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Yang N, Jiang X. Rational Design of Diamond Electrodes. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:117-127. [PMID: 36584242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diamond electrodes stepped onto the stage in the early 1990s for electroanalytical applications. They possess the features of long-term chemical inertness, wide potential windows, low and stable background currents, high microstructural stability at different potentials and in different media, varied activity toward different electroactive species, reliable electrochemical response of redox systems without conventional pretreatment, high resistance to surface fouling in most cases, and possibility of forming composites with different components such as other carbon materials, carbides, and oxidizes. Most diamond electrodes are prepared in microcrystalline or nanocrystalline form using chemical vapor deposition techniques. Starting from diamond films and diamond composites, numerous nanostructured diamond electrodes have also been produced. The features of diamond electrodes are therefore heavily dependent on the growth conditions and post-treatment procures that are applied on diamond electrodes such as introduced dopant(s), surface termination(s), surface functional group(s), added components, and final structure(s). Numerous applications of diamond electrodes have been explored in the fields of electrochemical sensing, electrosynthesis, electrocatalysis, electrochemical energy storage and conversion, devices, and environmental degradation.This Account summarizes our strategies to design different diamond electrodes, including diamond films, diamond composites, as well as their nanostructures. With respect to diamond films, the modulation of their dopant(s) and surface termination(s) as well as the attachment of functional modifier(s) onto their surface are discussed. Electrochemical hydrogenation and oxygenation of diamond electrodes are detailed at an atomic scale. As the examples of designing diamond electrodes at a molecular scale, photochemical and electrochemical attachment of modifier(s) onto diamond electrodes are shown. Moreover, electrochemical grafting of diazonium salts is proposed as a new technique to identify hydrogenated, hydroxylated, and oxygenated terminations of diamond electrodes. The introduction of additional component(s) into a diamond film to form diamond composites is then overviewed, where a hydrogen-induced selective growth model is proposed to elucidate the preparation of diamond/β-SiC composites. Subsequently, the production of various diamond nanostructures from diamond films and composites by means of top-down, bottom-up, and template-free approaches is shown. Electrochemical application examples of diamond electrodes are overviewed, covering direct electrochemistry of natural Cytochrome c on a hydroxylated diamond surface, sensitive electrochemical DNA biosensing on tip-functionalized diamond nanowires, and construction of high-performance supercapacitors using diamond electrodes and redox electrolytes. Our diamond supercapacitors, also named battery-like diamond supercapacitors or diamond supercabatteries, are highlighted since they combine the features of supercapacitors and batteries. Future perspectives of diamond electrodes are outlined, ranging from their rational design and synthesis to their electrochemical applications in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianjun Yang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Paul-Bonatz Str. 9-11, Siegen 57076, Germany
| | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Paul-Bonatz Str. 9-11, Siegen 57076, Germany
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2
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Peng Z, Fiorani A, Akai K, Murata M, Otake A, Einaga Y. Boron-Doped Diamond as a Quasi-Reference Electrode. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16831-16837. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
| | - Andrea Fiorani
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazumi Akai
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otake
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama223-8522, Japan
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3
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A nanoporous diamond particle microelectrode and its surface modification. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ivandini TA, Einaga Y. Electrochemical Sensing Applications Using Diamond Microelectrodes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tribidasari A. Ivandini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Jakarta 16424, Indonesia
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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5
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Seaton BT, Heien ML. Biocompatible reference electrodes to enhance chronic electrochemical signal fidelity in vivo. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6689-6701. [PMID: 34595560 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03640-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In vivo electrochemistry is a vital tool of neuroscience that allows for the detection, identification, and quantification of neurotransmitters, their metabolites, and other important analytes. One important goal of in vivo electrochemistry is a better understanding of progressive neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease). A complete understanding of such disorders can only be achieved through a combination of acute (i.e., minutes to hours) and chronic (i.e., days or longer) experimentation. Chronic studies are more challenging because they require prolonged implantation of electrodes, which elicits an immune response, leading to glial encapsulation of the electrodes and altered electrode performance (i.e., biofouling). Biofouling leads to increased electrode impedance and reference electrode polarization, both of which diminish the selectivity and sensitivity of in vivo electrochemical measurements. The increased impedance factor has been successfully mitigated previously with the use of a counter electrode, but the challenge of reference electrode polarization remains. The commonly used Ag/AgCl reference electrode lacks the long-term potential stability in vivo required for chronic measurements. In addition, the cytotoxicity of Ag/AgCl adversely affects animal experimentation and prohibits implantation in humans, hindering translational research progress. Thus, a move toward biocompatible reference electrodes with superior chronic potential stability is necessary. Two qualifying materials, iridium oxide and boron-doped diamond, are introduced and discussed in terms of their electrochemical properties, biocompatibilities, fabrication methods, and applications. In vivo electrochemistry continues to advance toward more chronic experimentation in both animal models and humans, necessitating the utilization of biocompatible reference electrodes that should provide superior potential stability and allow for unprecedented chronic signal fidelity when used with a counter electrode for impedance mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake T Seaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Michael L Heien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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6
