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Santhapur R, Jayakumar D, McClements DJ. Development and Characterization of Hybrid Meat Analogs from Whey Protein-Mushroom Composite Hydrogels. Gels 2024; 10:446. [PMID: 39057469 PMCID: PMC11276292 DOI: 10.3390/gels10070446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a need to reduce the proportion of animal-derived food products in the human diet for sustainability and environmental reasons. However, it is also important that a transition away from animal-derived foods does not lead to any adverse nutritional effects. In this study, the potential of blending whey protein isolate (WPI) with either shiitake mushroom (SM) or oyster mushroom (OM) to create hybrid foods with enhanced nutritional and physicochemical properties was investigated. The impact of OM or SM addition on the formation, microstructure, and physicochemical attributes of heat-set whey protein gels was therefore examined. The mushroom powders were used because they have relatively high levels of vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and dietary fibers, which may provide nutritional benefits, whereas the WPI was used to provide protein and good thermal gelation properties. A variety of analytical methods were used to characterize the structural and physicochemical properties of the WPI-mushroom hybrids, including confocal microscopy, particle electrophoresis, light scattering, proximate analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic shear rheology, textural profile analysis, and colorimetry. The charge on whey proteins and mushroom particles went from positive to negative when the pH was raised from 3 to 9, but whey protein had a higher isoelectric point and charge magnitude. OM slightly increased the thermal stability of WPI, but SM had little effect. Both mushroom types decreased the lightness and increased the brownness of the whey protein gels. The addition of the mushroom powders also decreased the hardness and Young's modulus of the whey protein gels, which may be because the mushroom particles acted as soft fillers. This study provides valuable insights into the formation of hybrid whey protein-mushroom products that have desirable physiochemical and nutritional attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramdattu Santhapur
- Biopolymers and Colloids Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (R.S.); (D.J.)
| | - Disha Jayakumar
- Biopolymers and Colloids Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (R.S.); (D.J.)
| | - David Julian McClements
- Biopolymers and Colloids Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (R.S.); (D.J.)
- Department of Food Science & Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou 310018, China
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2
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Li PR, Kiran Boilla S, Wang CH, Lin PC, Kuo CN, Tsai TH, Lee GB. A self-driven, microfluidic, integrated-circuit biosensing chip for detecting four cardiovascular disease biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 249:115931. [PMID: 38215636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) claimed the lives of nearly 21 million people worldwide in 2021, accounting for 30% of global deaths. However, one in five CVD patients is unaware that they have the disease, emphasizing the need for accurate biomarker monitoring. Herein we developed an integrated microfluidic system (IMS) for rapid quantification of four CVD biomarkers, including N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), fibrinogen, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and C-reactive protein (CRP)- via aptamer-coated interdigitated electrodes (IDE) with integrated circuits (IC) and a self-driven IMS for sample treatment. The device was composed of plasma filtration, metering, and fluidic delay modules, and the former could extract 45% of plasma from a 20-μL blood sample; the metering module could quantify 5 μL of plasma within 90 s. Subsequently, the plasma was transported to a detection chamber, where IC-based IDE sensors made measurements within 5 min. The entire 15-min process allowed us to evaluate biomarkers across a wide dynamic range: NT-proBNP (0.1-10,000 pg/mL), fibrinogen (50-1,000 mg/dL), cTnI (0.1-10,000 pg/mL), and CRP (0.5-9 mg/L). Given that spiked blood samples were measured with reasonable accuracy (>80%), the IMS could see utility in CVD risk assessment and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Rong Li
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Sasi Kiran Boilla
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Wang
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chien Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, 62102, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Nan Kuo
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Heng Tsai
- Industry Academy Innovation School, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Gwo-Bin Lee
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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3
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Luo L, Deng Y, Liu G, Zhou P, Zhao Z, Li P, Zhang M. Enhancing Solubility and Reducing Thermal Aggregation in Pea Proteins through Protein Glutaminase-Mediated Deamidation. Foods 2023; 12:4130. [PMID: 38002188 PMCID: PMC10670925 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited solubility and stability of pea proteins hinder their utilization in liquid formulations. In this study, protein glutaminase (PG) was employed to modify pea protein isolates (PPIs) and obtain deamidated PPI with varying degrees of deamidation (DD, 10-25%). The solubility and thermal stability of these deamidated PPI samples were assessed, and a comprehensive analysis, including SDS-PAGE, zeta potential, FTIR, surface hydrophobicity, and intrinsic fluorescence, was conducted to elucidate the mechanism behind the improvement in their functional properties. The results reveal that PG modification greatly enhances the solubility and heat stability of PPI, with the most notable improvements observed at higher DD (>20%). PG modification increases the net charge of PPI, leading to the unfolding and extension of the protein structures, thus exposing more hydrophobic groups. These structural changes are particularly pronounced when DD exceeds 20%. This increased electrostatic repulsion between carboxyl groups would promote protein unfolding, enhancing interactions with water and hindering the aggregation of unfolded protein in the presence of salts at elevated temperatures (supported by high-performance size exclusion chromatography and transmission electron microscopy). Accordingly, PG-mediated deamidation shows promise in enhancing the functional properties of PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Luo
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (L.L.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (L.L.)
| | - Guang Liu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (L.L.)
