1
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Chen R, Pathirathna P, Balla RJ, Kim J, Amemiya S. Nanoscale Quantitative Imaging of Single Nuclear Pore Complexes by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10765-10771. [PMID: 38904303 PMCID: PMC11223102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a proteinaceous nanopore that solely and selectively regulates the molecular transport between the cytoplasm and nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The ∼50 nm-diameter pore of the NPC perforates the double-membrane nuclear envelope to mediate both passive and facilitated molecular transport, thereby playing paramount biological and biomedical roles. Herein, we visualize single NPCs by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The high spatial resolution is accomplished by employing ∼25 nm-diameter ion-selective nanopipets to monitor the passive transport of tetrabutylammonium at individual NPCs. SECM images are quantitatively analyzed by employing the finite element method to confirm that this work represents the highest-resolution nanoscale SECM imaging of biological samples. Significantly, we apply the powerful imaging technique to address the long-debated origin of the central plug of the NPC. Nanoscale SECM imaging demonstrates that unplugged NPCs are more permeable to the small probe ion than are plugged NPCs. This result supports the hypothesis that the central plug is not an intrinsic transporter, but is an impermeable macromolecule, e.g., a ribonucleoprotein, trapped in the nanopore. Moreover, this result also supports the transport mechanism where the NPC is divided into the central pathway for RNA export and the peripheral pathway for protein import to efficiently mediate the bidirectional traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast
University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Pavithra Pathirathna
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida
Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Ryan J. Balla
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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2
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Zheng Z, Grall S, Kim SH, Chovin A, Clement N, Demaille C. Activationless Electron Transfer of Redox-DNA in Electrochemical Nanogaps. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6094-6103. [PMID: 38407938 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Our recent discovery of decreased reorganization energy in electrode-tethered redox-DNA systems prompts inquiries into the origin of this phenomenon and suggests its potential use to lower the activation energy of electrochemical reactions. Here, we show that the confinement of the DNA chain in a nanogap amplifies this effect to an extent to which it nearly abolishes the intrinsic activation energy of electron transfer. Employing electrochemical atomic force microscopy (AFM-SECM), we create sub-10 nm nanogaps between a planar electrode surface bearing end-anchored ferrocenylated DNA chains and an incoming microelectrode tip. The redox cycling of the DNA's ferrocenyl (Fc) moiety between the surface and the tip generates a measurable current at the scale of ∼10 molecules. Our experimental findings are rigorously interpreted through theoretical modeling and original molecular dynamics simulations (Q-Biol code). Several intriguing findings emerge from our investigation: (i) The electron transport resulting from DNA dynamics is many times faster than predicted by simple diffusion considerations. (ii) The current in the nanogap is solely governed by the electron transfer rate at the electrodes. (iii) This rate rapidly saturates as overpotentials applied to the nanogap electrodes increase, implying near-complete suppression of the reorganization energy for the oxidation/reduction of the Fc heads within confined DNA. Furthermore, evidence is presented that this may constitute a general, previously unforeseen, behavior of redox polymer chains in electrochemical nanogaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zheng
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Simon Grall
- IIS, LIMMS/CNRS-IIS UMI2820, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soo Hyeon Kim
- IIS, LIMMS/CNRS-IIS UMI2820, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arnaud Chovin
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Clement
- IIS, LIMMS/CNRS-IIS UMI2820, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan
- LAAS, 7 avenue du Colonel Roche, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Demaille
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, F-75013 Paris, France
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3
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Huang SH, Parandhaman M, Farnia S, Kim J, Amemiya S. Nanoelectrochemistry at liquid/liquid interfaces for analytical, biological, and material applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9575-9590. [PMID: 37458703 PMCID: PMC10416082 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01982a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we feature our recent efforts toward the development and application of nanoelectrochemistry at liquid/liquid interfaces, which are also known as interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). Nanopipets, nanopores, and nanoemulsions are developed to create the nanoscale ITIES for the quantitative electrochemical measurement of ion transfer, electron transfer, and molecular transport across the interface. The nanoscale ITIES serves as an electrochemical nanosensor to enable the selective detection of various ions and molecules as well as high-resolution chemical imaging based on scanning electrochemical microscopy. The powerful nanoelectroanalytical methods will be useful for biological and material applications as illustrated by in situ studies of solid-state nanopores, nuclear pore complexes, living bacteria, and advanced nanoemulsions. These studies provide unprecedented insights into the chemical reactivity of important biological and material systems even at the single nanostructure level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siao-Han Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| | | | - Solaleh Farnia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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4
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Kurapati N, Janda DC, Balla RJ, Huang SH, Leonard KC, Amemiya S. Nanogap-Resolved Adsorption-Coupled Electron Transfer by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Implications for Electrocatalysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17956-17963. [PMID: 36512745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the mechanism of adsorption-coupled electron-transfer (ACET) reactions can be identified experimentally. The electron transfer (ET) and specific adsorption of redox-active molecules are coupled in many electrode reactions with practical importance and fundamental interest. ACET reactions are often represented by a concerted mechanism. In reductive adsorption, an oxidant is simultaneously reduced and adsorbed as a reductant on the electrode surface through the ACET step. Alternatively, the non-concerted mechanism mediates outer-sphere reduction and adsorption separately when the reductant adsorption is reversible. In electrocatalysis, reversibly adsorbed reductants are ubiquitous and crucial intermediates. Moreover, electrocatalysis is