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Brycht M, Baluchová S, Taylor A, Mortet V, Sedláková S, Klimša L, Kopeček J, Schwarzová-Pecková K. Comparison of electrochemical performance of various boron-doped diamond electrodes: Dopamine sensing in biomimicking media used for cell cultivation. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 137:107646. [PMID: 32957020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemically inert and biocompatible boron-doped diamond (BDD) has been successfully used in neuroscience for sensitive neurochemicals sensing and/or as a growth substrate for neurons. In this study, several types of BDD differing in (i) fabrication route, i.e. conventional microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (MW-PECVD) reactor vs. MW-PECVD with linear antenna delivery system, (ii) morphology, i.e. planar vs. porous BDD, and (iii) surface treatment, i.e. H-terminated (H-BDDs) vs. O-terminated (O-BDDs), were characterized from a morphological, structural, and electrochemical point of view. Further, planar and porous BDD-based electrodes were tested for sensing of dopamine in common biomimicking environments of pH 7.4, namely phosphate buffer (PB) and HEPES buffered saline (HBS). In HBS, potential windows are narrowed due to electrooxidation of its buffering component (i.e. HEPES), however, dopamine sensing in HBS is possible. H-BDDs (both planar and porous) outperformed O-BDDs as they provided clearer dopamine signals with higher peak currents. As expected, due to its enlarged surface area and increased sp2 content, the highest sensitivity and lowest detection limits of 8 × 10-8 mol L-1 and 6 × 10-8 mol L-1 in PB and HBS media, respectively, were achieved by square-wave voltammetry on porous H-BDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Brycht
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Simona Baluchová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew Taylor
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Mortet
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic; Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Sítná Sq. 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Sedláková
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Klimša
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Kopeček
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Schwarzová-Pecková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Sassa F, Biswas GC, Suzuki H. Microfabricated electrochemical sensing devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1358-1389. [PMID: 32129358 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry provides possibilities to realize smart microdevices of the next generation with high functionalities. Electrodes, which constitute major components of electrochemical devices, can be formed by various microfabrication techniques, and integration of the same (or different) components for that purpose is not difficult. Merging this technique with microfluidics can further expand the areas of application of the resultant devices. To augment the development of next generation devices, it will be beneficial to review recent technological trends in this field and clarify the directions required for moving forward. Even when limiting the discussion to electrochemical microdevices, a variety of useful techniques should be considered. Therefore, in this review, we attempted to provide an overview of all relevant techniques in this context in the hope that it can provide useful comprehensive information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Sassa
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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8
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Baluchová S, Daňhel A, Dejmková H, Ostatná V, Fojta M, Schwarzová-Pecková K. Recent progress in the applications of boron doped diamond electrodes in electroanalysis of organic compounds and biomolecules – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1077:30-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Yang N, Yu S, Macpherson JV, Einaga Y, Zhao H, Zhao G, Swain GM, Jiang X. Conductive diamond: synthesis, properties, and electrochemical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:157-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00757d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes systematically the growth, properties, and electrochemical applications of conductive diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianjun Yang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | - Siyu Yu
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | | | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Hongying Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | | | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
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10
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Lee GY, Park JH, Chang YW, Cho S, Kang MJ, Pyun JC. Chronoamperometry-Based Redox Cycling for Application to Immunoassays. ACS Sens 2018; 3:106-112. [PMID: 29276887 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the chronoamperometry-based redox cycling of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was performed by using interdigitated electrode (IDE). The signal was obtained from two sequential chronoamperometric profiles: (1) with the generator at the oxidative potential of TMB and the collector at the reductive potential of TMB, and (2) with the generator at the reductive potential of TMB and the collector at the oxidative potential of TMB. The chronoamperometry-based redox cycling (dual mode) showed a sensitivity of 1.49 μA/OD, and the redox cycling efficiency was estimated to be 94% (n = 10). The sensitivities of conventional redox cycling with the same interdigitated electrode and chronoamperometry using a single working electrode (single mode) were estimated to be 0.67 μA/OD and 0.18 μA/OD, respectively. These results showed that the chronoamperometry-based redox cycling (dual mode) could be more effectively used to quantify the oxidized TMB than other amperometric methods. The chronoamperometry-based redox cycling (dual mode) was applied to immunoassays using a commercial ELISA kit for medical diagnosis of the human hepatitis B virus surface antigen (hHBsAg). Finally, the chronoamperometry-based redox cycling (dual mode) provided more than a 10-fold higher sensitivity than conventional chronoamperometry using a single working electrode (single mode) when applied to a commercial ELISA kit for medical diagnosis of hHBsAg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Yeon Lee