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (L.L.)
| | - Zhihao Zhao
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (L.L.)
| | - Ping Li
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (L.L.)
| | - Mingwei Zhang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (L.L.)
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China
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Kim TH, Song Z, Jung J, Sung JS, Kang MJ, Shim WB, Lee M, Pyun JC. Functionalized Parylene Films for Enhancement of Antibody Production by Hybridoma Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3726-3738. [PMID: 37647153 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the influence of microenvironments on antibody production of hybridoma cells was analyzed using six types of functionalized parylene films, parylene-N and parylene-C (before and after UV radiation), parylene-AM, and parylene-H, and using polystyrene as a negative control. Hybridoma cells were cultured on modified parylene films that produced a monoclonal antibody against the well-known fungal toxin ochratoxin-A. Surface properties were analyzed for each parylene film, such as roughness, chemical functional groups, and hydrophilicity. The proliferation rate of the hybridoma cells was observed for each parylene film by counting the number of adherent cells, and the total amount of produced antibodies from different parylene films was estimated using indirect ELISA. In comparison with the polystyrene, the antibody-production by parylene-H and parylene-AM was estimated to be observed to be as high as 210-244% after the culture of 24 h. These results indicate that the chemical functional groups of the culture plate could influence antibody production. To analyze the influence of the microenvironments of the modified parylene films, we performed cell cycle analysis to estimate the ratio of the G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases of the hybridoma cells on each parylene film. From the normalized proportion of phases of the cell cycle, the difference in antibody production from different surfaces was considered to result from the difference in the proliferation rate of hybridoma cells, which occurred from the different physical and chemical properties of the parylene films. Finally, protein expression was analyzed using an mRNA array to determine the effect of parylene films on protein expression in hybridoma cells. The expression of three antibody production-related genes (CD40, Sox4, and RelB) was analyzed in hybridoma cells cultured on modified parylene films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Zhiquan Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Jaeyong Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Soo Sung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Won-Bo Shim
- Department of Food Science and Technology & Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea
| | - Misu Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Bioengineering and △Institute for New Drug Development, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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Guan J, Yao L, Chung CR, Chiang YC, Lee TY. StackTHPred: Identifying Tumor-Homing Peptides through GBDT-Based Feature Selection with Stacking Ensemble Architecture. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10348. [PMID: 37373494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges in cancer therapy lies in the limited targeting specificity exhibited by existing anti-cancer drugs. Tumor-homing peptides (THPs) have emerged as a promising solution to this issue, due to their capability to specifically bind to and accumulate in tumor tissues while minimally impacting healthy tissues. THPs are short oligopeptides that offer a superior biological safety profile, with minimal antigenicity, and faster incorporation rates into target cells/tissues. However, identifying THPs experimentally, using methods such as phage display or in vivo screening, is a complex, time-consuming task, hence the need for computational methods. In this study, we proposed StackTHPred, a novel machine learning-based framework that predicts THPs using optimal features and a stacking architecture. With an effective feature selection algorithm and three tree-based machine learning algorithms, StackTHPred has demonstrated advanced performance, surpassing existing THP prediction methods. It achieved an accuracy of 0.915 and a 0.831 Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) score on the main dataset, and an accuracy of 0.883 and a 0.767 MCC score on the small dataset. StackTHPred also offers favorable interpretability, enabling researchers to better understand the intrinsic characteristics of THPs. Overall, StackTHPred is beneficial for both the exploration and identification of THPs and facilitates the development of innovative cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Guan
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen) 2001 Longxiang Road, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Lantian Yao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), 2001 Longxiang Road, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), 2001 Longxiang Road, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Chia-Ru Chung
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), 2001 Longxiang Road, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Ying-Chih Chiang
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen) 2001 Longxiang Road, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), 2001 Longxiang Road, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Tzong-Yi Lee
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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6
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Zhao L, Shu M, Chen H, Shi K, Li Z. Preparation of graphene oxide-stabilized Pickering emulsion adjuvant for Pgp3 recombinant vaccine and enhanced immunoprotection against Chlamydia Trachomatis infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1148253. [PMID: 37143655 PMCID: PMC10152066 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional emulsion adjuvants are limited in clinical application because of their surfactant dependence. Graphene oxide (GO) has unique amphiphilic properties and therefore has potential to be used as a surfactant substitute to stabilize Pickering emulsions. Methods In this study, GO-stabilized Pickering emulsion (GPE) was prepared and used as an adjuvant to facilitate an enhanced immune response to the Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) Pgp3 recombinant vaccine. Firstly, GPE was prepared by optimizing the sonication conditions, pH, salinity, GO concentration, and water/oil ratio. GPE with small-size droplets was characterized and chosen as the candidate. Subsequently, controlled-release antigen delivery by GPE was explored. Cellular uptake behaviors, M1 polarization, and cytokine stimulation by GPE + Pgp3 was considered in terms of the production of macrophages. Finally, GPE's adjuvant effect was evaluated by vaccination with Pgp3 recombinant