface, where a functionalized probe is used to follow the immediate pH change due to dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua C Byers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Aleix G Güell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alex W Colburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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22
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23
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Kang H, Hwang S, Kwak J. A hydrogel pen for electrochemical reaction and its applications for 3D printing. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:994-1001. [PMID: 25469501 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06041e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A hydrogel pen consisting of a microscopic pyramid containing an electrolyte offers a localized electroactive area on the nanometer scale via controlled contact of the apex with a working electrode. The hydrogel pen merges the fine control of atomic force microscopy with non-linear diffusion of an ultramicroelectrode, producing a faradaic current that depends on the small electroactive area. The theoretical and experimental investigations of the mass transport behavior within the hydrogel reveal that the steady-state current from the faradaic reaction is linearly proportional to the deformed length of the hydrogel pen by contact, i.e. signal transduction of deformation to an electrochemical signal, which enables the fine control of the electroactive area in the nanometer-scale regime. Combined with electrodeposition, localized electrochemistry of the hydrogel pen results in the ability to fabricate small sizes (110 nm in diameter), tall heights (up to 30 μm), and arbitrary structures, thereby indicating an additive process in 3 dimensions by localized electrodeposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosuk Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Aranyosi AJ, Wong EA, Irimia D. A neutrophil treadmill to decouple spatial and temporal signals during chemotaxis. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:549-556. [PMID: 25412288 PMCID: PMC4268067 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00970c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
After more than 50 years of debates, the role of spatial and temporal gradients during cell chemotaxis is still a contentious matter. One major challenge is that when cells move in response to a heterogeneous chemical environment they are exposed to both spatial and temporal concentration changes. Even in the presence of perfectly stable chemical gradients, moving cells experience temporal changes of concentration simply by moving between locations with different chemical concentrations in a heterogeneous environment. Thus, the effects of the spatial and temporal stimuli cannot be dissociated and studied independently, hampering progress towards understanding the mechanisms of cell chemotaxis. Here we employ microfluidic and other engineering tools to build a system that accomplishes a function analogous to a treadmill at the cellular scale, holding a moving cell at a specified, unchanging location in a chemical gradient. Using this system, we decouple the spatial and temporal gradients around moving human neutrophils and find that temporal gradients are necessary for the directional persistence of human neutrophils during chemotaxis. Our results suggest that temporal chemoattractant changes are important during neutrophil migration and should be taken into account when deciphering the signalling pathways of cell chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Aranyosi
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Elisabeth A. Wong
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129
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25
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Pribil MM, Cortés-Salazar F, Andreyev EA, Lesch A, Karyakina EE, Voronin OG, Girault HH, Karyakin AA. Rapid optimization of a lactate biosensor design using soft probes scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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O'Connell MA, Snowden ME, McKelvey K, Gayet F, Shirley I, Haddleton DM, Unwin PR. Positionable vertical microfluidic cell based on electromigration in a theta pipet. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:10011-10018. [PMID: 25080122 DOI: 10.1021/la5020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A microscale vertical fluidic cell system has been implemented, based on a simple theta pipet pulled to a sharp point (ca. 10-20 μm diameter for the studies herein) and positioned with a high degree of control on a surface. The dual channel arrangement allows an electric field to be generated between an electrode in each compartment of the pipet that can be used to control the electromigration of charged species between the two compartments, across a thin liquid meniscus in contact with the substrate of interest. By visualizing the interfacial region using laser scanning confocal microscopy, the adsorption of fluorescently-labeled materials on surfaces is monitored quantitatively in real time, exemplified through studies of the adsorption of anionic microparticles (1.1 μm diameter) on positively and negatively charged substrate surfaces of poly-L-lysine (PLL) and poly-L-glutamic acid (PGA), respectively, on glass. These studies highlight significant electrostatic effects on adsorption rates and also that the adsorption of these particles is dominated by the three phase meniscus/solid/air boundary. The technique is easily modified to the case of a submerged substrate, resulting in a much larger deposition area. Finite element method modeling is used to calculate local electric field strengths that are used to understand surface deposition patterns. To demonstrate the applicability of the technique to live biological substrates, the delivery of fluorescent particles directly to the surface of a single root hair cell of Zea mays is demonstrated. The mobile pipet allows deposition to be directed to specific regions of the cell, allowing discrete sites to be labeled with particles. Finally, the technique is used to study the uptake of fluorescent polymer molecules to single root hair cells, with quantitative analysis of the adsorption rates of vinyl-sulfonic acid copolymers, with varying rhodamine B content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A O'Connell
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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27
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Autebert J, Kashyap A, Lovchik RD, Delamarche E, Kaigala GV. Hierarchical hydrodynamic flow confinement: efficient use and retrieval of chemicals for microscale chemistry on surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:3640-5. [PMID: 24625080 PMCID: PMC4213896 DOI: 10.1021/la500875m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We devised, implemented, and tested a new concept for efficient local surface chemistry that we call hierarchical hydrodynamic flow confinement (hierarchical HFC). This concept leverages the hydrodynamic shaping of multiple layers of liquid to address challenges inherent to microscale surface chemistry, such as minimal dilution, economical consumption of reagent, and fast liquid switching. We illustrate two modes of hierarchical HFC, nested and pinched, by locally denaturing and recovering a 26 bp DNA with as little as 2% dilution and by efficiently patterning an antibody on a surface, with a 5 μm resolution and a 100-fold decrease of reagent consumption compared to microcontact printing. In addition, valveless switching between nanoliter volumes of liquids was achieved within 20 ms. We believe hierarchical HFC will have broad utility for chemistry on surfaces at the microscale.
