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Cucinotta L, De Grazia G, Salerno TMG, Donnarumma D, Donato P, Sciarrone D, Mondello L. Overcoming the lack of reliability associated to monodimensional gas chromatography coupled to isotopic ratio mass spectrometry data by heart-cut two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462473. [PMID: 34464784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of IRMS as a GC detector has a history going back decades, however the critical issue of wrong δ13C measurements resulting from impure peaks has been often underestimated. To this regard, multidimensional separation techniques are effective tools to improve the reliability of the data, with respect to those obtained after monodimensional analysis. The present research aims to draw attention to one critical issue, related to the reliability of the δ13C data obtained by means of monodimensional GC-C-IRMS. Although already known from the literature, such aspect has been greatly overlooked, as is reflected in the few papers reporting the use of MDGC, among the plethora of published research dealing with GC-C-IRMS applications. Hereby, a set of natural samples of complex composition were analysed to investigate the presence of minor or even undetected coelutions, and to which extent it affected the isotope ratio determination. Apart from chromatographic effects, and issues related to analytes conversion to CO2 prior to IRMS measurement, unpredictable co-elutions with compounds, either resulting from oxidation or intentionally added in fraudulent practices, could also contribute to a shift of the δ13C data, up to 10‰ and higher. Last, the influence of column bleed was investigated, as affecting the determination of the δ13C data for compounds that were eluted at high temperatures. It was finally demonstrated by the selected key studies that implementation of MDGC separation is mandatory to prevent the aforementioned issues, aiming to guarantee accurate results. In the light of the above conclusions, and considering the level of automation of heart-cut devices nowadays available, routine practice of MDGC results highly recommendable in any IRMS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cucinotta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Gemma De Grazia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Tania Maria Grazia Salerno
- BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental, Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Danilo Donnarumma
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Donato
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Danilo Sciarrone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental, Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
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2
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Hand RA, Bassindale T, Turner N, Morgan G. Application of comprehensive 2D chromatography in the anti-doping field: Sample identification and quantification. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1178:122584. [PMID: 34224963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anti-doping analysis requires an exceptional level of accuracy and precision given the stakes that are at play. Current methods rely on the application of chromatographic techniques linked with mass spectrometry to provide this. However, despite the effectiveness of these techniques in achieving good selectivity and specificity, some issues still exist. In order to reach the minimum required performance level as set by WADA, labs commonly use selective monitoring by quadrupole mass spectrometry. This can be potentially fooled through the use of masking agents or by moving the peaks, as often only a small portion of the spectrum is used for analysis. Further issues exist in the inability to detect new or modified compounds, or to reanalyse samples/spectra. One technique that could overcome these problems is that of comprehensive 2D chromatography. Here a second separation column is employed to generate greater separative power. Compared to conventional separation, GCxGC allows for a greater peak capacity (i.e., number of peaks that can be resolved within a given time) and greater separation of coeluting compounds, which makes the technique promising for the complex task required in anti-doping. When combined with Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry this technique demonstrates vast potential allowing for full mass range datasets to be obtained for retroactive analysis. Similarly, LCxLC provides improvements in resolving power compared to its 1D counterpart and can be used both online as part of the analysis or offline solely as a purification step. In this review we summarise the work in this field so far, how comprehensive chromatography has been applied to anti-doping studies, and discuss the future application for this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Hand
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE2 9BH, UK
| | - Thomas Bassindale
- Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Nicholas Turner
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE2 9BH, UK
| | - Geraint Morgan
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK.