in BALB/c mouse models. Results GPE with the smallest droplet sizes was prepared by sonication under 163 W for 2 min at 1 mg/mL GO in natural salinity with a pH of 2 when the water/oil ratio was 10:1 (w/w). The optimized average GPE droplet size was 1.8 μm and the zeta potential was -25.0 ± 1.3 mv. GPE delivered antigens by adsorption onto the droplet surface, demonstrating the controlled release of antigens both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, GPE promoted antigen uptake, which stimulated proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), enhancing the M1 polarization of macrophages in vitro. Macrophage recruitment was also significantly promoted by GPE at the injection site. In the GPE + Pgp3 treatment group, higher levels of immunoglobin (IgG), immunoglobin G1 (IgG1), immunoglobin G2a (IgG2a) sera, and immunoglobin A (IgA) were detected in vaginal fluid, and higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion were stimulated, than in the Pgp3 group, showing a significant type 1 T helper (Th1)-type cellular immune response. Chlamydia muridarum challenging showed that GPE enhanced Pgp3's immunoprotection through its advanced clearance of bacterial burden and alleviation of chronic pathological damage in the genital tract. Conclusion This study enabled the rational design of small-size GPE, shedding light on antigen adsorption and control release, macrophage uptake, polarization and recruitment, which enhanced augmented humoral and cellular immunity and ameliorated chlamydial-induced tissue damage in the genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanhua Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Mingyi Shu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hongliang Chen
- ILaboratory Department of Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Keliang Shi
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, The School of Nursing, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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7
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Yang Y, Gupta VK, Amiri H, Pan J, Aghbashlo M, Tabatabaei M, Rajaei A. Recent developments in improving the emulsifying properties of chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124210. [PMID: 37001778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is one of the valuable products obtained from crustacean waste. The unique characteristics of chitosan (antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory) have increased its application in various sectors. Besides unique biological properties, chitosan or chitosan-based compounds can stabilize emulsions. Nevertheless, studies have shown that chitosan cannot be used as an efficient stabilizer because of its high hydrophilicity. Hence, this review aims to provide an overview of recent studies dealing with improving the emulsifying properties of chitosan. In general, two different approaches have been reported to improve the emulsifying properties of chitosan. The first approach tries to improve the stabilization property of chitosan by modifying its structure. The second one uses compounds such as polysaccharides, proteins, surfactants, essential oils, and polyphenols with more wettability and emulsifying properties than chitosan's particles in combination with chitosan to create complex particles. The tendency to use chitosan-based particles to stabilize Pickering emulsions has recently increased. For this reason, more studies have been conducted in recent years to improve the stabilizing properties of chitosan-based particles, especially using the electrostatic interaction method. In the electrostatic interaction method, numerous research has been conducted on using proteins and polysaccharides to increase the stabilizing property of chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Hamid Amiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran; Environmental Research Institute, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Junting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India.
| | - Ahmad Rajaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran.
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8
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Qing R, Hao S, Smorodina E, Jin D, Zalevsky A, Zhang S. Protein Design: From the Aspect of Water Solubility and Stability. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14085-14179. [PMID: 35921495 PMCID: PMC9523718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Water solubility and structural stability are key merits for proteins defined by the primary sequence and 3D-conformation. Their manipulation represents important aspects of the protein design field that relies on the accurate placement of amino acids and molecular interactions, guided by underlying physiochemical principles. Emulated designer proteins with well-defined properties both fuel the knowledge-base for more precise computational design models and are used in various biomedical and nanotechnological applications. The continuous developments in protein science, increasing computing power, new algorithms, and characterization techniques provide sophisticated toolkits for solubility design beyond guess work. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the protein design field with respect to water solubility and structural stability. After introducing fundamental design rules, we discuss the transmembrane protein solubilization and de novo transmembrane protein design. Traditional strategies to enhance protein solubility and structural stability are introduced. The designs of stable protein complexes and high-order assemblies are covered. Computational methodologies behind these endeavors, including structure prediction programs, machine learning algorithms, and specialty software dedicated to the evaluation of protein solubility and aggregation, are discussed. The findings and opportunities for Cryo-EM are presented. This review provides an overview of significant progress and prospects in accurate protein design for solubility and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qing
- State
Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Media
Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The
David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shilei Hao
- Media
Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Key
Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Eva Smorodina
- Department
of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo
University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - David Jin
- Avalon GloboCare
Corp., Freehold, New Jersey 07728, United States
| | - Arthur Zalevsky
- Laboratory
of Bioinformatics Approaches in Combinatorial Chemistry and Biology, Shemyakin−Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic
Chemistry RAS, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Shuguang Zhang
- Media
Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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9
