1
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Monaghan JF, Cullen D, Wynne C, Lyng FM, Meade AD. Effect of pre-analytical variables on Raman and FTIR spectral content of lymphocytes. Analyst 2023; 148:5422-5434. [PMID: 37750362 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00686g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy (RS) for the analysis of lymphocytes in clinical applications is increasing in the field of biomedicine. The pre-analytical phase, which is the most vulnerable stage of the testing process, is where most errors and sample variance occur; however, it is unclear how pre-analytical variables affect the FTIR and Raman spectra of lymphocytes. In this study, we evaluated how pre-analytical procedures undertaken before spectroscopic analysis influence the spectral integrity of lymphocytes purified from the peripheral blood of male volunteers (n = 3). Pre-analytical variables investigated were associated with (i) sample preparation, (blood collection systems, anticoagulant, needle gauges), (ii) sample storage (fresh or frozen), and (iii) sample processing (inter-operator variability, time to lymphocyte isolation). Although many of these procedural pre-analytical variables did not alter the spectral signature of the lymphocytes, evidence of spectral effects due to the freeze-thaw cycle, in vitro culture inter-operator variability and the time to lymphocyte isolation was observed. Although FTIR and RS possess clinical potential, their translation into a clinical environment is impeded by a lack of standardisation and harmonisation of protocols related to the preparation, storage, and processing of samples, which hinders uniform, accurate, and reproducible analysis. Therefore, further development of protocols is required to successfully integrate these techniques into current clinical workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade F Monaghan
- School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Central Quad, City Campus, Grangegorman, D07 XT95, Ireland.
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Aungier Street, D02 HW71, Ireland
| | - Daniel Cullen
- School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Central Quad, City Campus, Grangegorman, D07 XT95, Ireland.
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Aungier Street, D02 HW71, Ireland
| | - Claire Wynne
- School of Biological, Health and Sports Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Central Quad, City Campus, Grangegorman, D07 XT95, Ireland
| | - Fiona M Lyng
- School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Central Quad, City Campus, Grangegorman, D07 XT95, Ireland.
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Aungier Street, D02 HW71, Ireland
| | - Aidan D Meade
- School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Central Quad, City Campus, Grangegorman, D07 XT95, Ireland.
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Aungier Street, D02 HW71, Ireland
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2
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Peris M, Benseny-Cases N, Manich G, Zerpa O, Almolda B, Perálvarez-Marín À, González B, Castellano B. Roadmap for Postnatal Brain Maturation: Changes in Gray and White Matter Composition during Development Measured by Fourier Transformed Infrared Microspectroscopy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3088-3102. [PMID: 37540627 PMCID: PMC10485886 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Key events in postnatal brain development, such as neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, and myelination, shape the adult brain. These events are reflected in changes in gray and white matter (GM and WM) occurring during this period. Therefore, precise knowledge of GM and WM composition in perinatal brain development is crucial to characterizing brain formation as well as the neurodevelopmental disruption observed in diseases such as autism and schizophrenia. In this study, we combined histochemical and immunohistochemical staining with biochemical and biophysical analyses using Fourier transform infrared (IR) microspectroscopy (μFTIR) to better understand the chemical changes during postnatal developmental myelination. For this purpose, we analyzed the GM and WM in the mouse brain and cerebellum (strain C57BL/6) from postnatal day 0 (P0) to day P28 and established presumed correlations between staining and IR data. IR spectra allowed the (i) quantification of lipid and protein content through the CH2/amide I ratio, (ii) determination of chemical characteristics of lipids, such as the presence of unsaturated bonds in the carbonate chain or carbonyls from ester groups in the polar head, and (iii) determination of the protein secondary structure (α-helix and intramolecular β-sheets). The results indicate that the increase in the CH2/amide I ratio calculated from the μFTIR data correlates well with lipid histochemical staining. IR data indicated a change in the lipid composition in WM since carbonyl and unsaturated olefinic groups do not increase when lipids accumulate during myelination. Our correlation analysis between IR data and immunohistochemical staining of myelin-associated proteins revealed that myelin oligodendrocyte protein correlated well with lipid accumulation, while myelin basic protein appeared before lipid modifications, which indicated that myelin-associated proteins and lipid deposition were not synchronic. These events were related to a decrease in the intramolecular β/α protein ratio. Our results indicate that lipids and proteins in WM substantially change their composition due to primary myelination, and according to results obtained from staining, these modifications are better described by lipid histochemical staining than by immunohistochemistry against myelin-related proteins. In conclusion, μFTIR can be a useful technique to study WM during perinatal development and provide detailed information about alterations in the chemical composition related to neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Peris
- Department
of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Benseny-Cases
- Biophysics
Unit. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Manich
- Department
of Morphological Sciences, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriana Zerpa
- Department
of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Almolda
- Department
of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àlex Perálvarez-Marín
- Biophysics
Unit. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta González
- Department
of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernardo Castellano
- Department