complicated by the mixed mechanism based on simultaneous ACET and outer-sphere ET steps. In this work, we reveal the non-concerted mechanism for ferrocene derivatives adsorbed at highly oriented pyrolytic graphite as simple models. We enable the transient voltammetric mode of nanoscale scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to kinetically control the adsorption step, which is required for the discrimination of non-concerted, concerted, and mixed mechanisms. Experimental voltammograms are compared with each mechanism by employing finite element simulation. The non-concerted mechanism is supported to indicate that the ACET step is intrinsically slower than its outer-sphere counterpart by at least four orders of magnitude. This finding implies that an ACET step is facilitated thermodynamically but may not be necessarily accelerated or catalyzed by the adsorption of the reductant. SECM-based transient voltammetry will become a powerful tool to resolve and understand electrocatalytic ACET reactions at the elementary level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraja Kurapati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Donald C Janda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ryan J Balla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Siao-Han Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kevin C Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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5
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Jantz DT, Balla RJ, Huang SH, Kurapati N, Amemiya S, Leonard KC. Simultaneous Intelligent Imaging of Nanoscale Reactivity and Topography by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8906-8914. [PMID: 34129324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) enables reactivity and topography imaging of single nanostructures in the electrolyte solution. The in situ reactivity and topography, however, are convoluted in the real-time image, thus requiring another imaging method for subsequent deconvolution. Herein, we develop an intelligent mode of nanoscale SECM to simultaneously obtain separate reactivity and topography images of non-flat substrates with reactive and inert regions. Specifically, an ∼0.5 μm-diameter Pt tip approaches a substrate with an ∼0.15 μm-height active Au band adjacent to an ∼0.4 μm-wide slope of the inactive glass surface followed by a flat inactive glass region. The amperometric tip current versus tip-substrate distance is measured to observe feedback effects including redox-mediated electron tunneling from the substrate. The intelligent SECM software automatically terminates the tip approach depending on the local reactivity and topography of the substrate under the tip. The resultant short tip-substrate distances allow for non-contact and high-resolution imaging in contrast to other imaging modes based on approach curves. The numerical post-analysis of each approach curve locates the substrate under the tip for quantitative topography imaging and determines the tip current at a constant distance for topography-independent reactivity imaging. The nanoscale grooves are revealed by intelligent topography SECM imaging as compared to scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy without reactivity information and as unnoticed by constant-height SECM imaging owing to the convolution of topography with reactivity. Additionally, intelligent reactivity imaging traces abrupt changes in the constant-distance tip current across the Au/glass boundary, which prevents constant-current SECM imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T Jantz
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Ryan J Balla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Siao-Han Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Niraja Kurapati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kevin C Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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6
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Chen R, Xu K, Shen M. Avocado oil, coconut oil, walnut oil as true oil phase for ion transfer at nanoscale liquid/liquid interfaces. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7
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Detection of zwitterion at an electrified liquid-liquid interface: A chemical equilibrium perspective. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Thompson AC, Simpson BH, Lewis NS. Macroscale and Nanoscale Photoelectrochemical Behavior of p-Type Si(111) Covered by a Single Layer of Graphene or Hexagonal Boron Nitride. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11551-11561. [PMID: 32040911 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials may enable a general approach to the introduction of a dipole at a semiconductor surface as well as control over other properties of the double layer at a semiconductor/liquid interface. Vastly different properties can be found in the 2D materials currently studied due in part to the range of the distribution of density-of-states. In this work, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of p-Si-H, p-Si/Gr (graphene), and p-Si/h-BN (hexagonal boron nitride) in contact with a series of one-electron outer-sphere redox couples was investigated by macroscale measurements as well as by scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM). The band gaps of Gr and h-BN (0-5.97 eV) encompass the wide range of band gaps for 2D materials, so these interfaces (p-Si/Gr and p-Si/h-BN) serve as useful references to understand the behavior of 2D materials more generally. The value of Voc shifted with respect to the effective potential of the contacting solution, with slopes (ΔVoc/ΔEEff) of -0.27 and -0.38 for p-Si/Gr and p-Si/h-BN, respectively, indicating that band bending at the p-Si/h-BN and p-Si/Gr interfaces responds at least partially to changes in the electrochemical potential of the contacting liquid electrolyte. Additionally, SECCM is shown to be an effective method to interrogate the nanoscale photoelectrochemical behavior of an interface, showing little spatial variance over scales exceeding the grain size of the CVD-grown 2D materials in this work. The measurements demonstrated that the polycrystalline nature of the 2D materials had little effect on the results and confirmed that the macroscale measurements reflected the junction behavior at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise C Thompson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Burton H Simpson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nathan S Lewis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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9