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Ferreira LF, Picco AS, Galdino FE, Albuquerque LJC, Berret JF, Cardoso MB. Nanoparticle-Protein Interaction: Demystifying the Correlation between Protein Corona and Aggregation Phenomena. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:28559-28569. [PMID: 35696304 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein corona formation and nanoparticles' aggregation have been heavily discussed over the past years since the lack of fine-mapping of these two combined effects has hindered the targeted delivery evolution and the personalized nanomedicine development. We present a multitechnique approach that combines dynamic light and small-angle X-ray scattering techniques with cryotransmission electron microscopy in a given fashion that efficiently distinguishes protein corona from aggregates formation. This methodology was tested using ∼25 nm model silica nanoparticles incubated with either model proteins or biologically relevant proteomes (such as fetal bovine serum and human plasma) in low and high ionic strength buffers to precisely tune particle-to-protein interactions. In this work, we were able to differentiate protein corona, small aggregates formation, and massive aggregation, as well as obtain fractal information on the aggregates reliably and straightforwardly. The strategy presented here can be expanded to other particle-to-protein mixtures and might be employed as a quality control platform for samples that undergo biological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Fernanda Ferreira
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnociências, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-580 Santo André, Brazil
| | - Agustín Silvio Picco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Fac. de Cs. Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata─CONICET, Boulevard 113 y 64, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Flávia Elisa Galdino
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lindomar Jose Calumby Albuquerque
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Mateus Borba Cardoso
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnociências, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-580 Santo André, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
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10
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Li M, Wang Y, He K, Wang Y. Determination of pepsin by capillary electrophoresis using mixed polymer coated capillary with switchable properties towards protein adsorption/desorption. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1960-1970. [PMID: 35352869 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a simple on-line preconcentration method for quantitative detection of pepsin was realized by using the binary mixed polymer brushes coated capillary with switchable properties towards protein adsorption. Firstly, the binary mixed polymer brushes were prepared by grafting poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and poly(4-vinylpyridine) onto the inner wall of the capillary through polydopamine anchor. Then the coatings were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectrometer and electroosmotic flow measurement. The results indicated that the composition of coating could be controlled by varying the feed ratio of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) to poly(4-vinylpyridine) and the inner surface charge could be tuned toward the change of pH and ionic strength. The results showed when poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)/poly(4-vinylpyridine) mass ratio was 80/20, the highest on-line preconcentration effect was obtained and the sensitivity enhancement factor was 6.3. Moreover, satisfactory sensitivity (limit of detection: 7.5 ng/mL) and good repeatability were obtained with on-line preconcentration method. The polymer coated capillary was still stable for on-line preconcentration and detection of pepsin after 50 consecutive runs. Lastly, the proposed method was used successfully to on-line preconcentrate pepsin in saliva matrix. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Kang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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11
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Srinivasan A, Gayathri G, Muthupandi M, Rajasekar K, Ameen KB, Pandaram P, Ramasubbu A. Eco-benign Synthesis, Characterization of CdS-QDs/Casein Bionanocomposite Towards Anti-microbial, Anti-hemolytic and Cytotoxicity in A549 & MCF-7 Cells. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Wang W, Xu H, Ye Q, Tao F, Wheeldon I, Yuan A, Hu Y, Wu J. Systemic immune responses to irradiated tumours via the transport of antigens to the tumour periphery by injected flagellate bacteria. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:44-53. [PMID: 35058589 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Because the tumour microenvironment is typically immunosuppressive, the release of tumour antigens mediated by radiotherapy or chemotherapy does not sufficiently activate immune responses. Here we show that, following radiotherapy, the intratumoural injection of a genetically attenuated strain of Salmonella coated with antigen-adsorbing cationic polymer nanoparticles caused the accumulation of tumour antigens at the tumour's periphery. This enhanced the crosstalk between the antigens and dendritic cells, and resulted in large increases in activated ovalbumin-specific dendritic cells in vitro and in systemic antitumour effects, and extended survival in multiple tumour models in mice, including a model of metastasis and recurrence. The antitumour effects were abrogated by the antibody-mediated depletion of CD8+ T cells, indicating that systemic tumour regression was caused by adaptive immune responses. Leveraging flagellate bacteria to transport tumour antigens to the periphery of tumours to potentiate the activation of dendritic cells may open up new strategies for in situ cancer vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingsong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ian Wheeldon
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ahu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiqiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jinhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School of Nanjing University and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. .,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. .,Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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13