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28
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Kranz C. Recent advancements in nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes used in combined scanning electrochemical microscopy techniques. Analyst 2014; 139:336-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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29
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High-throughput scanning electrochemical microscopy brushing of strongly tilted and curved surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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31
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Thakar R, Weber AE, Morris CA, Baker LA. Multifunctional carbon nanoelectrodes fabricated by focused ion beam milling. Analyst 2013; 138:5973-82. [PMID: 23942511 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01216f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report a strategy for fabrication of sub-micron, multifunctional carbon electrodes and application of these electrodes as probes for scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM). The fabrication process utilized chemical vapor deposition of parylene, followed by thermal pyrolysis to form conductive carbon and then further deposition of parylene to form an insulation layer. To achieve well-defined electrode geometries, two methods of electrode exposure were utilized. In the first method, carbon probes were masked in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to obtain a cone-shaped electrode. In the second method, the electrode area was exposed via milling with a focused ion beam (FIB) to reveal a carbon ring electrode, carbon ring/platinum disk electrode, or carbon ring/nanopore electrode. Carbon electrodes were batch fabricated (~35/batch) through the vapor deposition process and were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy was utilized to examine the effects of Ga(+) ion implantation, a result of FIB milling. Constant-height, feedback mode SECM was performed with conical carbon electrodes and carbon ring electrodes. We demonstrate the utility of carbon ring/nanopore electrodes with SECM-SICM to simultaneously collect topography, ion current and electrochemical current images. In addition, carbon ring/nanopore electrodes were utilized in substrate generation/tip collection (SG/TC) SECM. In SG/TC SECM, localized delivery of redox molecules affords a higher resolution, than when the redox molecules are present in the bath solution. Multifunctional geometries of carbon electrode probes will find utility in electroanalytical applications, in general, and more specifically with electrochemical microscopy as discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Thakar
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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32
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Meyer JN, Mathew MT, Wimmer MA, LeSuer RJ. Effect of tribolayer formation on corrosion of CoCrMo alloys investigated using scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7159-66. [PMID: 23848566 DOI: 10.1021/ac400823q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy was used to probe the topography and electrochemical activity of CoCrMo alloys mechanically polished in the presence of bovine calf serum (BCS) in a hip simulator. These substrates are made of the same alloy used in metal-on-metal bearings for artificial hip joints. The BCS serves as an in vitro substitute for the synovial fluid which forms a lubricant in the actual orthopedic device. Chemical and mechanical processes result in the formation of a tribolayer which passivates the alloy surface. Our studies of the heterogeneous electron transfer between ferrocenemethanol and the alloy indicate that the tribolayer formed on both high- and low-carbon substrates is highly heterogeneous with regions of high electrochemical activity. Whereas pits in the samples polished in the absence of BCS show the regions of highest electrochemical activity, the tribolayer-coated samples have electrochemical hot spots in topographically smooth regions of the surface. The tribolayer provides some attenuation of the electrochemical activity of the alloy but does not prevent the possibility of corrosion from occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois 60628, United States
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33
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Kaigala GV, Lovchik RD, Delamarche E. Microfluidics in the "open space" for performing localized chemistry on biological interfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 51:11224-40. [PMID: 23111955 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Local interactions between (bio)chemicals and biological interfaces play an important role in fields ranging from surface patterning to cell toxicology. These interactions can be studied using microfluidic systems that operate in the "open space", that is, without the need for the sealed channels and chambers commonly used in microfluidics. This emerging class of techniques localizes chemical reactions on biological interfaces or specimens without imposing significant "constraints" on samples, such as encapsulation, pre-processing steps, or the need for scaffolds. They therefore provide new opportunities for handling, analyzing, and interacting with biological samples. The motivation for performing localized chemistry is discussed, as are the requirements imposed on localization techniques. Three classes of microfluidic systems operating in the open space, based on microelectrochemistry, multiphase transport, and hydrodynamic flow confinement of liquids are presented.