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3
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Lacombe RJS, Bazinet RP. Natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis and its application in the study of diet and metabolism. Nutr Rev 2020; 79:869-888. [PMID: 33141222 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to differences in carbon assimilation pathways between plants, there are subtle but distinct variations in the carbon isotope ratios of foods and animal products throughout the food supply. Although it is well understood that the carbon isotope ratio composition of the diet influences that of the consumers' tissues, the application of natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis in nutrition has long been underappreciated. Over the past decade, however, several studies have investigated the utility of carbon isotope ratio analysis for evaluation of nutritional biomarker status, primarily focusing on its application as an objective indicator of sugar and animal protein intake. More recently, research investigating the application of natural abundance measurements has been extended to study fatty acid metabolism and has yielded encouraging results. Collectively, data from large-scale observational studies and experimental animal studies highlight the potential for carbon isotope ratio analysis as an additional and effective tool to study diet and metabolism. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis, its application to studying nutrition, and an update of the research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Scott Lacombe
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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5
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Iannone M, Palermo A, de la Torre X, Romanelli F, Sansone A, Sansone M, Lenzi A, Botrè F. Effects of transdermal administration of testosterone gel on the urinary steroid profile in hypogonadal men: Implications in antidoping analysis. Steroids 2019; 152:108491. [PMID: 31499075 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone is one of the most abused pseudo-endogenous anabolic steroids in sport doping. The current method adopted to detect the abuse of testosterone and other pseudo-endogenous steroids (endogenous steroids when administered exogenously) is first based on the longitudinal monitoring of several urinary biomarkers, which constitute the so called "steroidal module" of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP): atypical samples undergo a confirmation analysis based on the measurement of the 13C/12C isotopic ratio of selected target compounds, to distinguish their endogenous or exogenous origin. At the same time, testosterone administration can be allowed in athletes diagnosed with hypogonadism, provided they are granted a therapeutic use exemption by the relevant medical authority. In this pilot study we have investigated whether the approach based on the preliminary determination of the urinary steroid profile, in the format considered in the steroidal module of the ABP, also integrated with the inclusion of the sulfo-conjugates and of additional target steroids, can retain its validity also in the case of hypogonadal athletes. We have studied the effects of a single low dose (40 mg) of testosterone gel (T-gel) on the urinary concentration of the markers of steroidal module of the ABP, as well as on some additional steroid markers. The study was based on the analysis of urinary samples from 19 non-hospitalized hypogonadal men, 10 of them with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), collected before, after 4 h and after 24 h the transdermal self-administration of 40 mg of T-gel. None of the patient had any co-morbidities possibly affecting the urinary excretion of the steroidal markers. The steroidal markers were quantified by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) after the enzymatic hydrolysis of the respective glucuro-conjugates and the chemical hydrolysis of the respective sulfo-conjugates. Targeted GC-MS/MS analysis was carried out operating in electron impact (EI) ionization mode, with acquisition in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Our preliminary results show that, as expected, the treatment with T-gel leads, in all hypogonadal men, to an increase of the urinary concentration of the glucuro-conjugate metabolites of testosterone and its main metabolites, with special relevance to those with 5α-reduction. Furthermore, samples collected from non-LOH hypogonadal men showed an increase also in the levels of epitestosterone glucuronide, testosterone sulfate and epitestosterone sulfate. Apart from their biochemical and pharmacological relevance, these outcomes could be leveraged to refine the analytical strategy currently followed in the antidoping field for the analysis of the urinary steroidal markers, with potential implications also in other forensic and/or clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Amelia Palermo
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Romanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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Tobias HJ, Jones A, Spanjers C, Bowers L, Brenna JT. Low Temperature Catalytic Combustion Reactors for High Precision Carbon Isotope Measurements in Gas Chromatography Combustion Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2901-2907. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert J. Tobias
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
| | - Andrew Jones
- Activated Research Company, 7561 Corporate Way, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344, United States
| | - Charlie Spanjers
- Activated Research Company, 7561 Corporate Way, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344, United States
| | - Larry Bowers
- LDBowers, LLC, Southern Pines, North Carolina 28387, United States
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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Cui Y, She T, Zhao H, Li J, Li L, Gao W, Li H. Competitive light-initiated chemiluminescent assay: using 5-α-dihydrotestosterone-BSA as competitive antigen for quantitation of total testosterone in human sera. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:745-754. [PMID: 30478516 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper described a homogeneous method, light-initiated chemiluminescent assay (LICA), for quantitation of total testosterone in human sera. The assay was bead based and built on a competitive-binding reaction format, in which 5-α-dihydrotestosterone (5-α-DHT) competed with the testosterone in serum samples in binding with biotinylated anti-testosterone antibody. The more testosterone in the serum sample, the less 5-α-DHT that bonded with biotinylated anti-testosterone antibodies. 5-α-DHT was coupled with emission beads (doped with thioxene derivatives and Eu(III) as a chemiluminescence emitter) via bovine serum albumin as a linker. Once streptavidin-coated sensitizer beads (modified with phthalocyanine as a photosensitizer) were added, the streptavidin/biotin reaction between 5-α-DHT-bound anti-testosterone antibody and sensitizer beads could bring emission and sensitizer beads together, which allowed energy transfer from sensitizer bead to emission bead. As such, an exciting light (680 nm) impinging on the sensitizer beads led to light emission at 520-620 nm by emission beads. The strength of the emitted light was inversely proportional to the testosterone in serum sample. The detection range of this assay was from 13.3 to 1200 ng/dL. The coefficient variation for intra- and inter-assay was lower than 15%. The recovery of this method ranged from 95.5 to 105.9% for different samples. Moreover, the LICA assay was highly specific with low cross-reactivity and interference. The concentration of testosterone from 58 serum samples analyzed by the LICA method significantly correlated (y = 0.97x + 1.87, R2 = 0.970, p < 0.001) with those obtained with the SIEMENS Centaur Xp System. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300203, China
| | - Tiantian She
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, No. 1 Guangdong Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300203, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, No. 1 Guangdong Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300203, China
| | - Jiuzhi Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, 156 Sanlu Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Liuxu Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, No. 1 Guangdong Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300203, China
| | - Weizhen Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300203, China
| | - Huiqiang Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, No. 1 Guangdong Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300203, China.