of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Augustyniak K, Chrabaszcz K, Smeda M, Stojak M, Marzec KM, Malek K. High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopic Imaging for Detection of Lung Structures and Cancer-Related Abnormalities in a Murine Model. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:439-450. [PMID: 34076540 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211025540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Label-free molecular imaging is a promising utility to study tissues in terms of the identification of their compartments as well as chemical features and alterations induced by disease. The aim of this work was to assess if higher magnification of optics in the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microscope coupled with the focal plane detector resulted in better resolution of lung structures and if the histopathological features correlated with clustering of spectral images. FT-IR spectroscopic imaging was performed on paraffinized lung tissue sections from mice with optics providing a total magnification of 61× and 36×. Then, IR images were subjected to unsupervised cluster analysis and, subsequently, cluster maps were compared with hematoxylin and eosin staining of the same tissue section. Based on these results, we observed minute features such as cellular compartments in single alveoli and bronchiole, blood cells and megakaryocytes in a vessel as well as atelectasis of the lung. In the case of the latter, differences in composition were also noted between the tissue from the non-cancerous and cancerous specimen. This study demonstrated the ability of high-definition FT-IR imaging to evaluate the chemical features of well-resolved lung structures that could complement the histological examination widely used in animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Smeda
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Stojak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M Marzec
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamilla Malek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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4
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Perez-Berna AJ, Benseny-Cases N, Rodríguez MJ, Valcarcel R, Carrascosa JL, Gastaminza P, Pereiro E. Monitoring reversion of hepatitis C virus-induced cellular alterations by direct-acting antivirals using cryo soft X-ray tomography and infrared microscopy. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1365-1377. [PMID: 34726165 PMCID: PMC8561738 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321009955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped RNA virus. One of the hallmarks of HCV infection is a rearrangement of the host cell membranes, known as the `membranous web'. Full-field cryo soft X-ray tomography (cryo-SXT) in the water-window energy range (284-543 eV) was performed on the MISTRAL beamline to investigate, in whole unstained cells, the morphology of the membranous rearrangements induced in HCV replicon-harbouring cells in conditions close to the living physiological state. All morphological alterations could be reverted by a combination of sofosbuvir/daclatasvir, which are clinically approved antivirals (direct-acting antivirals; DAAs) for HCV infection. Correlatively combining cryo-SXT and 2D synchrotron-based infrared microscopy provides critical information on the chemical nature of specific infection-related structures, which allows specific patterns of the infection process or the DAA-mediated healing process to be distinguished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana J. Perez-Berna
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2–26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Nuria Benseny-Cases
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2–26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - María José Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Valcarcel
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2–26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - José L. Carrascosa
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gastaminza
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Pereiro
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2–26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
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5
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Kochan K, Bedolla DE, Perez-Guaita D, Adegoke JA, Chakkumpulakkal Puthan Veettil T, Martin M, Roy S, Pebotuwa S, Heraud P, Wood BR. Infrared Spectroscopy of Blood. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:611-646. [PMID: 33331179 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820985856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of infectious diseases in the twenty-first century created an urgent need for point-of-care diagnostics. Critical shortages in reagents and testing kits have had a large impact on the ability to test patients with a suspected parasitic, bacteria, fungal, and viral infections. New point-of-care tests need to be highly sensitive, specific, and easy to use and provide results in rapid time. Infrared spectroscopy, coupled to multivariate and machine learning algorithms, has the potential to meet this unmet demand requiring minimal sample preparation to detect both pathogenic infectious agents and chronic disease markers in blood. This focal point article will highlight the application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to detect disease markers in blood focusing principally on parasites, bacteria, viruses, cancer markers, and important analytes indicative of disease. Methodologies and state-of-the-art approaches will be reported and potential confounding variables in blood analysis identified. The article provides an up to date review of the literature on blood diagnosis using infrared spectroscopy highlighting the recent advances in this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kochan
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diana E Bedolla
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Perez-Guaita
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A Adegoke
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Miguela Martin
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Supti Roy
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Savithri Pebotuwa
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Heraud
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bayden R Wood
- 2541Monash University - Centre for Biospectroscopy, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Dowling LM, Roach P, Rutter AV, Yousef I, Pillai S, Latham D, van Pittius DG, Sulé-Suso J. Optimization of Sample Preparation Using Glass Slides for Spectral Pathology. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:343-350. [PMID: 32662291 PMCID: PMC7961677 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820945748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The clinical translation of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy in pathology will require bringing this technique as close as possible to standard practice in pathology departments. An important step is sample preparation for both FT-IR microspectroscopy and pathology. This should entail minimal disruption of standard clinical practice while achieving good quality FT-IR spectral data. In fact, the recently described possibility of obtaining FT-IR spectra of cells placed on glass substrates brings FT-IR microspectroscopy closer to a clinical application. We have now furthered this work in order to identify two different types of lung cancer cells placed on glass coverslips. Two types of sample preparation which are widely used in pathology, cytospin and smear, have been used. Samples were fixed with either methanol, used in pathology, or formalin (4% paraformaldehyde) used widely in spectroscopy. Fixation with methanol (alcohol-based fixative) removed lipids from cells causing a decrease in intensity of the peaks at 2850 cm-1 and 2920 cm-1. Nevertheless, we show for the first time that using either type of sample preparation and fixation on thin glass coverslips allowed to differentiate between two different types of lung cancer cells using either the lipid region or the fingerprint region ranging from 1800 cm-1 to 1350 cm-1. We believe that formalin-fixed cytospin samples would be preferred to study cells on thin coverslips using FT-IR microspectroscopy. This work presents a clear indication for future advances in clinical assessment of samples within pathology units to gain a deeper understanding of cells/tissues under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis M. Dowling