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Porto DL, da Silva ARR, Oliveira ADS, Nogueira FHA, Pedrosa MDFF, Aragão CFS. Development and validation of a stability indicating HPLC-DAD method for the determination of the peptide stigmurin. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Schneier M, Razdan S, Miller AM, Briceno ME, Barua S. Current technologies to endotoxin detection and removal for biopharmaceutical purification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2588-2609. [PMID: 32333387 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxins are the major contributors to the pyrogenic response caused by contaminated pharmaceutical products, formulation ingredients, and medical devices. Recombinant biopharmaceutical products are manufactured using living organisms, including Gram-negative bacteria. Upon the death of a Gram-negative bacterium, endotoxins (also known as lipopolysaccharides) in the outer cell membrane are released into the lysate where they can interact with and form bonds with biomolecules, including target therapeutic compounds. Endotoxin contamination of biologic products may also occur through water, raw materials such as excipients, media, additives, sera, equipment, containers closure systems, and expression systems used in manufacturing. The manufacturing process is, therefore, in critical need of methods to reduce and remove endotoxins by monitoring raw materials and in-process intermediates at critical steps, in addition to final drug product release testing. This review paper highlights a discussion on three major topics about endotoxin detection techniques, upstream processes for the production of therapeutic molecules, and downstream processes to eliminate endotoxins during product purification. Finally, we have evaluated the effectiveness of endotoxin removal processes from a perspective of high purity and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Schneier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Sidharth Razdan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Allison M Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Maria E Briceno
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Sutapa Barua
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
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15
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LI N, LIU SG, HE YQ, MAI X. Resonance Rayleigh Scattering as a Tool for Isoelectric Point Monitoring and Iron(III) Cation Determination. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:1149-1153. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na LI
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University
| | - Shi Gang LIU
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University
| | - Yong Qin HE
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University
| | - Xi MAI
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University
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16
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17
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Guckeisen T, Hosseinpour S, Peukert W. Isoelectric Points of Proteins at the Air/Liquid Interface and in Solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:5004-5012. [PMID: 30892047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic interactions play essential roles in determining the function, colloidal stability, and adsorption of proteins on different surfaces and interfaces. Therefore, a molecular-level understanding of the charge state of the proteins under different conditions is required to explain their macroscopic properties. In this study, we have employed an inherently surface-sensitive spectroscopic tool, sum frequency generation spectroscopy, to determine the charge state of a wide range of proteins as a function of pH at the air/liquid interface via measurement of the degree of orientation of water molecules. We compared the isoelectric point (IEP) of the 12 investigated proteins at the air/liquid interface with that in the bulk solution obtained through zeta potential measurements. Ellipsometry is performed to determine the film thickness at the air/liquid interface at different charge states. In particular, protein aggregation at the IEP is reflected by increased film thickness. For all proteins, the interfacial point of zero charge is close (with less than 1 pH unit variation) to that in the bulk solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Guckeisen
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität-Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Saman Hosseinpour
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität-Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität-Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
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18
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Ganapathy-Kanniappan S. pI Determination of Native Proteins In Biological Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 96:e85. [PMID: 30702808 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The electrophoretic mobility of a protein on an immobilized pH-gradient gel (IPG) depends upon its overall positive (acidic) or negative (basic) charge, the principle underlying the IEF technique. In isoelectrofocusing (IEF), a protein with a net positive or negative charge migrates through the pH gradient gel until it reaches the isoelectric point (pI), a pH at which it remains neutral. Thus, the pI of a protein indicates its net charge, a critical determinant of its stability/activity in a given milieu. Conventionally, the first-dimensional IPG-IEF is followed by a second dimension, by which the focused proteins are denatured/reduced and resolved on an SDS-PAGE gel for subsequent immunoblotting to verify the protein identity. The recent development of one-dimensional, vertical IEF followed by immunoblotting enabled concurrent analysis (pI determination) of multiple samples. The protocol described here outlines vertical IEF and immunoblotting under non-denaturing conditions to determine the pI of native proteins in biological samples. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugasundaram Ganapathy-Kanniappan
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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19
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Gold-carbon nanoparticles mediated delivery of BSA: Remarkable robustness and hemocompatibility. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Łapińska U, Saar KL, Yates EV, Herling TW, Müller T, Challa PK, Dobson CM, Knowles TPJ. Gradient-free determination of isoelectric points of proteins on chip. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:23060-23067. [PMID: 28817152 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01503h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The isoelectric point (pI) of a protein is a key characteristic that influences its overall electrostatic behaviour. The majority of conventional methods for the determination of the isoelectric point of a molecule rely on the use of spatial gradients in pH, although significant practical challenges are associated with such techniques, notably the difficulty in generating a stable and well controlled pH gradient. Here, we introduce a gradient-free approach, exploiting a microfluidic platform which allows us to perform rapid pH change on chip and probe the electrophoretic mobility of species in a controlled field. In particular, in this approach, the pH of the electrolyte solution is modulated in time rather than in space, as in the case for conventional determinations of the isoelectric point. To demonstrate the general approachability of this platform, we have measured the isoelectric points of representative set of seven proteins, bovine serum albumin, β-lactoglobulin, ribonuclease A, ovalbumin, human transferrin, ubiquitin and myoglobin in microlitre sample volumes. The ability to conduct measurements in free solution thus provides the basis for the rapid determination of isoelectric points of proteins under a wide variety of solution conditions and in small volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Łapińska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Kadi L Saar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Emma V Yates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Therese W Herling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK. and Fluidic Analytics, Unit 5 Chesterton Mill, French's Road, Cambridge CB4 3NP, UK