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Synchronous Electrical Conductance‐ and Electron Tunnelling‐Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Measurements. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Gao J, Wo X, Wang Y, Li M, Zhou C, Wang W. Postrecording Pixel-Reconstruction Approach for Correcting the Lateral Drifts in Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscope. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13620-13626. [PMID: 31612709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance microscope (SPRM) sample stage inevitably suffers from lateral drifts as a result of many environmental factors including thermal fluctuation, mechanical vibration, and relaxation. It places great obstacles to time-lapsed imaging and measurements that need high spatial resolution or long recording time. Existing solutions often require experimental efforts such as the addition of optical markers together with piezoelectric stage-based active feedback configurations. Herein, we propose an all-digital, postrecording image-processing method to remove the lateral drift in a series of time-lapsed SPRM images. The method first calculates the value of lateral drift at subpixel accuracy by combining image cross-correlation analysis and superlocalization strategy. It subsequently reconstructed the drift-free image sequences in a pixel-by-pixel and frame-by-frame manner, according to the linear decomposition and reconstruction principle. This method purely relies on image processing, and it does not require any experimental efforts or hardware. In addition to SPRM, we further demonstrated the applicability of the present method in other types of optical imaging techniques including bright-field transmission microscope and dark-field scattering microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Xiang Wo
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Minghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Chunyuan Zhou
- Nikon Instruments (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. , Shanghai 200120 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
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11
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Balla RJ, Jantz DT, Kurapati N, Chen R, Leonard KC, Amemiya S. Nanoscale Intelligent Imaging Based on Real-Time Analysis of Approach Curve by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10227-10235. [PMID: 31310104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) enables high-resolution imaging by examining the amperometric response of an ultramicroelectrode tip near a substrate. Spatial resolution, however, is compromised for nonflat substrates, where distances from a tip far exceed the tip size to avoid artifacts caused by the tip-substrate contact. Herein, we propose a new imaging mode of SECM based on real-time analysis of the approach curve to actively control nanoscale tip-substrate distances without contact. The power of this software-based method is demonstrated by imaging an insulating substrate with step edges using standard instrumentation without combination of another method for distance measurement, e.g., atomic force microscopy. An ∼500 nm diameter Pt tip approaches down to ∼50 nm from upper and lower terraces of a 500 nm height step edge, which are located by real-time theoretical fitting of an experimental approach curve to ensure the lack of electrochemical reactivity. The tip approach to the step edge can be terminated at <20 nm prior to the tip-substrate contact as soon as the theory deviates from the tip current, which is analyzed numerically afterward to locate the inert edge. The advantageous local adjustment of tip height and tip current at the final point of tip approach distinguishes the proposed imaging mode from other modes based on standard instrumentation. In addition, the glass sheath of the Pt tip is thinned to ∼150 nm to rarely contact the step edge, which is unavoidable and instantaneously detected as an abrupt change in the slope of approach curve to prevent damage of the fragile nanotip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Balla
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Dylan T Jantz
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Kansas , 1501 Wakarusa Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Niraja Kurapati
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Kevin C Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Kansas , 1501 Wakarusa Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
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12
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Pathirathna P, Balla RJ, Jantz DT, Kurapati N, Gramm ER, Leonard KC, Amemiya S. Probing High Permeability of Nuclear Pore Complexes by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Ca 2+ Effects on Transport Barriers. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5446-5454. [PMID: 30907572 PMCID: PMC6535230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) solely mediates molecular transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell to play important biological and biomedical roles. However, it is not well-understood chemically how this biological nanopore selectively and efficiently transports various substances, including small molecules, proteins, and RNAs by using transport barriers that are rich in highly disordered repeats of hydrophobic phenylalanine and glycine intermingled with charged amino acids. Herein, we employ scanning electrochemical microscopy to image and measure the high permeability of NPCs to small redox molecules. The effective medium theory demonstrates that the measured permeability is controlled by diffusional translocation of probe molecules through water-filled nanopores without steric or electrostatic hindrance from hydrophobic or charged regions of transport barriers, respectively. However, the permeability of NPCs is reduced by a low millimolar concentration of Ca2+, which can interact with anionic regions of transport barriers to alter their spatial distributions within the nanopore. We employ atomic force microscopy to confirm that transport barriers of NPCs are dominantly recessed (∼80%) or entangled (∼20%) at the high Ca2+ level in contrast to authentic populations of entangled (∼50%), recessed (∼25%), and "plugged" (∼25%) conformations at a physiological Ca2+ level of submicromolar. We propose a model for synchronized Ca2+ effects on the conformation and permeability of NPCs, where transport barriers are viscosified to lower permeability. Significantly, this result supports a hypothesis that the functional structure of transport barriers is maintained not only by their hydrophobic regions, but also by charged regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Pathirathna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Ryan J. Balla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Dylan T. Jantz
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Niraja Kurapati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Erin R. Gramm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Kevin C. Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
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13
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Bentley CL, Edmondson J, Meloni GN, Perry D, Shkirskiy V, Unwin PR. Nanoscale Electrochemical Mapping. Anal Chem 2018; 91:84-108. [PMID: 30500157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Raith T, Iffelsberger C, Vatsyayan P, Matysik FM. Impacts of Forced Convection Generated via High Precision Stirring on Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Experiments in Feedback Mode. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Raith
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors; University of Regensburg; 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Christian Iffelsberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors; University of Regensburg; 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Preety Vatsyayan
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors; University of Regensburg; 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors; University of Regensburg; 93053 Regensburg Germany
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15