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Park
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Young Wook Chang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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11
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Ensch M, Maldonado VY, Swain GM, Rechenberg R, Becker MF, Schuelke T, Rusinek CA. Isatin Detection Using a Boron-Doped Diamond 3-in-1 Sensing Platform. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1951-1958. [PMID: 29298039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is a promising electrochemical tool that exhibits excellent chemical sensitivity and stability. These intrinsic advantages coupled with the material's vast microfabrication flexibility make BDD an attractive sensing device. In this study, two different 3-in-1 BDD electrode sensors were fabricated, characterized, and investigated for their capability to detect isatin, an anxiogenic indole that possesses anticonvulsant activity. Each device was comprised of a working, reference, and auxiliary electrode, all made of BDD. Two different working electrode geometries were studied, a 2 mm diameter macroelectrode (MAC) and a microelectrode array (MEA). The BDD quasi-reference electrode was studied by measuring its potential against a traditional Ag/AgCl reference electrode. While the potential shifted as a function of solution pH, a miniscule potential drift was observed when holding the solution pH constant. Specifically, the BDD quasi-reference electrode had a potential of -0.2 V (vs Ag/AgCl) in a pH 7 solution, and this remained stable for a 30-h time period. For the detection of isatin, solutions were analyzed using both sensors in pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Using the MEA sensor, the limit of detection (LOD, (3σ)/m) for isatin was found to be 0.04 μM; an increase to 0.22 μM was observed with the MAC sensor. These results were compared to those obtained from UV-vis spectrophotometry, where a 0.57 μM LOD was observed. The feasibility for use in a complex sample matrix was also examined by completing measurements in urine simulant. The results presented herein indicate that both 3-in-1 BDD sensors are applicable at low limits of detection with potential application as an electrochemical detector for chromatographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ensch
- Fraunhofer USA, Inc. Center for Coatings and Diamond Technologies, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States.,Michigan State University , Department of Chemical Engineering, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
| | - Vanessa Y Maldonado
- Escuela Politecnica Nacional (EPN) , Department of Chemical Engineering, Quito, 170517, Ecuador.,Michigan State University , Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
| | - Greg M Swain
- Michigan State University , Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
| | - Robert Rechenberg
- Fraunhofer USA, Inc. Center for Coatings and Diamond Technologies, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
| | - Michael F Becker
- Fraunhofer USA, Inc. Center for Coatings and Diamond Technologies, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
| | - Thomas Schuelke
- Fraunhofer USA, Inc. Center for Coatings and Diamond Technologies, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States.,Michigan State University , Department of Chemical Engineering, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States.,Michigan State University , Department Electrical and Computer Engineering, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
| | - Cory A Rusinek
- Fraunhofer USA, Inc. Center for Coatings and Diamond Technologies, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
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12
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Lee GY, Park JH, Chang YW, Cho S, Kang MJ, Pyun JC. Redox cycling-based immunoassay for detection of carcinogenic embryonic antigen. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 971:33-39. [PMID: 28456281 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Redox cycling based on an interdigitated electrode (IDE) was used as a highly sensitive immunoassay for carcinogenic embryonic antigen (CEA) through the quantification of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). For the redox cycling process, one pair of interdigitated finger electrodes was used as the first working electrode (generator) for cyclic voltammetry of TMB, and another pair of interdigitated finger electrodes was used as the second working electrode (collector) for sequential application of potentials for reduction and oxidation of TMB. The reduction (and oxidation) products of TMB at the collector were supplied to the generator, and following sequential oxidization (and reduction) at the generator, again supplied to the collector. Such redox recycling processes between the generator and collector allowed signal amplification. In this work, the influences of the following factors on the redox cycling of TMB were analyzed: (1) the redox potential at the collector, (2) the gap between the interdigitated finger electrodes, and (3) the scan rate of the generator. The redox potential and electrode gap influences were simulated with COMSOL software and compared with empirical results. At the optimum redox potentials and electrode gap, redox cycling was estimated to be five-fold more sensitive for the quantification of TMB than conventional cyclic voltammetry using one pair of interdigitated finger electrodes as the working electrode. Finally, redox cycling was applied to a commercial immunoassay for CEA, and the sensitivity of redox cycling was three-fold higher than that of conventional cyclic voltammetry using a single set of interdigitated finger electrodes as the working electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Yeon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Young Wook Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, South Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea.