| | - Pavan K Challa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Christopher M Dobson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK. and Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, 19 J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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21
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Ketterer B, Ooi HW, Brekel D, Trouillet V, Barner L, Franzreb M, Barner-Kowollik C. Dual-Gated Microparticles for Switchable Antibody Release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:1450-1462. [PMID: 29220575 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We pioneer the design of dual-gated microparticles, both responsive to changes in temperature and pH, for stimuli-responsive chromatography targeted at the efficient separation of antibodies. Dual-gated microspheres were synthesized by introducing RAFT-based thiol-terminal block copolymers of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-b-4-vinylpyridine) (P(NIPAM-b-4VP, 4800 ≤ Mn/Da ≤ 10 000, featuring block length ratios of 29:7, 29:15, and 29:30, respectively) by thiol-epoxy driven ligation to the surface of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) microparticles (10-12 μm), whereby the 4-vinylpyridine units within the lateral chain enable protein binding. The switchable protein release abilities of the resulting microparticle resins are demonstrated by adsorption of immunoglobulins at 40 °C and pH 8 and their release at 5 °C or pH 3, respectively. We demonstrate that P(NIPAM29-b-4VP30)-grafted PGMA particles show a maximum adsorption capacity for immunoglobulins of 18.9 mg mL-1 settled resin at 40 °C/pH 8, whereas the adsorption capacity decreased to 7.5 mg mL-1 settled resin at 5 °C while retaining the pH value, allowing the unloading of the chromatographic column by a facile temperature switch. Critically, regeneration of the dual-gated microspheres became possible by lowering the pH to 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Ketterer
- Institute for Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Huey Wen Ooi
- Institute for Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dominik Brekel
- Institute for Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Leonie Barner
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthias Franzreb
- Institute for Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
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22
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Wang Y, Yan L, He S, Zhou D, Cheng Y, Chen X, Jing X, Huang Y. A Versatile Method to Prepare Protein Nanoclusters for Drug Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2017; 18. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Lesan Yan
- Department of Bioengineering; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Shasha He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Dongfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Yanxiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xiabin Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Yubin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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23
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Terävä J, Hokkanen E, Pihlasalo S. Nonspecific luminometric assay for monitoring protein adsorption efficiency and coverage on nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:2232-2239. [PMID: 28120986 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr08497d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonspecific assays utilizing time-resolved luminescence resonance energy transfer (TR-LRET) are developed for two applications: to monitor protein adsorption efficiency and to assess the degree of surface coverage on the solid phase. We successfully measure the adsorption efficiency of non-sedimenting nanoparticles since this has been notoriously difficult to determine. Monitoring of the protein adsorption on nanoparticles does not require the nanoparticles with the adsorbed protein to be washed and it is based on the competitive adsorption between the non-adsorbed analyte protein and the acceptor-labeled protein to donor europium(iii) polystyrene nanoparticles. The application for assessing the degree of surface coverage is performed with the final coated and washed analyte nanoparticles and it requires no fluorescent labeling of the studied protein. This application utilizes the competitive adsorption of the acceptor-labeled protein on analyte nanoparticles partly covered with protein and donor europium(iii) polystyrene nanoparticles. The developed methods detect either non-adsorbed protein or uncovered nanoparticle surface, not the proteins adsorbed on the nanoparticles. This is not achievable with the traditional total protein quantification assays applied for monitoring protein adsorption since both non-adsorbed and adsorbed protein are detected and their separation is required. Thus, the developed application for monitoring protein adsorption is user-friendly, requires no centrifugal instrumentation, and is applicable also for small nanoparticles requiring ultracentrifugation. No special expertise or investment in costly instruments is required compared to the existing methods, such as spectroscopic techniques, isothermal titration calorimetry, and surface plasmon resonance. The application for assessing the degree of surface coverage is compared to a reference literature method that comprised the analysis of adsorbed fluorescently labeled protein. The saturation reached at similar protein concentrations showing the reliability of the assay. Our results suggest that the developed applications could be exploited as rapid tools for protein adsorption studies on nanoparticles and for quality control and characterization of the coating processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Terävä
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland and Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - E Hokkanen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - S Pihlasalo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland and Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland.