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Chen R, Najarian AM, Kurapati N, Balla RJ, Oleinick A, Svir I, Amatore C, McCreery RL, Amemiya S. Self-Inhibitory Electron Transfer of the Co(III)/Co(II)-Complex Redox Couple at Pristine Carbon Electrode. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11115-11123. [PMID: 30118206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Applications of conducting carbon materials for highly efficient electrochemical energy devices require a greater fundamental understanding of heterogeneous electron-transfer (ET) mechanisms. This task, however, is highly challenging experimentally, because an adsorbing carbon surface may easily conceal its intrinsic reactivity through adventitious contamination. Herein, we employ nanoscale scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and cyclic voltammetry to gain new insights into the interplay between heterogeneous ET and adsorption of a Co(III)/Co(II)-complex redox couple at the contamination-free surface of electron-beam-deposited carbon (eC). Specifically, we investigate the redox couple of tris(1,10-phenanthroline)cobalt(II), Co(phen)32+, as a promising mediator for dye-sensitized solar cells and redox flow batteries. A pristine eC surface overlaid with KCl is prepared in vacuum, protected from contamination in air, and exposed to an ultrapure aqueous solution of Co(phen)32+ by the dissolution of the protective KCl layer. We employ SECM-based nanogap voltammetry to quantitatively demonstrate that Co(phen)32+ is adsorbed on the pristine eC surface to electrostatically self-inhibit outer-sphere ET of nonadsorbed Co(phen)33+ and Co(phen)32+. Strong electrostatic repulsion among Co(phen)32+ adsorbates is also demonstrated by SECM-based nanogap voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry. Quantitatively, self-inhibitory ET is characterized by a linear decrease in the standard rate constant of Co(phen)32+ oxidation with a higher surface concentration of Co(phen)32+ at the formal potential. This unique relationship is consistent not with the Frumkin model of double layer effects, but with the Amatore model of partially blocked electrodes as extended for self-inhibitory ET. Significantly, the complicated coupling of electron transfer and surface adsorption is resolved by combining nanoscale and macroscale voltammetric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Amin Morteza Najarian
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2R3 , Canada
| | - Niraja Kurapati
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Ryan J Balla
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie , École Normale Supérieure, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université , CNRS, 75005 Paris , France
| | - Irina Svir
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie , École Normale Supérieure, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université , CNRS, 75005 Paris , France
| | - Christian Amatore
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie , École Normale Supérieure, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université , CNRS, 75005 Paris , France.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , China
| | - Richard L McCreery
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2R3 , Canada
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
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16
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Huang L, Li Z, Lou Y, Cao F, Zhang D, Li X. Recent Advances in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Biological Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1389. [PMID: 30096895 PMCID: PMC6119995 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a chemical microscopy technique with high spatial resolution for imaging sample topography and mapping specific chemical species in liquid environments. With the development of smaller, more sensitive ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) and more precise computer-controlled measurements, SECM has been widely used to study biological systems over the past three decades. Recent methodological breakthroughs have popularized SECM as a tool for investigating molecular-level chemical reactions. The most common applications include monitoring and analyzing the biological processes associated with enzymatic activity and DNA, and the physiological activity of living cells and other microorganisms. The present article first introduces the basic principles of SECM, followed by an updated review of the applications of SECM in biological studies on enzymes, DNA, proteins, and living cells. Particularly, the potential of SECM for investigating bacterial and biofilm activities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Huang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ziyu Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuntian Lou
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fahe Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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17
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Advances and Perspectives in Chemical Imaging in Cellular Environments Using Electrochemical Methods. CHEMOSENSORS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Jedraszko J, Michalak M, Jönsson-Niedziolka M, Nogala W. Hopping mode SECM imaging of redox activity in ionic liquid with glass-coated inlaid platinum nanoelectrodes prepared using a heating coil puller. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Iwai NT, Kramaric M, Crabbe D, Wei Y, Chen R, Shen M. GABA Detection with Nano-ITIES Pipet Electrode: A New Mechanism, Water/DCE-Octanoic Acid Interface. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3067-3072. [PMID: 29388419 PMCID: PMC6126903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) supported on the orifice of a pipet have become a powerful platform to detect a broad range of analytes. We present here the detection of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) with the nanoITIES pipet electrodes for the first time. GABA has a net charge of zero in an aqueous solution at pH ≈ 7, and it has not previously been detected at ITIES. In this work, we demonstrated GABA detection at ITIES in an aqueous solution at pH ≈ 7, where we introduced a novel detection strategy based on "pH modulation from the oil phase". To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such. Current increases linearly with increasing concentrations of GABA, ranging from 0.25 mM to 1.0 mM. The measured half-wave transfer potential of GABA is -0.401 ± 0.010 V ( n = 22) vs E1/2,TBA. The measured diffusion coefficient for GABA detection at nanoITIES pipet electrode is 6.09 (±0.58) × 10-10 m2/s ( n = 5). Experimental results indicate that protons generated from octanoic acid dissociation in the oil phase do not come out from the oil phase into the aqueous phase; neither were protons produced in the aqueous phase. NanoITIES pipet electrodes with radii of 320-340 nm were used in the current study. This new strategy and knowledge presented here lays the groundwork for the future development of ITIES pipet electrodes, especially for the detection of electrochemically nonredox active analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Toshio Iwai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michelle Kramaric
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Daniel Crabbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mei Shen
- Corresponding Author, Fax: +1 (217) 265-6290.