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13
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Rusinek CA, Becker MF, Rechenberg R, Schuelke T. Fabrication and characterization of boron doped diamond microelectrode arrays of varied geometry. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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14
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Jiang L, Nelson GW, Abda J, Foord JS. Novel Modifications to Carbon-Based Electrodes to Improve the Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:28338-28348. [PMID: 27420730 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we describe three simple modifications to carbon electrodes that were found to improve the detection of an exemplar neurotransmitter (dopamine) in the presence of physiological interferents (ascorbic acid and/or uric acid). First, the electro-oxidation of ascorbic acid, as a pretreatment, at boron-doped diamond electrode (BDE) interfaces is studied. This treatment did suppress the detection of ascorbic acid oxidation signal, but only in a manner suitable for single-use detection of high concentrations of dopamine (i.e., > 1 μM). Second, the hydrogenation of BDE by electrochemical cathodic treatment and plasma hydrogenation was investigated. Large cathodic, applied potentials (i.e., > - 5 V) and hydrogen plasma pretreatment of BDE lead to the partial and complete oxidization of ascorbic acid before dopamine, respectively. The consequence at hydrogen-plasma treated BDE is the complete electrochemical separation of these two species without any typical catalytic reactions between the analytes. Third, the modification of glassy carbon electrodes with carbon black nanoparticles is explored. This modification enables the simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid, significantly enhancing the sensitivity of dopamine. Dopamine was best detected using the unconventional route of detecting 5,6-dihydroxyindole, which is made possible by use of carbon-black nanoparticles. The potential of all three studied modifications to be of electroanalytical use is highlighted throughout this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyun Jiang
- Chemical Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, United Kingdom OX13TA
| | - Geoffrey W Nelson
- Chemical Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, United Kingdom OX13TA
| | - Julia Abda
- Chemical Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, United Kingdom OX13TA
| | - John S Foord
- Chemical Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, United Kingdom OX13TA
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15
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Gao F, Nebel CE. Electrically Conductive Diamond Membrane for Electrochemical Separation Processes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:18640-18646. [PMID: 27396448 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically switchable selective membranes play an important role in selective filtration processes such as water desalination, industrial waste treatment, and hemodialysis. Currently, membranes for these purposes need to be optimized in terms of electrical conductivity and stability against fouling and corrosion. In this paper, we report the fabrication of boron-doped diamond membrane by template diamond growth on quartz fiber filters. The morphology and quality of the diamond coating are characterized via SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The membrane is heavily boron doped (>10(21) cm(-3)) with >3 V potential window in aqueous electrolyte. By applying a membrane potential against the electrolyte, the redox active species can be removed via flow-through electrolysis. Compared to planar diamond electrodes, the ∼250 times surface enlargement provided by such a membrane ensures an effective removal of target chemicals from the input electrolyte. The high stability of diamond enables the membrane to not only work at high membrane bias but also to be self-cleaning via in situ electrochemical oxidation. Therefore, we believe that the diamond membrane presented in this paper will provide a solution to future selective filtration applications especially in extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gao
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics (IAF) , Tullastraße 72, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Christoph E Nebel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics (IAF) , Tullastraße 72, Freiburg 79108, Germany
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17
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Kondo T, Udagawa I, Aikawa T, Sakamoto H, Shitanda I, Hoshi Y, Itagaki M, Yuasa M. Enhanced Sensitivity for Electrochemical Detection Using Screen-Printed Diamond Electrodes via the Random Microelectrode Array Effect. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1753-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kondo
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- ACT-C/JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0012, Japan
| | - Ikuto Udagawa
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Aikawa
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hironori Sakamoto
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Isao Shitanda
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Hoshi
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Itagaki
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Yuasa
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- ACT-C/JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0012, Japan
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18
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Zhang W, Zhu S, Luque R, Han S, Hu L, Xu G. Recent development of carbon electrode materials and their bioanalytical and environmental applications. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:715-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00297d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
New synthetic approaches, materials, properties, electroanalytical applications and perspectives of carbon materials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Shuyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Rafael Luque
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Shuang Han
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Lianzhe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
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19
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20