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24
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Montenegro-Nicolini M, Morales JO. Overview and Future Potential of Buccal Mucoadhesive Films as Drug Delivery Systems for Biologics. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:3-14. [PMID: 27084567 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main route of administration for drug products is the oral route, yet biologics are initially developed as injectables due to their limited stability through the gastrointestinal tract and solubility issues. In order to avoid injections, a myriad of investigations on alternative administration routes that can bypass enzymatic degradation and the first-pass effect are found in the literature. As an alternative site for biologics absorption, the buccal route presents with a number of advantages. The buccal mucosa is a barrier, providing protection to underlying tissue, but is more permeable than other alternative routes such as the skin. Buccal films are polymeric matrices designed to be mucoadhesive properties and usually formulated with permeability enhancers to improve bioavailability. Conventionally, buccal films for biologics are manufactured by solvent casting, yet recent developments have shown the potential of hot melt extrusion, and most recently ink jet printing as promising strategies. This review aims at depicting the field of biologics-loaded mucoadhesive films as buccal drug delivery systems. In light of the literature available, the buccal epithelium is a promising route for biologics administration, which is reflected in clinical trials currently in progress, looking forward to register and commercialize the first biologic product formulated as a buccal film.
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25
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Su K, Liu Y, Song H. Identification of Xiangzaolu Key Aroma Compounds and Stability Analysis of Microcapsule Production of Simulated Substance. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keran Su
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048; China
| | - Ye Liu
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048; China
| | - Huanlu Song
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048; China
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26
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Guo S, Zhu X, Jańczewski D, Lee SSC, He T, Teo SLM, Vancso GJ. Measuring protein isoelectric points by AFM-based force spectroscopy using trace amounts of sample. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:817-23. [PMID: 27454881 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein charge at various pH and isoelectric point (pI) values is important in understanding protein function. However, often only trace amounts of unknown proteins are available and pI measurements cannot be obtained using conventional methods. Here, we show a method based on the atomic force microscope (AFM) to determine pI using minute quantities of proteins. The protein of interest is immobilized on AFM colloidal probes and the adhesion force of the protein is measured against a positively and a negatively charged substrate made by layer-by-layer deposition of polyelectrolytes. From the AFM force-distance curves, pI values with an estimated accuracy of ±0.25 were obtained for bovine serum albumin, myoglobin, fibrinogen and ribonuclease A over a range of 4.7-9.8. Using this method, we show that the pI of the 'footprint' of the temporary adhesive proteins secreted by the barnacle cyprid larvae of Amphibalanus amphitrite is in the range 9.6-9.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Guo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Dominik Jańczewski
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Laboratory of Technological Processes, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Serina Siew Chen Lee
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, 119227 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tao He
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Serena Lay Ming Teo
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, 119227 Singapore, Singapore
| | - G Julius Vancso
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences A*STAR, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833 Singapore, Singapore
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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27
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Walker GC. Nanobiotechnology: Net charge of trace proteins. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:739-740. [PMID: 27454877 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert C Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Pihlasalo S, Mariani L, Härmä H. Quantitative and discriminative analysis of nucleic acid samples using luminometric nonspecific nanoparticle methods. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:5902-5911. [PMID: 26912463 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr09252c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous simple assays utilizing luminescence quenching and time-resolved luminescence resonance energy transfer (TR-LRET) were developed for the quantification of nucleic acids without sequence information. Nucleic acids prevent the adsorption of a protein to europium nanoparticles which is detected as a luminescence quenching of europium nanoparticles with a soluble quencher or as a decrease of TR-LRET from europium nanoparticles to the acceptor dye. Contrary to the existing methods based on fluorescent dye binding to nucleic acids, equal sensitivities for both single- (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) were measured and a detection limit of 60 pg was calculated for the quenching assay. The average coefficient of variation was 5% for the quenching assay and 8% for the TR-LRET assay. The TR-LRET assay was also combined with a nucleic acid dye selective to dsDNA in a single tube assay to measure the total concentration of DNA and the ratio of ssDNA and dsDNA in the mixture. To our knowledge, such a multiplexed assay is not accomplished with commercially available assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pihlasalo
- Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland.