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Paul Roach
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Abigail V. Rutter
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Ibraheem Yousef
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Srinivas Pillai
- Haematology Department, Cancer Centre, Royal Stoke University Hospital, University Hospitals of North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Deborah Latham
- Histopathology Department, Royal Stoke University Hospital, University Hospitals of North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Daniel G. van Pittius
- Histopathology Department, Royal Stoke University Hospital, University Hospitals of North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Josep Sulé-Suso
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
- Oncology Department, Cancer Centre, Royal Stoke University Hospital, University Hospitals of North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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7
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From Mouse to Human: Comparative Analysis between Grey and White Matter by Synchrotron-Fourier Transformed Infrared Microspectroscopy. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081099. [PMID: 32722088 PMCID: PMC7464184 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fourier Transform Infrared microspectroscopy (μFTIR) is a very useful method to analyze the biochemical properties of biological samples in situ. Many diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) have been studied using this method, to elucidate alterations in lipid oxidation or protein aggregation, among others. In this work, we describe in detail the characteristics between grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) areas of the human brain by μFTIR, and we compare them with the mouse brain (strain C57BL/6), the most used animal model in neurological disorders. Our results show a clear different infrared profile between brain areas in the lipid region of both species. After applying a second derivative in the data, we established a 1.5 threshold value for the lipid/protein ratio to discriminate between GM and WM areas in non-pathological conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrated intrinsic differences of lipids and proteins by cerebral area. Lipids from GM present higher C=CH, C=O and CH3 functional groups compared to WM in humans and mice. Regarding proteins, GM present lower Amide II amounts and higher intramolecular β-sheet structure amounts with respect to WM in both species. However, the presence of intermolecular β-sheet structures, which is related to β-aggregation, was only observed in the GM of some human individuals. The present study defines the relevant biochemical properties of non-pathological human and mouse brains by μFTIR as a benchmark for future studies involving CNS pathological samples.
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8
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Kelp G, Li J, Lu J, DiNapoli N, Delgado R, Liu C, Fan D, Dutta-Gupta S, Shvets G. Infrared spectroscopy of live cells from a flowing solution using electrically-biased plasmonic metasurfaces. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2136-2153. [PMID: 32406430 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01054h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spectral cytopathology (SCP) is a promising label-free technique for diagnosing diseases and monitoring therapeutic outcomes using FTIR spectroscopy. In most cases, cells must be immobilized on a substrate prior to spectroscopic interrogation. This creates significant limitations for high throughput phenotypic whole-cell analysis, especially for the non-adherent cells. Here we demonstrate how metasurface-enhanced infrared reflection spectroscopy (MEIRS) can be applied to a continuous flow of live cell solution by applying AC voltage to metallic metasurfaces. By integrating metasurfaces with microfluidic delivery channels and attracting the cells to the metasurface via dielectrophoretic (DEP) force, we collect the infrared spectra of cells in real time within a minute, and correlate the spectra with simultaneously acquired images of the attracted cells. The resulting DEP-MEIRS technique paves the way for rapid SCP of complex cell-containing body fluids with low cell concentrations, and for the development of a wide range of label-free liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Kelp
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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9
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Tracking Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Lungs Induced by Breast Cancer Metastasis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Studies. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25010236. [PMID: 31935974 PMCID: PMC6982691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focused on a detailed assessment of lung tissue affected by metastasis of breast cancer. We used large-area chemical scanning implemented in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging supported with classical histological and morphological characterization. For the first time, we differentiated and defined biochemical changes due to metastasis observed in the lung parenchyma, atelectasis, fibrous, and muscle cells, as well as bronchi ciliate cells, in a qualitative and semi-quantitative manner based on spectral features. The results suggested that systematic extracellular matrix remodeling with the progress of the metastasis process evoked a decrease in the fraction of the total protein in atelectasis, fibrous, and muscle cells, as well as an increase of fibrillar proteins in the parenchyma. We also detected alterations in the secondary conformations of proteins in parenchyma and atelectasis and changes in the level of hydroxyproline residues and carbohydrate moieties in the parenchyma. The results indicate the usability of FTIR spectroscopy as a tool for the detection of extracellular matrix remodeling, thereby enabling the prediction of pre-metastatic niche formation.