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34
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Local control of protein binding and cell adhesion by patterned organic thin films. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3673-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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35
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Han L, Yuan Y, Zhang J, Zhao X, Cao Y, Hu Z, Yan Y, Dong S, Tian ZQ, Tian ZW, Zhan D. A Leveling Method Based on Current Feedback Mode of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1322-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303122v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianhuan Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005,
China
| | - Ye Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005,
China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005,
China
| | - Xuesen Zhao
- Center for Precision
Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 413, Harbin
150001, China
| | - Yongzhi Cao
- Center for Precision
Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 413, Harbin
150001, China
| | - Zhenjiang Hu
- Center for Precision
Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 413, Harbin
150001, China
| | - Yongda Yan
- Center for Precision
Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 413, Harbin
150001, China
| | - Shen Dong
- Center for Precision
Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 413, Harbin
150001, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005,
China
| | - Zhao-Wu Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005,
China
| | - Dongping, Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005,
China
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36
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Kovarik ML, Ornoff DM, Melvin AT, Dobes NC, Wang Y, Dickinson AJ, Gach PC, Shah PK, Allbritton NL. Micro total analysis systems: fundamental advances and applications in the laboratory, clinic, and field. Anal Chem 2013; 85:451-72. [PMID: 23140554 PMCID: PMC3546124 DOI: 10.1021/ac3031543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Kovarik
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Douglas M. Ornoff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Adam T. Melvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Nicholas C. Dobes
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Alexandra J. Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Philip C. Gach
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Pavak K. Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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37
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Etienne M, Lhenry S, Cornut R, Lefrou C. Optimization of the shearforce signal for scanning electrochemical microscopy and application for kinetic analysis. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Lesch A, Vaske B, Meiners F, Momotenko D, Cortés-Salazar F, Girault HH, Wittstock G. Parallel Imaging and Template-Free Patterning of Self-Assembled Monolayers with Soft Linear Microelectrode Arrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10413-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Lesch A, Vaske B, Meiners F, Momotenko D, Cortés-Salazar F, Girault HH, Wittstock G. Parallele Abbildung und templatfreie Strukturierung selbstorganisierter Monoschichten mit weichen linearen Mikroelektrodenarrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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41
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Momotenko D, Qiao L, Cortés-Salazar F, Lesch A, Wittstock G, Girault HH. Electrochemical Push–Pull Scanner with Mass Spectrometry Detection. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6630-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300999v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Momotenko
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Liang Qiao
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Cortés-Salazar
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111
Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111
Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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42
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Hydrodynamic Flow Confinement Technology in Microfluidic Perfusion Devices. MICROMACHINES 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/mi3020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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43
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Ainla A, Jeffries GDM, Brune R, Orwar O, Jesorka A. A multifunctional pipette. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1255-61. [PMID: 22252460 PMCID: PMC3803106 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc20906c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has emerged as a powerful laboratory toolbox for biologists, allowing manipulation and analysis of processes at a cellular and sub-cellular level, through utilization of microfabricated features at size-scales relevant to that of a single cell. In the majority of microfluidic devices, sample processing and analysis occur within closed microchannels, imposing restrictions on sample preparation and use. We present an optimized non-contact open-volume microfluidic tool to overcome these and other restrictions, through the use of a hydrodynamically confined microflow pipette, serving as a multifunctional solution handling and dispensing tool. The geometries of the tool have been optimised for use in optical microscopy, with integrated solution reservoirs to reduce reagent use, contamination risks and cleaning requirements. Device performance was characterised using both epifluorescence and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, resulting in ~200 ms and ~130 ms exchange times at ~100 nm and ~30 μm distances to the surface respectively.
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44
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Lovchik RD, Kaigala GV, Georgiadis M, Delamarche E. Micro-immunohistochemistry using a microfluidic probe. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1040-3. [PMID: 22237742 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A flexible method to extract more high-quality information from tissue sections is critically needed for both drug discovery and clinical pathology. Here, we present micro-immunohistochemistry (μIHC), a method for staining tissue sections at the micrometre scale. Nanolitres of antibody solutions are confined over micrometre-sized areas of tissue sections using a vertical microfluidic probe (vMFP) for their incubation with primary antibodies, the key step in conventional IHC. The vMFP operates several micrometres above the tissue section, can be interactively positioned on it, and even enables the staining of individual cores of tissue microarrays with multiple antigens. μIHC using such a microfluidic probe is preservative of tissue samples and reagents, alleviates antibody cross-reactivity issues, and allows a wide range of staining conditions to be applied on a single tissue section. This method may therefore find broad use in tissue-based diagnostics and in research.
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45
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Snowden ME, Güell AG, Lai SCS, McKelvey K, Ebejer N, O’Connell MA, Colburn AW, Unwin PR. Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy: Theory and Experiment for Quantitative High Resolution Spatially-Resolved Voltammetry and Simultaneous Ion-Conductance Measurements. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2483-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ac203195h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Snowden
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Aleix G. Güell
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley C. S. Lai
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Ebejer
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. O’Connell
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander W. Colburn
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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46
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Lesch A, Momotenko D, Cortés-Salazar F, Wirth I, Tefashe UM, Meiners F, Vaske B, Girault HH, Wittstock G. Fabrication of soft gold microelectrode arrays as probes for scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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47
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Batchelor-McAuley C, Dickinson EJF, Rees NV, Toghill KE, Compton RG. New Electrochemical Methods. Anal Chem 2011; 84:669-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2026767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund J. F. Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Neil V. Rees
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E. Toghill
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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