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20
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Kai T, Zoski CG, Bard AJ. Scanning electrochemical microscopy at the nanometer level. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1934-1947. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09777h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and electrochemical reactions at high temporal and spatial resolution can be studied using nanoscale SECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhan Kai
- Center for Electrochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Cynthia G. Zoski
- Center for Electrochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Center for Electrochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
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21
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Izquierdo J, Knittel P, Kranz C. Scanning electrochemical microscopy: an analytical perspective. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:307-324. [PMID: 29214533 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has evolved from an electrochemical specialist tool to a broadly used electroanalytical surface technique, which has experienced exciting developments for nanoscale electrochemical studies in recent years. Several companies now offer commercial instruments, and SECM has been used in a broad range of applications. SECM research is frequently interdisciplinary, bridging areas ranging from electrochemistry, nanotechnology, and materials science to biomedical research. Although SECM is considered a modern electroanalytical technique, it appears that less attention is paid to so-called analytical figures of merit, which are essential also in electroanalytical chemistry. Besides instrumental developments, this review focuses on aspects such as reliability, repeatability, and reproducibility of SECM data. The review is intended to spark discussion within the community on this topic, but also to raise awareness of the challenges faced during the evaluation of quantitative SECM data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Izquierdo
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Knittel
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Tullastraße 72, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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22
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Morteza Najarian A, Chen R, Balla RJ, Amemiya S, McCreery RL. Ultraflat, Pristine, and Robust Carbon Electrode for Fast Electron-Transfer Kinetics. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13532-13540. [PMID: 29132207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electron-beam (e-beam) deposition of carbon on a gold substrate yields a very flat (0.43 nm of root-mean-square roughness), amorphous carbon film consisting of a mixture of sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbon with sufficient conductivity to avoid ohmic potential error. E-beam carbon (eC) has attractive properties for conventional electrochemistry, including low background current and sufficient transparency for optical spectroscopy. A layer of KCl deposited by e-beam to the eC surface without breaking vacuum protects the surface from the environment after fabrication until dissolved by an ultrapure electrolyte solution. Nanogap voltammetry using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) permits measurement of heterogeneous standard electron-transfer rate constants (k°) in a clean environment without exposure of the electrode surface to ambient air. The ultraflat eC surface permitted nanogap voltammetry with very thin electrode-to-substrate gaps, thus increasing the diffusion limit for k° measurement to >14 cm/s for a gap of 44 nm. Ferrocene trimethylammonium as the redox mediator exhibited a diffusion-limited k° for the previously KCl-protected eC surface, while k° was 1.45 cm/s for unprotected eC. The k° for Ru(NH3)63+/2+ increased from 1.7 cm/s for unprotected eC to above the measurable limit of 6.9 cm/s for a KCl-protected eC electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Morteza Najarian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.,National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ryan J Balla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Richard L McCreery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.,National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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23
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Chen R, Balla RJ, Lima A, Amemiya S. Characterization of Nanopipet-Supported ITIES Tips for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Single Solid-State Nanopores. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9946-9952. [PMID: 28819966 PMCID: PMC5683184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful scanning probe technique that enables high-resolution imaging of chemical processes at single nanometer-sized objects. However, it has been a challenging task to quantitatively understand nanoscale SECM images, which requires accurate characterization of the size and geometry of nanoelectrode tips. Herein, we address this challenge through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of quartz nanopipets for SECM imaging of single solid-state nanopores by using nanopipet-supported interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) as tips. We take advantage of the high resolution of TEM to demonstrate that laser-pulled quartz nanopipets reproducibly yield not only an extremely small tip diameter of ∼30 nm, but also a substantial tip roughness of ∼5 nm. The size and roughness of a nanopipet can be reliably determined by optimizing the intensity of the electron beam not to melt or deform the quartz nanotip without a metal coating. Electrochemically, the nanoscale ITIES supported by a rough nanotip gives higher amperometric responses to tetrabutylammonium than expected for a 30 nm diameter disc tip. The finite element simulation of sphere-cap ITIES tips accounts for the high current responses and also reveals that the SECM images of 100 nm diameter Si3N4 nanopores are enlarged along the direction of the tip scan. Nevertheless, spatial resolution is not significantly compromised by a sphere-cap tip, which can be scanned in closer proximity to the substrate. This finding augments the utility of a protruded tip, which can be fabricated and miniaturized more readily to facilitate nanoscale SECM imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Ryan J. Balla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Alex Lima
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
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24
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Sundaresan V, Marchuk K, Yu Y, Titus EJ, Wilson AJ, Armstrong CM, Zhang B, Willets KA. Visualizing and Calculating Tip–Substrate Distance in Nanoscale Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Using 3-Dimensional Super-Resolution Optical Imaging. Anal Chem 2016; 89:922-928. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Kyle Marchuk
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Eric J. Titus
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Chadd M. Armstrong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Katherine A. Willets
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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25
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Yu Y, Sun T, Mirkin MV. Toward More Reliable Measurements of Electron-Transfer Kinetics at Nanoelectrodes: Next Approximation. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11758-11766. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Tong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Hyun Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Queens College-CUNY, Flushing; New York 11367 USA
| | - Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Queens College-CUNY, Flushing; New York 11367 USA
- The Graduate Center; City University of New York; New York NY 10016 USA
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Queens College-CUNY, Flushing; New York 11367 USA
- The Graduate Center; City University of New York; New York NY 10016 USA
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27