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Yang N, Swain GM, Jiang X. Nanocarbon Electrochemistry and Electroanalysis: Current Status and Future Perspectives. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Zhuang H, Yang N, Zhang L, Fuchs R, Jiang X. Electrochemical properties and applications of nanocrystalline, microcrystalline, and epitaxial cubic silicon carbide films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:10886-10895. [PMID: 25939808 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microstructures of the materials (e.g., crystallinitiy, defects, and composition, etc.) determine their properties, which eventually lead to their diverse applications. In this contribution, the properties, especially the electrochemical properties, of cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) films have been engineered by controlling their microstructures. By manipulating the deposition conditions, nanocrystalline, microcrystalline and epitaxial (001) 3C-SiC films are obtained with varied properties. The epitaxial 3C-SiC film presents the lowest double-layer capacitance and the highest reversibility of redox probes, because of its perfect (001) orientation and high phase purity. The highest double-layer capacitance and the lowest reversibility of redox probes have been realized on the nanocrystalline 3C-SiC film. Those are ascribed to its high amount of grain boundaries, amorphous phases and large diversity in its crystal size. Based on their diverse properties, the electrochemical performances of 3C-SiC films are evaluated in two kinds of potential applications, namely an electrochemical capacitor using a nanocrystalline film and an electrochemical dopamine sensor using the epitaxial 3C-SiC film. The nanocrystalline 3C-SiC film shows not only a high double layer capacitance (43-70 μF/cm(2)) but also a long-term stability of its capacitance. The epitaxial 3C-SiC film shows a low detection limit toward dopamine, which is one to 2 orders of magnitude lower than its normal concentration in tissue. Therefore, 3C-SiC film is a novel but designable material for different emerging electrochemical applications such as energy storage, biomedical/chemical sensors, environmental pollutant detectors, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhuang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Paul-Bonatz-Strasse 9-11, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Nianjun Yang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Paul-Bonatz-Strasse 9-11, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Paul-Bonatz-Strasse 9-11, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Regina Fuchs
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Paul-Bonatz-Strasse 9-11, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Paul-Bonatz-Strasse 9-11, 57076 Siegen, Germany
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22
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Macpherson JV. A practical guide to using boron doped diamond in electrochemical research. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:2935-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04022h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This article serves as a guide to those working with boron doped diamond electrodes, especially the first time user. It outlines the key material properties required when interpretating electrochemical data and provides a summary of experimental approaches to determining electrode quality.
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23
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Eifert A, Langenwalter P, Higl J, Lindén M, Nebel CE, Mizaikoff B, Kranz C. Focused ion beam (FIB)-induced changes in the electrochemical behavior of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Joseph MB, Bitziou E, Read TL, Meng L, Palmer NL, Mollart TP, Newton ME, Macpherson JV. Fabrication Route for the Production of Coplanar, Diamond Insulated, Boron Doped Diamond Macro- and Microelectrodes of any Geometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5238-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501092y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicola L. Palmer
- Element Six Ltd., Element Six Global Innovations Centre, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QR, United Kingdom
| | - Tim P. Mollart
- Element Six Ltd., Element Six Global Innovations Centre, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QR, United Kingdom
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25
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Argun AA, Banks AM, Merlen G, Tempelman LA, Becker MF, Schuelke T, Dweik BM. Highly sensitive detection of urinary cadmium to assess personal exposure. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 773:45-51. [PMID: 23561905 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) ultramicroelectrode arrays were fabricated and investigated for their performance as electrochemical sensors to detect trace level metals such as cadmium. The steady-state diffusion behavior of these sensors was validated using cyclic voltammetry followed by electrochemical detection of cadmium in water and in human urine to demonstrate high sensitivity (>200 μA ppb(-1) cm(-2)) and low background current (<4 nA). When an array of ultramicroelectrodes was positioned with optimal spacing, these BDD sensors showed a sigmoidal diffusion behavior. They also demonstrated high accuracy with linear dose dependence for quantification of cadmium in a certified reference river water sample from the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as well as in a human urine sample spiked with 0.25-1 ppb cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avni A Argun
- Giner, Inc., 89 Rumford Ave., Newton 02466, MA United States
| | - Ashley M Banks
- Giner, Inc., 89 Rumford Ave., Newton 02466, MA United States
| | | | | | - Michael F Becker
- Fraunhofer USA - CCL, 1449 Engineering Research Ct., East Lansing 48824, MI, United States
| | - Thomas Schuelke
- Fraunhofer USA - CCL, 1449 Engineering Research Ct., East Lansing 48824, MI, United States
| | - Badawi M Dweik
- Giner, Inc., 89 Rumford Ave., Newton 02466, MA United States.
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26
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SECM detection of single boron doped diamond nanodes and nanoelectrode arrays using phase-operated shear force technique. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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