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29
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Cywiński PJ, Pietraszkiewicz M, Maciejczyk M, Górski K, Hammann T, Liermann K, Paulke BR, Löhmannsröben HG. Total protein concentration quantification using nanobeads with a new highly luminescent terbium(iii) complex. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23207h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Using 40 nm large polyglycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) nanobeads loaded with a new Tb(iii) complex, it is possible to determine total protein concentration (TPC) down to 50 ng mL−1in just 10 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr J. Cywiński
- Functional Materials and Devices
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research
- 14476 Potsdam-Golm
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
| | | | - Michał Maciejczyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Krzysztof Górski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Tommy Hammann
- Functional Materials and Devices
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research
- 14476 Potsdam-Golm
- Germany
| | - Konstanze Liermann
- Functional Materials and Devices
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research
- 14476 Potsdam-Golm
- Germany
- Physical Chemistry
| | - Bernd-Reiner Paulke
- Microencapsulation and Particle Applications
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research
- 14476 Potsdam-Golm
- Germany
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30
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Pihlasalo S, Hänninen P, Härmä H. Method for determination of polyethylene glycol molecular weight. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3918-22. [PMID: 25783500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method utilizing competitive adsorption between polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and labeled protein to nanoparticles was developed for the determination of PEG molecular weight (MW) in a microtiter plate format. Two mix-and-measure systems, time-resolved luminescence resonance energy transfer (TR-LRET) with donor europium(III) polystyrene nanoparticles and acceptor-labeled protein and quenching with quencher gold nanoparticles and fluorescently labeled protein were compared for their performance. MW is estimated from the PEG MW dependent changes in the competitive adsorption properties, which are presented as the luminescence signal vs PEG mass concentration. The curves obtained with the TR-LRET system overlapped for PEGs larger than 400 g/mol providing no information on MW. Distinctly different curves were obtained with the quenching system enabling the assessment of PEG MW within a broad dynamic range. The data was processed with and without prior knowledge of the PEG concentration to measure PEGs over a MW range from 62 to 35,000 g/mol. The demonstration of the measurement independent of the PEG concentration suggests that the estimation of MW is possible with quenching nanoparticle system for neutrally charged and relatively hydrophilic polymeric molecules widening the applicability of the simple and cost-effective nanoparticle-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Pihlasalo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Medicity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Hänninen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Medicity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Härmä
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Medicity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
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31
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Martins M, Azoia N, Silva C, Cavaco-Paulo A. Stabilization of enzymes in micro-emulsions for ultrasound processes. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Yeo ELL, Chua AJS, Parthasarathy K, Yeo HY, Ng ML, Kah JCY. Understanding aggregation-based assays: nature of protein corona and number of epitopes on antigen matters. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we systematically examine how the nature of the protein corona on NPs, formed from either antibody or antigen, and how the number of binding sites or epitopes on the antigen affect aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Li Ling Yeo
- Nanomedicine & Nanorobotics Laboratory
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117575
| | - Anthony Jin Shun Chua
- Flavivirology Laboratory
- Department of Microbiology
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
- National University Health System
- National University of Singapore
| | - Krupakar Parthasarathy
- Flavivirology Laboratory
- Department of Microbiology
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
- National University Health System
- National University of Singapore
| | - Hui Yu Yeo
- Flavivirology Laboratory
- Department of Microbiology
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
- National University Health System
- National University of Singapore
| | - Mah Lee Ng
- Flavivirology Laboratory
- Department of Microbiology
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
- National University Health System
- National University of Singapore
| | - James Chen Yong Kah
- Nanomedicine & Nanorobotics Laboratory
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117575
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Zhang T, Song X, Kang D, Zhang L, Zhang C, Jin S, Wang C, Tian J, Xing J, Liang XJ. Modified bovine serum albumin as an effective charge-reversal platform for simultaneously improving the transfection efficiency and biocompatibility of polyplexes. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:4698-4706. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00548e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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34
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Fuentes-Prado E, Martínez-Padilla LP. Colloidal stability and dilatational rheology at the air–water interface of peptides derived from thermal-acidic treated wheat gluten. Food Hydrocoll 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Weiss VU, Kerul L, Kallinger P, Szymanski WW, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Allmaier G. Liquid phase separation of proteins based on electrophoretic effects in an electrospray setup during sample introduction into a gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (CE-GEMMA/CE-ES-DMA). Anal Chim Acta 2014; 841:91-8. [PMID: 25109866 PMCID: PMC4150488 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
First demonstration of a hyphenated CE–GEMMA combination for proteins. Feasibility of on-line CE–GEMMA in a commercial device at ambient pressure. On-line combination of liquid phase and gas phase electrophoretic separation.
Nanoparticle characterization is gaining importance in food technology, biotechnology, medicine, and pharmaceutical industry. An instrument to determine particle electrophoretic mobility (EM) diameters in the single-digit to double-digit nanometer range receiving increased attention is the gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (GEMMA) separating electrophoretically single charged analytes in the gas-phase at ambient pressure. A fused-silica capillary is used for analyte transfer to the gas-phase by means of a nano electrospray (ES) unit. The potential of this capillary to separate analytes electrophoretically in the liquid phase due to different mobilities is, at measurement conditions recommended by the manufacturer, eliminated due to elevated pressure applied for sample introduction. Measurements are carried out upon constant feeding of analytes to the system. Under these conditions, aggregate formation is observed for samples including high amounts of non-volatile components or complex samples. This makes the EM determination of individual species sometimes difficult, if not impossible. With the current study we demonstrate that liquid phase electrophoretic separation of proteins (as exemplary analytes) occurs in the capillary (capillary zone electrophoresis, CE) of the nano ES unit of the GEMMA. This finding was consecutively applied for on-line desalting allowing EM diameter determination of analytes despite a high salt concentration within samples. The present study is to our knowledge the first report on the use of the GEMMA to determine EM diameters of analytes solubilized in the ES incompatible electrolyte solutions by the intended use of electrophoresis (in the liquid phase) during sample delivery. Results demonstrate the proof of concept of such an approach and additionally illustrate the high potential of a future on-line coupling of a capillary electrophoresis to a GEMMA instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kerul
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
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