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Polcari D, Dauphin-Ducharme P, Mauzeroll J. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental Parameters from 1989 to 2015. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13234-13278. [PMID: 27736057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Polcari
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Philippe Dauphin-Ducharme
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
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28
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Kim J, Renault C, Nioradze N, Arroyo-Currás N, Leonard KC, Bard AJ. Nanometer Scale Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Instrumentation. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10284-10289. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Christophe Renault
- Laboratoire
de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique Palaiseau, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Nikoloz Nioradze
- The Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
| | - Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93111, United States
| | - Kevin C. Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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29
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Amemiya S, Chen R, Nioradze N, Kim J. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Carbon Nanomaterials and Graphite. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2007-14. [PMID: 27602588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon materials are tremendously important as electrode materials in both fundamental and applied electrochemistry. Recently, significant attention has been given not only to traditional carbon materials, but also to carbon nanomaterials for various electrochemical applications in energy conversion and storage as well as sensing. Importantly, many of these applications require fast electron-transfer (ET) reactions between a carbon surface and a redox-active molecule in solution. It, however, has not been well understood how heterogeneous ET kinetics at a carbon/solution interface is affected by the electronic structure, defect, and contamination of the carbon surface. Problematically, it is highly challenging to measure the intrinsic electrochemical reactivity of a carbon surface, which is readily passivated by adventitious organic contaminants. This Account summarizes our recent studies of carbon nanomaterials and graphite by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) not only to reveal the fast ET kinetics of simple ferrocene derivatives at their graphitic surfaces, but also to obtain mechanistic insights into their extraordinary electrochemical reactivity. Specifically, we implemented new principles and technologies to reliably and reproducibly enable nanoscale SECM measurements. We took advantage of a new SECM imaging principle to resolve the high reactivity of the sidewall of individual single walled carbon nanotubes. In addition, we developed SECM-based nanogap voltammetry to find that monolayer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition yields an unprecedentedly high standard ET rate constant, k(0), of ≥25 cm/s, which was >1000 times higher than that reported in the literature. Remarkably, the nonideal asymmetry of paired nanogap voltammograms revealed that the high reactivity of graphitic surfaces is compromised by their contamination with airborne hydrocarbons. Most recently, we protected the clean surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite from the airborne contaminants during its exfoliation and handling by forming a water adlayer to obtain a reliable k(0) value of ≥12 cm/s from symmetric pairs of nanogap voltammograms. We envision that SECM of clean graphitic surfaces will enable us to reliably address not only effects of their electronic structures on their electrochemical reactivity, but also the activity of carbon-based or carbon-supported electrocatalysts for fuel cells and batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Nikoloz Nioradze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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30
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Chen R, Hu K, Yu Y, Mirkin MV, Amemiya S. Focused-Ion-Beam-Milled Carbon Nanoelectrodes for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016; 163:H3032-H3037. [PMID: 27642187 PMCID: PMC5025261 DOI: 10.1149/2.0071604jes] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has emerged as a powerful electrochemical method that enables the study of interfacial reactions with unprecedentedly high spatial and kinetic resolution. In this work, we develop carbon nanoprobes with high electrochemical reactivity and well-controlled size and geometry based on chemical vapor deposition of carbon in quartz nanopipets. Carbon-filled nanopipets are milled by focused ion beam (FIB) technology to yield a flat disk tip with a thin quartz sheath as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The extremely high electroactivity of FIB-milled carbon nanotips is quantified by enormously high standard electron-transfer rate constants of ≥10 cm/s for Ru(NH3)63+. The tip size and geometry are characterized in electrolyte solutions by SECM approach curve measurements not only to determine inner and outer tip radii of down to ~27 and ~38 nm, respectively, but also to ensure the absence of a conductive carbon layer on the outer wall. In addition, FIB-milled carbon nanotips reveal the limited conductivity of ~100 nm-thick gold films under nanoscale mass-transport conditions. Importantly, carbon nanotips must be protected from electrostatic damage to enable reliable and quantitative nanoelectrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College–CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
| | - Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College–CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College–CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
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31
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Kang M, Momotenko D, Page A, Perry D, Unwin PR. Frontiers in Nanoscale Electrochemical Imaging: Faster, Multifunctional, and Ultrasensitive. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7993-8008. [PMID: 27396415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of interfacial physicochemical processes, from electrochemistry to the functioning of living cells, involve spatially localized chemical fluxes that are associated with specific features of the interface. Scanning electrochemical probe microscopes (SEPMs) represent a powerful means of visualizing interfacial fluxes, and this Feature Article highlights recent developments that have radically advanced the speed, spatial resolution, functionality, and sensitivity of SEPMs. A major trend has been a coming together of SEPMs that developed independently and the use of established SEPMs in completely new ways, greatly expanding their scope and impact. The focus is on nanopipette-based SEPMs, including scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), and hybrid techniques thereof, particularly with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Nanopipette-based probes are made easily, quickly, and cheaply with tunable characteristics. They are reproducible and can be fully characterized. Their response can be modeled in considerable detail so that quantitative maps of chemical fluxes and other properties (e.g., local charge) can be obtained and analyzed. This article provides an overview of the use of these probes for high-speed imaging, to create movies of electrochemical processes in action, to carry out multifunctional mapping such as simultaneous topography-charge and topography-activity, and to create nanoscale electrochemical cells for the detection, trapping, and analysis of single entities, particularly individual molecules and nanoparticles (NPs). These studies provide a platform for the further application and diversification of SEPMs across a wide range of interfacial science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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32