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8
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Development and validation of a multidimensional gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry-based test method for analyzing urinary steroids in doping controls. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1030:105-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Tobias HJ, Brenna JT. Cryofocus fast gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry for rapid detection of synthetic steroid use in sport doping. Analyst 2018; 143:1124-1132. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01398a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sports doping requires high precision carbon isotope ratio (CIR) analysis of endogenous steroids using gas chromatography-combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCC-IRMS), however methods are relatively slow and cumbersome. In this work, speed of analysis is improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert J. Tobias
- Division of Nutritional Sciences
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute
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10
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Casilli A, Piper T, de Oliveira FA, Padilha MC, Pereira HM, Thevis M, de Aquino Neto FR. Optimization of an online heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography clean-up step for isotopic ratio mass spectrometry and simultaneous quadrupole mass spectrometry measurements of endogenous anabolic steroid in urine. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:1204-1211. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Casilli
- Brazilian Laboratory Doping Control; LBCD-LADETEC/IQ-UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; Köln Germany
| | | | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Brazilian Laboratory Doping Control; LBCD-LADETEC/IQ-UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | | | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; Köln Germany
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11
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Tranchida PQ, Franchina FA, Dugo P, Mondello L. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Recent evolution and current trends. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:524-534. [PMID: 25269651 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present contribution is focused on the evolution and current trends of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC × GC-MS), with respect to a review that described this specific methodology published at the beginning of 2008 (Mondello et al., 2008). In fact, since then there has been considerable evolution in the MS field, certainly exceeding that observed in GC × GC. In particular, the present paper will cover the combination of novel MS machines [single quadrupole (Q) and triple quadrupole, isotope ratio, low- and high-resolution time-of-flight (ToF), hybrid (Q-ToF)] to GC × GC systems, and will position comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography within the wider context of separation science. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 35:524-534, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Q Tranchida
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Flavio A Franchina
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (C.I.R.), Università Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128, Roma, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l. A Start-up of the University of Messina, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (C.I.R.), Università Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128, Roma, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l. A Start-up of the University of Messina, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
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Abstract
Multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) methods are high-resolution volatile chemical separation techniques, and comprise classical heart-cutting MDGC and its more recent incarnation, comprehensive 2D GC. Although available for a long period, MDGC approaches are still not widely practiced in the field of bioanalysis, possibly reflecting the general preference for regular GC versus MDGC approaches. With the recent introduction of ‘-omic’ techniques that emphasize global nontargeted profiling of metabolites within living systems, it is evident that MDGC is gaining momentum as a separation tool, since it offers very high resolution. By untangling metabolites within highly complex biological matrices, and expanding the metabolic coverage, MDGC plays a frontline role in ‘-omics’ based studies. This review highlights state-of-the-art MDGC approaches, and summarizes the recent developments in bioanalytics.
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Dumont E, Tienpont B, Higashi N, Mitsui K, Ochiai N, Kanda H, David F, Sandra P. Heart-cutting two-dimensional gas chromatography in combination with isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the characterization of the wax fraction in plant material. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:230-8. [PMID: 23721809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry after on-line combustion (GC-C-IRMS) and high temperature conversion (GC-HTC-IRMS) is used for compound specific isotope ratio determination. This determination can only be performed successfully if the target solutes are fully resolved from other compounds. A new instrumental set-up consisting of heart-cutting two-dimensional GC based on capillary flow technology and a low thermal mass GC oven in combination with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer is presented. Capillary flow technology was also used in all column and interface connections for robust and leak-free operation. The new configuration was applied to the characterization of wax compounds in tobacco leaf and corresponding smoke samples. It is demonstrated that high accuracy is obtained, both in the determination of δ(13)C and δ(2)H values, allowing the study of biosynthesis and delivery mechanisms of naturally occurring compounds in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmie Dumont
- Research Institute for Chromatography, President Kennedypark 26, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