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10
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Nallala J, Jeynes C, Saunders S, Smart N, Lloyd G, Riley L, Salmon D, Stone N. Characterization of colorectal mucus using infrared spectroscopy: a potential target for bowel cancer screening and diagnosis. J Transl Med 2020; 100:1102-1110. [PMID: 32203151 PMCID: PMC7374084 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological materials presenting early signs of cancer would be beneficial for cancer screening/diagnosis. In this respect, the suitability of potentially exploiting mucus in colorectal cancer was tested using infrared spectroscopy in combination with statistical modeling. Twenty-six paraffinized colon tissue biopsy sections containing mucus regions from 20 individuals (10 normal and 16 cancerous) were measured using mid-infrared spectroscopic imaging. A digital de-paraffinization, followed by cluster analysis driven digital color-coded multi-staining segmented the infrared images into various histopathological features such as epithelium, connective tissue, stroma, and mucus regions within the tissue sections. Principal component analysis followed by supervised linear discriminant analysis was carried out on pure mucus and epithelial spectra from normal and cancerous regions of the tissue. For the mucus-based classification, a sensitivity of 96%, a specificity of 83%, and an area under the curve performance of 95% was obtained. For the epithelial tissue-based classification, a sensitivity of 72%, a specificity of 88%, and an area under the curve performance of 89% was obtained. The mucus spectral profiles further showed contributions indicative of glycans including that of sialic acid changes between these pathology groups. The study demonstrates that infrared spectroscopic analysis of mucus discriminates colorectal cancers with high sensitivity. This concept could be exploited to develop screening/diagnostic approaches complementary to histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakrupakar Nallala
- Biomedical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Charles Jeynes
- 0000 0004 1936 8024grid.8391.3Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
| | - Sarah Saunders
- grid.416118.bCellular Pathology Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5AD UK
| | - Neil Smart
- grid.416118.bDepartment of Surgery, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW UK
| | - Gavin Lloyd
- 0000 0004 1936 7486grid.6572.6Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Leah Riley
- grid.416118.bCellular Pathology Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5AD UK
| | - Debbie Salmon
- 0000 0004 1936 8024grid.8391.3Biocatalysis Centre, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
| | - Nick Stone
- 0000 0004 1936 8024grid.8391.3Biomedical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL UK
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11
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Kelp G, Arju N, Lee A, Esquivel E, Delgado R, Yu Y, Dutta-Gupta S, Sokolov K, Shvets G. Application of metasurface-enhanced infra-red spectroscopy to distinguish between normal and cancerous cell types. Analyst 2019; 144:1115-1127. [PMID: 30702730 PMCID: PMC6437688 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01433g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of biological cells can reveal clinically important information about cells' composition, including their normal or cancerous status. The recently emerged diagnostic technique of spectral cytopathology (SCP) combines FTIR with multivariate statistical analysis to detect cell abnormalities, differentiate between cell types, and monitor disease progression. We demonstrate a new variant of SCP, a metasurface-enhanced infrared reflection spectroscopic cytopathology (MEIRSC) that utilises judiciously designed plasmonic metasurfaces to localize and enhance the evanescent field near the cell's membrane, and to carry out spectroscopic interrogations of the cells attached to the metasurface using reflected infrared light. Our findings indicate that the MEIRSC approach enables us to differentiate between normal and cancerous human colon cells. The sensitivity of MEIRSC is such that a very small (about 50 nm deep) portion of the cell can yield valuable diagnostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kelp
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA and School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - N Arju
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - A Lee
- Department of Imaging Physics, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - E Esquivel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R Delgado
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Y Yu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - S Dutta-Gupta
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India
| | - K Sokolov
- Department of Imaging Physics, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - G Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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12
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Pucetaite M, Velicka M, Urboniene V, Ceponkus J, Bandzeviciute R, Jankevicius F, Zelvys A, Sablinskas V, Steiner G. Rapid intra-operative diagnosis of kidney cancer by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy of tissue smears. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700260. [PMID: 29316381 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a technique to analyze air-dried kidney tissue impression smears by means of attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy is presented. Spectral tumor markers-absorption bands of glycogen-are identified in the ATR-IR spectra of the kidney tissue smear samples. Thin kidney tissue cryo-sections currently used for IR spectroscopic analysis lack such spectral markers as the sample preparation causes irreversible molecular changes in the tissue. In particular, freeze-thaw cycle results in degradation of the glycogen and reduction or complete dissolution of its content. Supervised spectral classification was applied to the recorded spectra of the smears and the test spectra were classified with a high accuracy of 92% for normal tissue and 94% for tumor tissue, respectively. For further development, we propose that combination of the method with optical fiber ATR probes could potentially be used for rapid real-time intra-operative tissue analysis without interfering with either the established protocols of pathological examination or the ordinary workflow of operating surgeon. Such approach could ensure easier transition of the method to clinical applications where it may complement the results of gold standard histopathology examination and aid in more precise resection of kidney tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milda Pucetaite
- Department of General Physics and Spectroscopy, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Martynas Velicka
- Department of General Physics and Spectroscopy, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vidita Urboniene