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Chen R, Balla RJ, Li Z, Liu H, Amemiya S. Origin of Asymmetry of Paired Nanogap Voltammograms Based on Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Contamination Not Adsorption. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8323-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ryan J. Balla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Zhiting Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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33
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Kim J, Renault C, Nioradze N, Arroyo-Currás N, Leonard KC, Bard AJ. Electrocatalytic Activity of Individual Pt Nanoparticles Studied by Nanoscale Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8560-8. [PMID: 27315941 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Kim
- Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christophe Renault
- Laboraoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique , 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Nikoloz Nioradze
- Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, California 93111, United States
| | - Kevin C Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Allen J Bard
- Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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34
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Momotenko D, McKelvey K, Kang M, Meloni GN, Unwin PR. Simultaneous Interfacial Reactivity and Topography Mapping with Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2838-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel N. Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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35
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Novev JK, Compton RG. Convective heat transfer in a measurement cell for scanning electrochemical microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:29836-29846. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Imperfect thermostating in SECM or other electrochemical experiments can cause significant convective flows through the solution, potentially compromising data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javor K. Novev
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford University
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford University
- Oxford
- UK
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36
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Colombo ML, McNeil S, Iwai N, Chang A, Shen M. Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine via Assisted Ion Transfer at Nanopipet Electrode Using Cyclic Voltammetry. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015; 163:H3072-H3076. [PMID: 29606735 PMCID: PMC5873601 DOI: 10.1149/2.0091604jes] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We present here the detection of dopamine (DA) at nanopipet electrodes with radii of hundreds of nanometers ranging from 160 nm to 480 nm. Dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) was employed as an ionophore to facilitate DA transfer, resulting in a half-wave transfer potential, E1/2, DA, of -0.322 (±0.020) V vs. E1/2, TBA. Well-defined steady-state sigmoidal cyclic voltammograms were observed for the transfer of DA. High resolution scanning electron microscopy was used to measure the size and taper angle of the nanopipet electrodes. The detection is linear with concentration of DA ranging from 0.25 mM to 2 mM; calculated diffusion coefficient at nanopipet electrodes with above mentioned sizes is 4.87 (±0.28) × 10-10 m2/s. The effect of the common interferent ascorbic acid on DA detection with nanopipet electrodes was evaluated, where DA detection still shows linear behavior with well-defined sigmoidal CVs with E1/2, DA being -0.328 (±0.029) V vs. E1/2, TBA. The diffusion coefficient for DA transfer in MgCl2 with the presence of 2 mM AA was measured to be 1.93 (±0.59) × 10-10 m2/s on nanoelectrodes with radii from 161 nm to 263 nm, but the physiological concentration of 0.1 mM AA had no effect on DA's diffusion coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Swami McNeil
- University of Illinois College of Nursing, Champaign, Illinois 61821, USA
| | - Nicholas Iwai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Albert Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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37
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Chen R, Nioradze N, Santhosh P, Li Z, Surwade SP, Shenoy GJ, Parobek DG, Kim MA, Liu H, Amemiya S. Ultrafast Electron Transfer Kinetics of Graphene Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Chen R, Nioradze N, Santhosh P, Li Z, Surwade SP, Shenoy GJ, Parobek DG, Kim MA, Liu H, Amemiya S. Ultrafast Electron Transfer Kinetics of Graphene Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15134-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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39
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Zhou M, Yu Y, Blanchard PY, Mirkin MV. Surface Patterning Using Diazonium Ink Filled Nanopipette. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10956-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Blanchard
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
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40
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Holzinger A, Steinbach C, Kranz C. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM): Fundamentals and Applications in Life Sciences. ELECTROCHEMICAL STRATEGIES IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622529-00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has made significant contributions to the life sciences. Innovative developments focusing on high-resolution imaging, developing novel operation modes, and combining SECM with complementary optical or scanning probe techniques renders SECM an attractive analytical approach. This chapter gives an introduction to the essential instrumentation and operation principles of SECM for studying biologically-relevant systems. Particular emphasis is given to applications aimed at imaging the activity of biochemical constituents such as enzymes, antibodies, and DNA, which play a pivotal role in biomedical diagnostics. Furthermore, the unique advantages of SECM and combined techniques for studying live cells is highlighted by discussion of selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Holzinger
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Charlotte Steinbach
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
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41
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Byers JC, Paulose Nadappuram B, Perry D, McKelvey K, Colburn AW, Unwin PR. Single Molecule Electrochemical Detection in Aqueous Solutions and Ionic Liquids. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10450-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Byers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Alex W. Colburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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42
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Momotenko D, Byers JC, McKelvey K, Kang M, Unwin PR. High-Speed Electrochemical Imaging. ACS NANO 2015; 9:8942-8952. [PMID: 26267455 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The design, development, and application of high-speed scanning electrochemical probe microscopy is reported. The approach allows the acquisition of a series of high-resolution images (typically 1000 pixels μm(-2)) at rates approaching 4 seconds per frame, while collecting up to 8000 image pixels per second, about 1000 times faster than typical imaging speeds used up to now. The focus is on scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), but the principles and practicalities are applicable to many electrochemical imaging methods. The versatility of the high-speed scan concept is demonstrated at a variety of substrates, including imaging the electroactivity of a patterned self-assembled monolayer on gold, visualization of chemical reactions occurring at single wall carbon nanotubes, and probing nanoscale electrocatalysts for water splitting. These studies provide movies of spatial variations of electrochemical fluxes as a function of potential and a platform for the further development of high speed scanning with other electrochemical imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua C Byers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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43