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Yadav SK, Chandra P, Goyal RN, Shim YB. A review on determination of steroids in biological samples exploiting nanobio-electroanalytical methods. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 762:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Janssens G, Courtheyn D, Mangelinckx S, Prévost S, Bichon E, Monteau F, De Poorter G, De Kimpe N, Le Bizec B. Use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to differentiate between endogenous steroids and synthetic homologues in cattle: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 772:1-15. [PMID: 23540242 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although substantial technical advances have been achieved during the past decades to extend and facilitate the analysis of growth promoters in cattle, the detection of abuse of synthetic analogs of naturally occurring hormones has remained a challenging issue. When it became clear that the exogenous origin of steroid hormones could be traced based on the (13)C/(12)C isotope ratio of the substances, GC/C/IRMS has been successfully implemented to this aim since the end of the past century. However, due to the costly character of the instrumental setup, the susceptibility of the equipment to errors and the complex and time consuming sample preparation, this method is up until now only applied by a limited number of laboratories. In this review, the general principles as well as the practical application of GC/C/IRMS to differentiate between endogenous steroids and exogenously synthesized homologous compounds in cattle will be discussed in detail, and will be placed next to other existing and to be developed methods based on isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Finally, the link will be made with the field of sports doping, where GC/C/IRMS has been established within the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) approved methods as the official technique to differentiate between exogenous and endogenous steroids over the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Janssens
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories, Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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Seeley JV, Seeley SK. Multidimensional Gas Chromatography: Fundamental Advances and New Applications. Anal Chem 2012; 85:557-78. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303195u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John V. Seeley
- Oakland University, Department of Chemistry, Rochester, Michigan, 48309
| | - Stacy K. Seeley
- Kettering University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1700 University Avenue,
Flint, Michigan, 48504
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17
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Chromatography-Based Determination of Anabolic Steroids in Biological Fluids: Future Prospects Using Electrochemistry and Miniaturized Microchip Device. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Technical advances are being made in many areas of biotechnology and genetics that are facilitating the detection of doping in sport. These improvements have been catalyzed by the need to counter the ever-increasing sophistication of the community of athletes and their retinues who are intent on the illicit use of physical, pharmacological and genetic tools and methods to enhance athletic performance, in contravention of established international ethical and legal standards and of international treaty. The methods described in this article present a partial and general picture of only some of these advances.
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19
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Murray JA. Qualitative and quantitative approaches in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1261:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. Die umfassende zweidimensionale Gaschromatographie - eine neue Dimension für analytische Trennwissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. A New Dimension in Separation Science: Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10460-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhang Y, Tobias HJ, Brenna JT. Highly sensitive and selective analysis of urinary steroids by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with positive chemical ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry. Analyst 2012; 137:3102-10. [PMID: 22606686 PMCID: PMC4029849 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35087d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) provides greater separation space than conventional GC. Because of fast peak elution, a time of flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) is the usual structure-specific detector of choice. The quantitative capabilities of a novel GC × GC fast quadrupole MS were investigated with electron ionization (EI), and CH(4) or NH(3) positive chemical ionization (PCI) for analysis of endogenous urinary steroids targeted in anti-doping tests. Average precisions for steroid quantitative analysis from replicate urine extractions were 6% (RSD) for EI and 8% for PCI-NH(3). The average limits of detection (LODs) calculated by quantification ions for 12 target steroids spiked into steroid-free urine matrix (SFUM) were 2.6 ng mL(-1) for EI, 1.3 ng mL(-1) for PCI-CH(4), and 0.3 ng mL(-1) for PCI-NH(3), all in mass scanning mode. The measured limits of quantification (LOQs) with full mass scan GC × GC-qMS were comparable with the LOQ values measured by one-dimensional GC-MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. PCI-NH(3) yields fewer fragments and greater (pseudo)molecular ion abundances than EI or PCI-CH(4). These data show that a benchtop GC × GC-qMS system has the sensitivity, specificity, and resolution to analyze urinary steroids at normal urine concentrations, and that PCI-NH(3), not currently available on most GC × GC-TOFMS instruments, is of particular value for generation of structure-specific ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Ithaca NY 14853
| | - Herbert J. Tobias
- Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Ithaca NY 14853
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Ithaca NY 14853
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Brailsford AD, Gavrilović I, Ansell RJ, Cowan DA, Kicman AT. Two-dimensional gas chromatography with heart-cutting for isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis of steroids in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:962-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhang Y, Tobias HJ, Sacks GL, Brenna JT. Calibration and data processing in gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:912-22. [PMID: 22362612 DOI: 10.1002/dta.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) by gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCC-IRMS) is a powerful technique for the sourcing of substances, such as determination of the geographic or chemical origin of drugs and food adulteration, and it is especially invaluable as a confirmatory tool for detection of the use of synthetic steroids in competitive sport. We review here principles and practices for data processing and calibration of GCC-IRMS data with consideration to anti-doping analyses, with a focus on carbon isotopic analysis ((13)C/(12)C). After a brief review of peak definition, the isotopologue signal reduction methods of summation, curve-fitting, and linear regression are described and reviewed. Principles for isotopic calibration are considered in the context of the Δ(13)C = δ(13)C(M) - δ(13)C(E) difference measurements required for establishing adverse analytical findings for metabolites (M) relative to endogenous (E) reference compounds. Considerations for the anti-doping analyst are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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