- Department of General Physics and Spectroscopy, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Justinas Ceponkus
- Department of General Physics and Spectroscopy, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rimante Bandzeviciute
- Department of General Physics and Spectroscopy, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Feliksas Jankevicius
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Lithuanian National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Zelvys
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Valdas Sablinskas
- Department of General Physics and Spectroscopy, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gerald Steiner
- Department of General Physics and Spectroscopy, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Diem M, Ergin A, Remiszewski S, Mu X, Akalin A, Raz D. Infrared micro-spectroscopy of human tissue: principles and future promises. Faraday Discuss 2018; 187:9-42. [PMID: 27075634 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00023a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes the methods employed, and the progress achieved over the past two decades in applying vibrational (Raman and IR) micro-spectroscopy to problems of medical diagnostics and cellular biology. During this time, several research groups have verified the enormous information contained in vibrational spectra; in fact, information on protein, lipid and metabolic composition of cells and tissues can be deduced by decoding the observed vibrational spectra. This decoding process is aided by the availability of computer workstations and advanced algorithms for data analysis. Furthermore, commercial instrumentation for the fast collection of both Raman and infrared micro-spectral data has enabled the collection of images of cells and tissues based solely on vibrational spectroscopic data. The progress in the field has been manifested by a steady increase in the number and quality of publications submitted by established and new research groups in vibrational spectroscopy in the biological and biomedical arenas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Diem
- Laboratory for Spectral Diagnosis (LSpD), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 316 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, USA. and Cireca Theranostics, LLC, 19 Blackstone St, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ayşegül Ergin
- Cireca Theranostics, LLC, 19 Blackstone St, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Xinying Mu
- Cireca Theranostics, LLC, 19 Blackstone St, Cambridge, MA, USA and Department of Mathematics and Statistics and Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali Akalin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dan Raz
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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14
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Benseny-Cases N, Álvarez-Marimon E, Castillo-Michel H, Cotte M, Falcon C, Cladera J. Synchrotron-Based Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy (μFTIR) Study on the Effect of Alzheimer’s Aβ Amorphous and Fibrillar Aggregates on PC12 Cells. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2772-2779. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Benseny-Cases
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2−26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elena Álvarez-Marimon
- Unitat
de Biofísica, Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Facultat
de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hiram Castillo-Michel
- ID21, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Marine Cotte
- ID21, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8220, Laboratoire d’Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale (LAMS), 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlos Falcon
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2−26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Cladera
- Unitat
de Biofísica, Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Facultat
de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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15
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Diem M, Miljković M, Bird B, Mazur AI, Schubert JM, Townsend D, Laver N, Almond M, Old O. Cancer screening via infrared spectral cytopathology (SCP): results for the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Analyst 2017; 141:416-28. [PMID: 26421636 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01751c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Instrumental advances in infrared micro-spectroscopy have made possible the observation of individual human cells and even subcellular structures. The observed spectra represent a snapshot of the biochemical composition of a cell; this composition varies subtly but reproducibly with cellular effects such as progression through the cell cycle, cell maturation and differentiation, and disease. The aim of this summary is to provide a synopsis of the progress achieved in infrared spectral cytopathology (SCP) - the combination of infrared micro-spectroscopy and multivariate methods of analysis - for the detection of abnormalities in exfoliated human cells of the upper respiratory and digestive tract, namely the oral and nasopharyngeal cavities, and the esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Diem
- Laboratory for Spectral Diagnosis (LSpD), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Cireca Theranostics, LLC, 19 Blackstone St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Miloš Miljković
- Laboratory for Spectral Diagnosis (LSpD), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin Bird
- Laboratory for Spectral Diagnosis (LSpD), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Antonella I Mazur
- Laboratory for Spectral Diagnosis (LSpD), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jen M Schubert
- Laboratory for Spectral Diagnosis (LSpD), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas Townsend
- Laboratory for Spectral Diagnosis (LSpD), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nora Laver
- Department of Pathology, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Max Almond
- Biophotonics Research Unit, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Western Road, Gloucester, UK
| | - Oliver Old
- Biophotonics Research Unit, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Western Road, Gloucester, UK
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16
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Smolina M, Goormaghtigh E. FTIR imaging of the 3D extracellular matrix used to grow colonies of breast cancer cell lines. Analyst 2016; 141:620-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01997d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infrared imaging was applied to investigate a reconstituted basement membrane, known as Matrigel, in three-dimensional cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Smolina
- Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes
- Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- B-1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Erik Goormaghtigh
- Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes
- Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- B-1050 Brussels
- Belgium
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17
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Whelan DR, Bell TDM. Correlative Synchrotron Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Single Molecule Super Resolution Microscopy for the Detection of Composition and Ultrastructure Alterations in Single Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2874-83. [PMID: 26421635 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) and synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (S-FTIR) spectroscopy are two techniques capable of elucidating unique and valuable biological detail. SMLM provides images of the structures and distributions of targeted biomolecules at spatial resolutions up to an order of magnitude better than the diffraction limit, whereas IR spectroscopy objectively measures the holistic biochemistry of an entire sample, thereby revealing any variations in overall composition. Both tools are currently applied extensively to detect cellular response to disease, chemical treatment, and environmental change. Here, these two techniques have been applied correlatively at the single cell level to probe the biochemistry of common fixation methods and have detected various fixation-induced losses of biomolecular composition and cellular ultrastructure. Furthermore, by extensive honing and optimizing of fixation protocols, many fixation artifacts previously considered pervasive and regularly identified using IR spectroscopy and fluorescence techniques have been avoided. Both paraformaldehyde and two-step glutaraldehyde fixation were identified as best preserving biochemistry for both SMLM and IR studies while other glutaraldehyde and methanol fixation protocols were demonstrated to cause significant biochemical changes and higher variability between samples. Moreover, the potential complementarity of the two techniques was strikingly demonstrated in the correlated detection of biochemical changes as well as in the detection of fixation-induced damage that was only revealed by one of the two techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna R. Whelan
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia, 3800
| | - Toby D. M. Bell
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia, 3800
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18
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Ergin A, Großerüschkamp F, Theisen O, Gerwert K, Remiszewski S, Thompson CM, Diem M. A method for the comparison of multi-platform spectral histopathology (SHP) data sets. Analyst 2015; 140:2465-72. [PMID: 25664352 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01879f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Results of a study comparing infrared imaging data sets collected on different instruments or instrument platforms are reported, along with detailed methods developed to permit such comparisons. It was found that different instrument platforms, although employing different detector technologies and pixel sizes, produce highly similar and reproducible spectral results. However, differences in the absolute intensity values of the reflectance data sets were observed that were caused by heterogeneity of the sample substrate in terms of reflectivity and planarity.
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19
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Zohdi V, Whelan DR, Wood BR, Pearson JT, Bambery KR, Black MJ. Importance of tissue preparation methods in FTIR micro-spectroscopical analysis of biological tissues: 'traps for new users'. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116491. [PMID: 25710811 PMCID: PMC4339720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) micro-spectroscopy is an emerging technique for the biochemical analysis of tissues and cellular materials. It provides objective information on the holistic biochemistry of a cell or tissue sample and has been applied in many areas of medical research. However, it has become apparent that how the tissue is handled prior to FTIR micro-spectroscopic imaging requires special consideration, particularly with regards to methods for preservation of the samples. We have performed FTIR micro-spectroscopy on rodent heart and liver tissue sections (two spectroscopically very different biological tissues) that were prepared by desiccation drying, ethanol substitution and formalin fixation and have compared the resulting spectra with that of fully hydrated freshly excised tissues. We have systematically examined the spectra for any biochemical changes to the native state of the tissue caused by the three methods of preparation and have detected changes in infrared (IR) absorption band intensities and peak positions. In particular, the position and profile of the amide I, key in assigning protein secondary structure, changes depending on preparation method and the lipid absorptions lose intensity drastically when these tissues are hydrated with ethanol. Indeed, we demonstrate that preserving samples through desiccation drying, ethanol substitution or formalin fixation significantly alters the biochemical information detected using spectroscopic methods when compared to spectra of fresh hydrated tissue. It is therefore imperative to consider tissue preparative effects when preparing, measuring, and analyzing samples using FTIR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava Zohdi
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Donna R. Whelan
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bayden R. Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - James T. Pearson
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Keith R. Bambery
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - M. Jane Black
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- * E-mail:
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20
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Kuzmin AN, Pliss A, Prasad PN. Changes in Biomolecular Profile in a Single Nucleolus during Cell Fixation. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10909-16. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503172b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N. Kuzmin
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Artem Pliss
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Paras N. Prasad
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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21