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Shen M, Colombo ML. Electrochemical nanoprobes for the chemical detection of neurotransmitters. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:7095-7105. [PMID: 26327927 PMCID: PMC4551492 DOI: 10.1039/c5ay00512d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, acting as chemical messengers, play an important role in neurotransmission, which governs many functional aspects of nervous system activity. Electrochemical probes have proven a very useful technique to study neurotransmission, especially to quantify and qualify neurotransmitters. With the emerging interests in probing neurotransmission at the level of single cells, single vesicles, as well as single synapses, probes that enable detection of neurotransmitters at the nanometer scale become vitally important. Electrochemical nanoprobes have been successfully employed in nanometer spatial resolution imaging of single nanopores of Si membrane and single Au nanoparticles, providing both topographical and chemical information, thus holding great promise for nanometer spatial study of neurotransmission. Here we present the current state of electrochemical nanoprobes for chemical detection of neurotransmitters, focusing on two types of nanoelectrodes, i.e. carbon nanoelectrode and nano-ITIES pipet electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. Tel: +1 (217) 300 3587
| | - Michelle L. Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. Tel: +1 (217) 300 3587
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44
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Zhou M, Yu Y, Hu K, Mirkin MV. Nanoelectrochemical Approach To Detecting Short-Lived Intermediates of Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6517-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ja512482n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
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45
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Colombo ML, Sweedler JV, Shen M. Nanopipet-Based Liquid-Liquid Interface Probes for the Electrochemical Detection of Acetylcholine, Tryptamine, and Serotonin via Ionic Transfer. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5095-100. [PMID: 25877788 PMCID: PMC4483307 DOI: 10.1021/ac504151e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A nanoscale interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) provides a unique analytical platform for the detection of ionic species of biological interest such as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, especially those that are otherwise difficult to detect directly on a carbon electrode without electrode modification. We report the detection of acetylcholine, serotonin, and tryptamine on nanopipet electrode probes with sizes ranging from a radius of ≈7 to 35 nm. The transfer of these analytes across a 1,2-dichloroethane/water interface was studied by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. Well-defined sigmoidal voltammograms were observed on the nanopipet electrodes within the potential window of artificial seawater for acetylcholine and tryptamine. The half wave transfer potential, E1/2, of acetylcholine, tryptamine, and serotonin were found to be -0.11, -0.25, and -0.47 V vs E(1/2,TEA) (term is defined later in experimental), respectively. The detection was linear in the range of 0.25-6 mM for acetylcholine and of 0.5-10 mM for tryptamine in artificial seawater. Transfer of serotonin was linear in the range of 0.15-8 mM in LiCl solution. The limit of detection for serotonin in LiCl on a radius ≈21 nm nanopipet electrode was 77 μM, for acetylcholine on a radius ≈7 nm nanopipet electrode was 205 μM, and for tryptamine on a radius ≈19 nm nanopipet electrode was 86 μM. Nanopipet-supported ITIES probes have great potential to be used in nanometer spatial resolution measurements for the detection of neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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46
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Nioradze N, Chen R, Kurapati N, Khvataeva-Domanov A, Mabic S, Amemiya S. Organic Contamination of Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite As Studied by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4836-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikoloz Nioradze
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ran Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Niraja Kurapati
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | | | | | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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47
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McKelvey K, Kinnear SL, Perry D, Momotenko D, Unwin PR. Surface Charge Mapping with a Nanopipette. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13735-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja506139u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. CV4
7AL
| | - Sophie L. Kinnear
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. CV4
7AL
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. CV4
7AL
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. CV4
7AL
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. CV4
7AL
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48
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Hu K, Wang Y, Cai H, Mirkin MV, Gao Y, Friedman G, Gogotsi Y. Open carbon nanopipettes as resistive-pulse sensors, rectification sensors, and electrochemical nanoprobes. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8897-901. [PMID: 25160727 DOI: 10.1021/ac5022908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer-sized glass and quartz pipettes have been widely used as a core of chemical sensors, patch clamps, and scanning probe microscope tips. Many of those applications require the control of the surface charge and chemical state of the inner pipette wall. Both objectives can be attained by coating the inner wall of a quartz pipette with a nanometer-thick layer of carbon. In this letter, we demonstrate the possibility of using open carbon nanopipettes (CNP) produced by chemical vapor deposition as resistive-pulse sensors, rectification sensors, and electrochemical nanoprobes. By applying a potential to the carbon layer, one can change the surface charge and electrical double-layer at the pipette wall, which, in turn, affect the ion current rectification and adsorption/desorption processes essential for resistive-pulse sensors. CNPs can also be used as versatile electrochemical probes such as asymmetric bipolar nanoelectrodes and dual electrodes based on simultaneous recording of the ion current through the pipette and the current produced by oxidation/reduction of molecules at the carbon nanoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education of China) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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49
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Kim J, Kim BK, Cho SK, Bard AJ. Tunneling Ultramicroelectrode: Nanoelectrodes and Nanoparticle Collisions. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8173-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja503314u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Kim
- Center for Electrochemistry,
Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Byung-Kwon Kim
- Center for Electrochemistry,
Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sung Ki Cho
- Center for Electrochemistry,
Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Center for Electrochemistry,
Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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50
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McKelvey K, Perry D, Byers JC, Colburn AW, Unwin PR. Bias Modulated Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3639-46. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5003118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua C. Byers
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alex W. Colburn
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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