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Ranc V, Srovnal J, Kvítek L, Hajduch M. Discrimination of circulating tumor cells of breast cancer and colorectal cancer from normal human mononuclear cells using Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2014; 138:5983-8. [PMID: 23945652 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00855j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells present an important marker of the progress of several cancer diseases including breast and colorectal cancer, and enables an interesting prognosis and diagnostic options that can complement convenient diagnostic techniques based on several imaging methods. Based on its relevance, the analysis of such kinds of cells is within the scope of many research and clinical institutes; however, it still presents a difficult task. Here we used a state-of-the-art micro-Raman microscopic technique to enhance possibilities in the study of circulating tumor cells and their further differentiation. As cytospins present a convenient form of sample collection and preparation, we used this form of sampling as the initial point. Raman presents a non-destructive form of sample analysis and thus the samples can be further used for a method validation. We have considered the influence of fixation methods of the cells, where we found out that the ability of Raman spectroscopy to differentiate between three cell lines strictly depends upon the sample preparation method used. Namely breast (BT 549) and colorectal (HCT 116) circulating tumor cell lines and human mononuclear cells were compared. Methanol and paraformaldehyde methods of fixation were compared to simple drying out of the sample. It has been shown that drying out of the cells enables the best performance to be obtained in cell differentiation and this is demonstrated by the use of principal component analysis, where all three given cell lines were differentiated with a high level of confidence. Next, the cells were also scanned using 1 μm spatial resolution. The acquired data were visualized using both chemigrams and hierarchical clustering analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Ranc
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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22
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Diem M, Mazur A, Lenau K, Schubert J, Bird B, Miljković M, Krafft C, Popp J. Molecular pathology via IR and Raman spectral imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:855-86. [PMID: 24311233 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
During the last 15 years, vibrational spectroscopic methods have been developed that can be viewed as molecular pathology methods that depend on sampling the entire genome, proteome and metabolome of cells and tissues, rather than probing for the presence of selected markers. First, this review introduces the background and fundamentals of the spectroscopies underlying the new methodologies, namely infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Then, results are presented in the context of spectral histopathology of tissues for detection of metastases in lymph nodes, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinomas, brain tumors and brain metastases. Results from spectral cytopathology of cells are discussed for screening of oral and cervical mucosa, and circulating tumor cells. It is concluded that infrared and Raman spectroscopy can complement histopathology and reveal information that is available in classical methods only by costly and time-consuming steps such as immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction or gene arrays. Due to the inherent sensitivity toward changes in the bio-molecular composition of different cell and tissue types, vibrational spectroscopy can even provide information that is in some cases superior to that of any one of the conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Diem
- Laboratory for Spectral Diagnosis LSpD, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Verdonck M, Wald N, Janssis J, Yan P, Meyer C, Legat A, Speiser DE, Desmedt C, Larsimont D, Sotiriou C, Goormaghtigh E. Breast cancer and melanoma cell line identification by FTIR imaging after formalin-fixation and paraffin-embedding. Analyst 2013; 138:4083-91. [PMID: 23689823 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00246b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled to microscopy has been recognized as an emerging and potentially powerful tool in cancer research and diagnosis. For this purpose, histological analyses performed by pathologists are mostly carried out on biopsied tissue that undergoes the formalin-fixation and paraffin-embedding (FFPE) procedure. This processing method ensures an optimal and permanent preservation of the samples, making FFPE-archived tissue an extremely valuable source for retrospective studies. Nevertheless, as highlighted by previous studies, this fixation procedure significantly changes the principal constituents of cells, resulting in important effects on their infrared (IR) spectrum. Despite the chemical and spectral influence of FFPE processing, some studies demonstrate that FTIR imaging allows precise identification of the different cell types present in biopsied tissue, indicating that the FFPE process preserves spectral differences between distinct cell types. In this study, we investigated whether this is also the case for closely related cell lines. We analyzed spectra from 8 cancerous epithelial cell lines: 4 breast cancer cell lines and 4 melanoma cell lines. For each cell line, we harvested cells at subconfluence and divided them into two sets. We first tested the "original" capability of FTIR imaging to identify these closely related cell lines on cells just dried on BaF2 slides. We then repeated the test after submitting the cells to the FFPE procedure. Our results show that the IR spectra of FFPE processed cancerous cell lines undergo small but significant changes due to the treatment. The spectral modifications were interpreted as a potential decrease in the phospholipid content and protein denaturation, in line with the scientific literature on the topic. Nevertheless, unsupervised analyses showed that spectral proximities and distances between closely related cell lines were mostly, but not entirely, conserved after FFPE processing. Finally, PLS-DA statistical analyses highlighted that closely related cell lines are still successfully identified and efficiently distinguished by FTIR spectroscopy after FFPE treatment. This last result paves the way towards identification and characterization of cellular subtypes on FFPE tissue sections by FTIR imaging, indicating that this analysis technique could become a potential useful tool in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Verdonck
- Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, Bld du Triomphe 2, CP206/2, B1050 Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Mazur AI, Marcsisin EJ, Bird B, Miljković M, Diem M. Evaluating different fixation protocols for spectral cytopathology, part 2: cultured cells. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8265-71. [PMID: 22935013 DOI: 10.1021/ac3017407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spectral cytopathology (SCP) is a robust and reproducible diagnostic technique that employs infrared spectroscopy and multivariate statistical methods, such as principal component analysis to interrogate unstained cellular samples and discriminate changes on the biochemical level. In the past decade, SCP has taken considerable strides in its application for disease diagnosis. Cultured cell lines have proven to be useful model systems to provide detailed biological information to this field; however, the effects of sample fixation and storage of cultured cells are still not entirely understood in SCP. Conventional cytopathology utilizes fixation and staining methods that have been established and widely accepted for nearly a century and are focused on maintaining the morphology of a cell. Conversely, SCP practices must implement fixation protocols that preserve the sample's biochemical composition and maintain its spectral integrity so not to introduce spectral changes that may mask variance significant to disease. It is not only necessary to evaluate the effects on fixed exfoliated cells but also fixed cultured cells because although they are similar systems, they exhibit distinct differences. We report efforts to study the effects of fixation methodologies commonly used in traditional cytopathology and SCP including both fixed and unfixed routines applied to cultured HeLa cells, an adherent cervical cancer cell line. Data suggest parallel results to findings in Part 1 of this series for exfoliated cells, where the exposure time in fixative and duration of sample storage via desiccation contribute to minor spectral changes only. The results presented here reinforce observations from Part 1 indicating that changes induced by disease are much greater than changes observed as a result of alternate fixation methodologies. Principal component analysis of HeLa cells fixed via the same conditions and protocols as exfoliated cells (Part 1) yield nearly identical results. More importantly, the overall conclusion is that it is necessary that all samples subjected to comparative analysis should be prepared identically because although changes are minute, they are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella I Mazur
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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25
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Travo A, Desplat V, Barron E, Poychicot-Coustau E, Guillon J, Déléris G, Forfar I. Basis of a FTIR spectroscopy methodology for automated evaluation of Akt kinase inhibitor on leukemic cell lines used as model. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1733-43. [PMID: 22850898 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt-signaling pathway, associated with cancer development and disease progression, is recognized to be an anti-tumor drug target that could present important therapeutic benefit. However, no targeted Akt medicines have been commercialized yet, reflecting that drug selection procedures requires significant improvement from early research to clinical trials. Thus, new methods permitting both the evaluation of cytotoxic and proliferation inhibition effect on cancer cells but also to provide a global fingerprint of the drug action mechanism of new Akt inhibitor candidates are of major interest. Because it can detect very subtle molecular changes and could provide a global fingerprint of drug effects on cells, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy appears to be a promising method to develop new time- and cost-saving tools for chemical library screening improvements. In this study, we combine FTIR spectroscopy, advanced chemometrics analysis and cross-validation by standard biological assays to establish a basis of a mid-throughput methodology for rapid and automated assessment of cell response to Akt inhibitors and quantitative evaluation of their anti-proliferative effects. Our results shows that our methodology is able (1) to detect cell response to an Akt inhibitor exposure even for very low doses, (2) to provide biochemical information of interest about its effects on the cell metabolism, lipidome, and proteome, (3) to predict accurately resulting cell proliferation inhibition rate. Thus, further based on a large spectral data base, our methodology could contribute to facilitate preliminary screening of chemical libraries and improving the selection procedure of drug candidates in laboratory routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Travo
- University Bordeaux, Pharmacochimie, FRE 3396, Bordeaux, France
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26
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Ghita A, Pascut FC, Mather M, Sottile V, Notingher I. Cytoplasmic RNA in Undifferentiated Neural Stem Cells: A Potential Label-Free Raman Spectral Marker for Assessing the Undifferentiated Status. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3155-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202994e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Ghita
- School of
Physics and Astronomy, ‡School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and §School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Flavius C. Pascut
- School of
Physics and Astronomy, ‡School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and §School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Melissa Mather
- School of
Physics and Astronomy, ‡School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and §School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Virginie Sottile
- School of
Physics and Astronomy, ‡School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and §School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Ioan Notingher
- School of
Physics and Astronomy, ‡School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and §School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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27
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Chernenko T, Sawant RR, Miljkovic M, Quintero L, Diem M, Torchilin V. Raman microscopy for noninvasive imaging of pharmaceutical nanocarriers: intracellular distribution of cationic liposomes of different composition. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:930-6. [PMID: 22376068 DOI: 10.1021/mp200519y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is playing an increasing role in targeted drug delivery into pathological tissues. Drug-loaded pharmaceutical nanocarriers can be delivered into diseased sites by passive targeting (spontaneous accumulation of nanocarriers in the areas with affected vasculature) or by active targeting (via site-specific ligands attached to the surface of drug-loaded nanocarriers). Subsequent level of targeting requires cellular internalization of nanocarriers and their specific association with certain individual cell organelles. The control over intracellular distribution of pharmaceutical nanocarriers requires effective and noninvasive methods of their visualization inside cells. In an attempt to enhance cellular internalization of pharmaceutical nanocarriers and their association with mitochondria specifically, we have prepared three types of cationic liposomes and investigated their intracellular distribution. The analysis was performed using Raman microspectroscopy in order to provide morphological information as well as biochemical signatures of the sample. It was demonstrated that Raman microscopy allows evaluation of the extent of mitochondrial association depending on the liposome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chernenko
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Pharmaceutical Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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